Until now, neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s have been studied separately in biochemistry and therapeutic drug development, and no causal link has ever been established between them. This study has developed a Unified Theory, which establishes that the regulation of axon and dendrite-specific 4E-BP2 deamidation rates controls the occurrence and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. This is based on identifying axon-specific 4E-BP2 deamidation as a universal denominator for the biochemical processes of deamidation, translational control, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration. This was achieved by conducting a thorough and critical review of 224 scientific publications regarding (a) deamidation, (b) translational control in protein synthesis initiation, (c) neurodegeneration and (d) oxidative stress, and by applying my discovery of the fundamental neurobiological mechanism behind neuron-specific 4E-BP2 deamidation to practical applications in medicine. Based on this newly developed Unified Theory and my critical review of the scientific literature, I also designed three biochemical flowsheets of (1) in-vivo deamidation, (2) protein synthesis initiation and translational control, and (3) 4E-BP2 deamidation as a control system of the four biochemical processes. The Unified Theory of Neurodegeneration Pathogenesis based on axon deamidation, developed in this work, paves the way to controlling the occurrence and progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s through a unique, neuron-specific regulatory system that is 4E-BP2 deamidation, caused by the proteasome-poor environment in neuronal projections, consisting mainly of axons.

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Advanced materials have always played a most important and critical role in history and in the development of all human civilizations. Because of that most eras were named after them, such as the Stone, the Bronze, the Iron, the Silicon, and now the Nanomaterials Ages. Today and globally, we experience considerable, urgent and critical challenges in all domains of sustainable development, which is a comprehensive and complex system of systems requiring multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary science and technology inputs with economic, environmental, and social objectives, and considerable scientific and technological innovation. In broad terms, sustainable development is achieved when the present needs and challenges are met without critical depletion of natural and manufactured resources and without placing in jeopardy the ability of future generations to meet their own needs and challenges. The trade space is very wide, and the multitude of trade-offs generate considerable challenges but also important and opportunities. During the last sixty years the planet’s population has grown exponentially, from 2 to almost 8 billion people, and the technological progress achieved has been tremendous, especially in the industrialized countries. These trends are expected to continue, even at faster rates. However, all these associated technological activities in the pursuit of better living standards have created a considerable depletion of resources and pollution of land, water, air, and natural resources, for the global population. Considerable achievements have been obtained in the development and deployment of transformative materials such as light weight metallic alloys; metal, polymer and ceramic matrix composites: intermetallic and carbon fiber composites, and hybrid materials. Nano, nano-structured and nano-hybrid carbon-based materials systems and nanotechnologies are now being deployed with considerable impact on energy, environment, health, and sustainable development. This presentation discusses perspectives on the challenges and successes of innovation and transformative materials during the last sixty years and their impact on sustainable development.

Ageing is driven by the inexorable and stochastic accumulation of molecular damage that eventually compromises cellular function. While this process is fundamentally haphazard and uncontrollable, ageing is broadly influenced by genetic and extrinsic factors. It is becoming increasingly apparent that most such interventions interface with stress response mechanisms, suggesting that longevity is intimately related to the ability of the organism to effectively cope with both intrinsic and extrinsic stress. Key determinants of this capacity are the molecular pathways that underlie age-related changes in the effectiveness of the response to stress. General and cargo-specific autophagy emerges as an integral part of cellular and systemic stress responses. We find that mitophagy, a selective type of autophagy targeting mitochondria, and nucleophagy, the selective autophagic recycling of nuclear material are important determinants of germline immortality and somatic ageing, under conditions of stress. These homeostatic mechanisms are vital in long-lived neuronal cells, where they mediate damage removal during ageing to prevent neurodegeneration.

Until now, current cancer treatments have been organ-specific, and no common pan-organ denominator has been thought of. Furthermore, cancer biochemistry has been studied in isolation, one pathway at a time, without considering the complex interactions between proteins and regulatory RNAs, which are characteristic of a living human organism. This paper has developed a new unified therapeutic theory that identifies novel master regulators of apoptosis as targets for treating cancer regardless of which organ the cancer lies in. This was discovered through a biochemical flowsheet of a universal apoptosis network comprising approximately 100 pathways (80% activation and 20% inhibition) developed in this work, based on a critical analysis of 168 scientific publications that considered all the complex interactions between proteins and regulatory RNAs. Using this comprehensive apoptosis network, three types of cancers were identified, based on the malfunction of a certain set of proteins and regulatory RNAs, irrespective of the organs in which they are located. They are: Cancer Type 1, in which cancer cells lack either a functional (a) P14ARF gene, or (b) a P53 gene; Cancer Type 2, in which cancer cells lack a functional DINO lncRNA; and Cancer Type 3, in which cancer cells have an abnormally high amount of copies of the MDM2 gene, otherwise known as MDM2 gene amplification. A biochemical flowsheet for each type of cancer was developed in this work and through that, the following therapeutic targets were discovered: (1) a universal therapeutic target for all three types of cancer, identified as the HuR cleavage inducer, (2) one specific therapeutic target for Cancer Type 2, which is the DINO lncRNA promoter, crucial to the proper function of the antioxidant activator protein P53, and (3) one specific target for Cancer Type 3, which is Mir-125b, respectively, also involved in the antioxidant response of the cell. Furthermore, in the course of this work, a comprehensive new biochemical flowsheet of the mechanistic pathway for the shuttling of antioxidant-producing HuR protein outside of the nucleus, was developed along with a new comparative biochemical flowsheet analyzing the differences in the response of HuR to sustainable and lethal cell damage. This work paves the way to treating the 3 types of cancers using one universal specific target, as well as treating cancer type 2 and 3 with their own specific target.

Our degree attainment studies reveal impacts of and predict the future from unanticipated challenges influencing STEM disciplines in academia. Our studies are of increasing interest because challenges for some disciplines are expected to increase, due President Trump’s announced plans for academia.

Last October, we reported in Chemistry World that several chemistry departments in the UK and in the US have closed, merged, or combined by sharing courses with other departments or schools. One reason cited was because chemistry is expensive due to so many required chemistry labs. Also, in some departments, students and female faculty and staff depart frequently due to the environment.

These closures precipitated from conflicts and challenges which developed over decades. Now, President Trump is reducing and withholding funding and grants to academia, so additional budgetary problems and more closures can be expected for chemistry. Our data reveal where students appear to be going.

Another significant challenge is that some university departments rely heavily on international students to populate graduate programs, while Congress expressed that US tax dollars should fund degrees to domestic students. Therefore, we report the ratio of domestic vs international degree recipients among STEM disciplines nationally and at specific universities of interest to President Trump.

President Trump is acting to reduce the number of international students in the US. However, in the last 15 years some schools awarded no (zero) PhDs to domestic students in civil engineering and others awarded none in computer science; all such PhDs went to international students. This imbalance went undetected until now, but such complete exclusions of domestic students won’t likely be allowed in the future.

President Trump recently capped international students among undergraduates at 15%, so similar restrictions might soon be expected for graduate students as well. Also, he is further restricting internationals from US science by reducing the number of H-1B visas permitted and increasing fees for them. Statistics on degree attainment characteristics will help understand and prepare for challenges facing STEM disciplines.

Dr. Nelson welcomes comments and questions sent to djnelson@ou.edu.

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In this talk I would like to explore, anecdotally, the way science and the arts influence each other. What are their common roots? What happens in our brain? More general: in what ways do texts relate to images? The three relationships we can identify are ekphrasis, illustration, and cross-talk. I’m mostly drawing from material accumulated in my own life as scientist, photographer and writer. But if I had, say, 20 hours instead of 20 minutes granted for my talk I would be able to paint a much less biased picture of the relationship.

It has long been known that excessive oxidative stress causes various symptoms and is a major cause of many diseases. The antioxidant effects of single-component supplements are limited. Powerful antioxidants such as phenols can cause significant harm to the human body, making their application to diseases and treatments challenging. Safe antioxidant therapy for humans became possible after my invention of Twendee X (TwX) in 2005. TwX is a supplement composed of eight ingredients vitamins, amino acids, CoQ10, and others. Its efficacy has been confirmed in human and animal experiments for the following conditions. Dementia, cancer, hypertension, atherosclerosis, asthma, atopic dermatitis, hay fever, sinusitis, systemic sclerosis, and other allergic diseases; hearing loss, tinnitus, vocal cord fatigue, and other otolaryngological disorders; ALS, Parkinson's disease, post-stroke sequelae, and other neurological disorders; pancreatitis, ulcerative colitis, hepatitis, and other inflammatory diseases. TwX is an antioxidant formulation that can be safely used in both clinical and basic research, and it is significantly expanding the field of antioxidant therapy, which has previously been challenging. The antioxidant therapy can be aptly referred to as the "Fields of Dream."

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To sustain a green world, it is important not only to develop techniques, but also to incentivize people to use them. This talk will illustrate incentives for sustaining a green world with examples from around the world, including Switzerland, Brazil and Nepal.

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The relationship of knot theory and physical theory is intimately tied with a mystery discovered by Herman Weyl in the early part of the 20th century. Weyl was so impressed with his observation that he suggested building a Geometry that would unify his idea with General Relativity to make a unified field theory.  The Weyl theory did not quite succeed. 

Yet Weyl's did succeed by the quantum reformulation of Fritz London who placed it in a quantum context. Experimental verification came much later with the Aharonov Bohm effect (circa 1950) mixing quantum theory and electromagnetism.  Theoretical influence of this idea came with the generalization to Yang-Mills theory and the Standard Model of Particle Physics. In the 1980's Ed Witten suggested the use of the Weyl idea of measuring physics along space curves to  produce invariants such as the Jones polynomial in knot theory. Topological Quantum Field Theory was born. This is the story of a revolution in knot theory that can give us a perspective on scientific revolutions in general and on the sustainability of both scientific and social structures. 

In order to tell this story we will begin with the fundamental ideas of knot theory. These ideas speak to the essence of sustainability of structure. A knot is a kind of topological pattern in a rope. We are all familiar with it. But consider that if you knot your arms and hold an unknotted rope between your hands, then you can unfold the arms and find that the knot has been transferred to a knot in the rope! The knot is an example of Pattern Integrity, as Buckminster Fuller liked to say. The knot is not a thing, but it needs material substrate to be sustained. Just so, the key theme in the discussion of sustainability in our world is how we choose the patterns to sustain, how they are related to fundamental science and mathematics, and how we are to find the material forms that will sustain them. We will discuss science, mathematics and sustainability in this talk.

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A number of challenges of the modern world could potentially be resolved on the low level with innovative materials. However, new types of materials need to be designed for such applications, with some characteristics of biological systems: those with self-healing capabilities, with memory functions, those which can evolve differently depending on external conditions. I will be discussing the methodologies to design such artificial living systems and the areas of their applications. In particular, I will consider the case of spiral economy, when the extraction of carbon from the atmosphere in the advanced functional form and its utilisation in construction industry will allow significant reduction of CO2 emission. Another example is the utilisation of new materials for novel, beyond von Neumann computational solutions, which allows significant reduction on the power consumption of modern data centres.

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Annual production of synthetic polymers exceeds 400 million tons, or around 1kg per person per week. It is so because polymers are ubiquitous, and we could not imagine our civilization without synthetic or natural polymers. Without photosensitive polymers there will be no integrated circuits, no transistors, no smartphones or iPads; polymeric materials are used as parts of targeted drug delivery systems and also protective medical gear; polymers made our cars and planes lighter and more energy efficient; some polymeric materials are stronger than steel but 10 times lighter and non-corrosive; some “intelligent” polymers can respond to external stimuli such as light or electrical current and change their shape and can exhibit shape-memory and also can self-heal. The molecular structures of such advanced polymeric materials need to be exactly designed and controlled. The well-defined, tailored polymers are precisely prepared using tools of macromolecular engineering and “living” polymerization. Recent developments in polymer science include the preparation of polymers from renewable resources, the development of degradable polymers, and the conversion of polymers back to monomers via depolymerization. The current and future trends in polymer science towards sustainable development will be presented.

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This material is dedicated to the contribution of the National Center for Complex Processing of Mineral Raw Materials of the Republic of Kazakhstan (NCCPMR RK) to the sustainable development of the country’s mining and metallurgical complex. It presents the main directions of the Center’s scientific and technical activities – from mining and mineral processing to metallurgy, design, and ecology. The results of implementing innovative technologies at enterprises in Kazakhstan and abroad are discussed, along with examples of industrial facilities and unique domestic developments such as the “Kazakhstansky” alloy and the technology for producing special coke from thermal coal. The paper emphasizes the role of science and engineering solutions in shaping a resource-efficient and environmentally responsible economy.

In this Q&A session, the speaker will be glad to address any questions, general or scientific.  His published research has included the following topics: Unimolecular Reactions (RRKM Theory), Electron Transfer Theory, Extension to Other Transfers, including Enzyme Catalysis, On-Water Catalysis for Organic Reactions in Emulsions  Biological Motors involving Interconversion of Mechanical and Chemical Energy, Semiclassical Theory relating Quantum Mechanics to Classical Mechanics, Mass-Independent Isotope Effect for Ozone in the Stratosphere and Mass-Independent Isotope Effect in Earliest Solids in the Solar System.

Some references are given in his webpage: http://chemistry.caltech.edu/rudyamarcus/.

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Between the 50s and 80s, most studies in biomedicine focused on the central dogma - the translation of the information coded by DNA to RNA and proteins.  Protein degradation was a neglected area, considered to be a non-specific, dead-end process.  While it was known that proteins do turn over, the high specificity of the process - where distinct proteins are degraded only at certain time points, or when they are not needed any more, or following denaturation/misfolding when their normal and active counterparts are spared - was not appreciated.  The discovery of the lysosome by Christian de Duve did not significantly change this view, as it was clear that this organelle is involved mostly in the degradation of extracellular proteins, and their proteases cannot be substrate-specific.  The discovery of the complex cascade of the ubiquitin solved the enigma.  It is clear now that degradation of cellular proteins is a highly complex, temporally controlled, and tightly regulated process that plays major roles in a variety of basic cellular processes such as cell cycle and differentiation, communication of the cell with the extracellular environment and maintenance of the cellular quality control.  With the multitude of substrates targeted and the myriad processes involved, it is not surprising that aberrations in the pathway have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases, certain malignancies and neurodegeneration among them, and that the system has become a major platform for drug targeting. One drug is currently under development in our own laboratory

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