Crystals of diamond (C}, silicon (Si), and silicon carbide (SiC) were dissolved in KOH and NaOH, after which the alkalis were washed out with water. 

Analytical measurements of the obtained mono clays: [diamond(C}; silicon (Si); quartz (SiO₂); (SiC)] + H₂O were carried out.

The purpose of the research is to test the hypothesis of a "nano dielectric molecule".

In [1], it was assumed that all dielectric crystals with cleavage planes can be chemically decomposed into a finite number of nanocrystalline blocks. In furtherance of this hypothesis, we conducted a series of experiments with crystals of diamond, silicon, and silicon carbide, similar to [2-6]:

1. After diamonds were dissolved in KOH and alkali was washed out with water, water-diamond (C- mono clay) was obtained [1-6]. 

2. After silicon single crystals were dissolved in KOH and NaOH and alkali was washed out with water, silicon (Si - mono clay) and quartz (SiO₂ - mono clay) were obtained.

3. After dissolving silicon carbide crystals in KOH and washing out the alkali with water, SiC - mono clay was obtained. 

By clay, we mean a semi-liquid substance consisting of crystals of various chemical compositions and water. 

Mono-clay is a clay consisting of identical nano-dielectric crystals dissolved in water.

It turned out that the X-ray structure of mono clays is absent in the semi-liquid state, but it reappears during annealing.

Conclusions: 

1. Dielectric crystals consist of identical nano blocks (nano dielectric molecules).

2. Dielectric crystals, after dissolving and washing out the solvent with water, turn into mono-clay of the corresponding crystal.

The acceleration of investigation into droplet flows, which play an important role in weather formation (clouds, rain) and are the basis of industrial technologies, is supported by the implementation of new tools and enhancement in theory. The analysis of energy transport considers both large-scale energy transfer mechanisms (with flow and waves) and fine mechanisms (dissipative and conversion). Integrated experimental techniques combine photographic and video recording of flows with multipoint illumination, and quick computer data processing. The merging drop can react chemically with a transparent target fluid. High-resolution observations have allowed us to identify several modes of coalescing droplet flow: intrusive, transition, and impact. The list of components of drop flows including a cavity, crown, spikes, sprays, splashes, packets of capillary and acoustic waves, is supplemented by ligaments, i.e. fine jets whose wakes form expressive linear and reticular structures. In the impact mode, the jets flow along the walls of the cavity and crown, creating spikes with droplets on the veil edge. Other groups of jets pierce the cavity bottom and create an intermediate layer. The geometry of the domains where chemical reactions occur in droplet flows was traced. The mechanisms for the contact surface continuity disrupting at different stages of flow evolution are discussed. These mechanisms include the surface energy conversion during the initial drop contact with the target fluid and the inertial mechanism at a stage of primary fibers and loops in the liquid thickness below the collapsing cavity.

Ageing strengthening alloy 7075 aluminium provides a number of benefits including low density, high specific strength, good toughness, easy molding, and low cost. According to numerous experts, it is widely employed in the aerospace, aviation, transportation, and other industries that need for lightweight, high-strength structural components with good corrosion resistance. As aerospace has grown in importance around the world in recent years, rivalry in this industry has also ramped up, putting additional demands on the precision and integrity of structural components for aircraft and space craft. Along with increasing machining conditions, techniques to alter the workpieces' own micro characteristics can be used to increase the machining accuracy and machined surface quality of aircraft and aerospace structural parts. AlMgZn- 7xxx series is one of the most significant and extensively researched groups of aluminium alloys in this regard. Over the years, extensive research has been done on the precipitation processes in these alloys, and the precipitation sequence has been recognized as

SSSS -> GP zones/atomic clusters -> η^,,( eta double prime⁾ -> η^, (eta prime) -> η (eta) (equilibrium phase). 

In this study different thermomechanical processing like aging and rolling on the 7075 Al alloy have performed and studies their effect on mechanical and microstructure property of 7075 Al alloy. Solution heat treatment process, aging process and cold rolling process are optimized to get better mechanical properties. Solution heat treated sample is aged at 220̊C and 140̊C for 21 hours and 24 hours respectively. Then XRD, Optical microscopy, EDX, TEM are done for phase formation and microstructure analysis. After that mechanical testing like Vickers hardness test, tensile test and fatigue fracture test are performed to study the improvement in mechanical properties of 7075 Al alloy after thermomechanical processing.

Transition metal compounds with a general formula A_xM_aX_b (A=Li, Na, M= transition metal, X= O, S, SO₄^2-, PO₄^3-) constitute a group of potential electrode materials for a new generation of alkaline batteries. This application is related to the fact that these compounds can reversibly intercalate high amounts of alkaline ions (1 or more moles per mole of M_aX_b) already at room temperature, without significant changes in their crystallographic structure. Nowadays, further development of rechargeable batteries is focused on the discovery of new, high-performance and low-cost electrode materials. Recently, Na-ion batteries have attracted much attention due to their many advantages, such as: high abundance of sodium in the Earth’s crust, its low cost and suitable redox potential (only 0.3 V above that of lithium).

The author of this work basing on her own investigations of numerous group of cathode materials  has demonstrated that the electronic structure of the electrode materials plays an important role in the electrochemical  intercalation process [1,2]. The paper reveals correlation between crystal and electronic structure, chemical disorder, transport and electrochemical properties of layered NaxNi_1/5Co_1/5Fe_1/5Mn_1/5Ti_1/5O₂ high entropy oxides, polyanions Na₂Fe₂(SO₄)₃ and Prussian Blue Analogues cathode materials. The complex studies, including experimental as well as theoretical parts (electronic structure calculations performed using the Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker method with the coherent potential approximation KKR-CPA to account for chemical disorder), showed a strong correlation between structural, transport and electrochemical properties of these materials.

The detailed analysis presented in this work provides a strong proof that the high-entropy Na_xMn_0.2Fe_0.2Co_0.2Ni_0.2Ti_0.2O₂ oxide with reduced content of cobalt and nickel, Na₂Fe₂(SO₄)₃ and Prussian Blue Analogues might be applicable in sodium batteries technology, especially in terms of large-scale energy storage units.

Regularized regions outlined by sharp boundaries observe in fluid and gas flows over the entire range of scales from light years in space [1] to millimeters in the laboratory [2]. The structure of flows is changed continuously. Fluid media are heterogeneous due to the inhomogeneity of the substances, pressure or temperature distribution [3], and stratified in the gravity field. Various nanoscale aggregates of physical and chemical nature existing in liquids and gases are reconstructed and disintegrated with total energy conversion. The heat and kinetics parts of total energy are transformed into potential surface energy during the aggregates formation and released at their destruction converting into other forms, including the energy of microflows. A universal visual image of energy distribution on a microscales is the Sun photosphere. The microflows provide zero static friction of fluids. The aim of the talk is presenting consistent methods for calculating and observing the dynamics and structure of fluid and gas flows taking into account the sequences of internal energy transport and conversion.

The basis of the flows theory constructing is the logic of Aristotle-Ockham-Leibniz, supplemented by the requirement of definability of the subject of research, the criteria of causality and completeness [4]. To calculate the dynamics and structure of flows, a parametrically and scale-invariant system of equations for the density, momentum, total energy and matter transfer is used. The system closed by the equations of state for the Gibbs potential and density [4]. Analysis of flows, which begins with the calculation of a fluid state at rest, shows that in the gravitational field near inclined boundaries impermeable to matter, thin flows are formed. Known since the forties of the last century as "diffusion induced flows on topography", they always exist both near stationary and moving bodies, and in the fluid flow near solid boundaries.

The next step is the calculation of infinitesimal periodic flows, performed by theory of singular perturbation with immersing the linearized problem in the algebra of complex numbers. Analysis shows that the total (minimum in the nonlinear formulation) number of solutions is determined by the system order and the degree (high!) of the characteristic (dispersion) equation. When passing to algebra of complex numbers, the frequency – a measure of wave energy, remains real, and the wave number is complex. Its imaginary part describes the attenuation of propagating waves.

The results of the dispersion equations analysis carried out by singular perturbation theory are used to construct complete analytical or numerical solutions of the system. Analysis of the obtained formulas shows that regular solutions describe known waves – gravitational surface waves at the interfaces and internal waves in the thickness of the fluid, capillary, inertial, acoustic and hybrid ones. Rich families of singular solutions characterize sets of ligaments, which correspond to interfaces and fibers in the flow patterns. The obtained solutions determine the requirements for the methodology of the complete experiment – the choice of the number and type of recorded parameters, the size of the observation area, sensitivity, and temporal/spatial resolution of the instruments that determine the completeness and error of the results. In a nonlinear formulation, all components of the flows – both waves and ligaments – directly interact with each other, generating new components complicating the flow pattern. The flow components attenuate at different rates under the influence of dissipative factors as they run away from the source.

High-resolution schlieren images of different flows in a laboratory tank filled with a continuously stratified fluid illustrate general properties of the solutions. Among examples are diffusion induced flows on obstacles, internal waves, wakes, vortices and filaments generated by oscillating or moving bodies that are a plate, cylinder, sphere, as well as multicomponent convective flows with phase transitions. Observations of some phenomena in the ocean and atmosphere supplement laboratory data.

The proposed classification of fluid flow components and the closed technique for their calculation can be used to analyzing various flows in the environment and industrial conditions with a guaranteed error estimate.

Aluminum trichloride is one of the strongest complexing agents. In a medium of molten alkali metal chlorides, it forms strong complex anions AlCl₄⁻ (T_d) and Al₂Cl₇⁻ (D_3d or C_2v). In the solid state, binary compounds of only one composition are known: M[AlCl₄] with M = Cs–Li [1–3]. However, compounds of the M[Al₂Cl₇] type, where M is a large organic cation, are well known. The existence of solid complexes M[A₂Г₇], where A denotes Al, Ga; Г denotes halogen, was found in the related systems MBr–AlBr₃ and MCl–GaCl₃ (M = Cs, Rb, K), for which the AlBr₄⁻, Al₂Br₇⁻, GaCl₄⁻, and Ga₂Cl₇⁻ ions are also present in molten mixtures. This prompted us to study further the products of the interaction between AlCl₃ and alkali metal chlorides obtained in two different ways. 

High-purity AlCl₃ was fused with alkali metal chlorides in sealed quartz ampoules and then cooled. A new method was also tested. Aluminum trichloride together with CsCl, RbCl, KCl or NaCl powders were exposed from two to three weeks at 20–25 °C in sealed quartz ampoules in an anhydrous liquefied hydrogen chloride environment, in which AlCl₃ is quite soluble. The ampoules were then opened and HCl evaporated. The solid reaction products were examined under a microscope of a Renishaw U1000 spectrometer (Ar⁺ laser) through the walls of glass reaction ampoules. 

In the Raman spectra of solid samples obtained by both methods, only the bands of the complex anions [AlCl₄]^– (~ 488, 355, 190, 129 cm^–1) of the compounds Cs[AlCl₄], Rb[AlCl₄], K[AlCl₄] and Na[AlCl₄] were recorded. Under the described conditions, complex compounds of the composition M[Al₂Cl₇] did not form, since the bands of the anions [Al₂Cl₇]^– (~ 430, 310, 160, 100 cm^–1 [1, 2]) were absent in the spectra. 

Our data, obtained using a new preparative method and Raman spectroscopy, confirm the existing information on the type of chlorocomplexes and supplement the information on the conditions of their formation during the interaction of components in binary systems AlCl₃–MCl (M is an alkali metal). 

A model of the phenomenon of "cold thermonuclear fusion" (CTF) and a scheme for its experimental verification are proposed. The CTF model assumes that when a palladium matrix with deuterium adsorbed into it is heated, a nuclear deuterium desorption channel occurs.

It follows from theorems [1,2] that a narrow-band N-level energy spectrum ε_n with attenuation widths γ_n due to a single decay channel is rearranged when the level widths intersect in the zone, with the formation of one super radiant level (SRL) E with a width of γ_E ≃ Nγ_n. 

CTF involves the occurrence of high-energy nuclear reactions under normal conditions, with energies of at least 1 MeV. Is it possible? We think so. 

To understand the realism of CTF, let us consider a physical process in which great energy is present at the real and virtual levels.

It is known that during first-order phase transitions a large amount of energy is released, but this energy is volumetric - usually it is not localized in space and not synchronized in time.

While searching for the desired phase transition, we found a high-energy and surface-localized process - gas desorption from the metal matrix.

The electron levels of the absorbed gas hybridize with the electrons of the metal matrix, forming a narrow energy band with them.

When heated, a positively charged ion first flies out of the sample, to which a band electron is attached after some time. The electron recombination time is determined by the widths of the levels with a single desorption decay channel.

If we apply the FK model [3] to gas desorption, then this process is described by structural phase transitions with a ladder dependence of the gas concentration inside the sample on temperature, with abrupt changes in pressure at the steps of the ladder. Pressure restrains the escape of gas ions, being the main reason that limits the rate of its outflow and creates an internal stress field.

Superradiant levels (SRLs) do not form in crystals under normal conditions, but when heated, gas ions escaping from the crystal matrix become part of an open quantum mechanical system. As a result - SRLs  appear.

From [1,2] it follows that the widths of the (SRLs) desorption channel of decay are not limited in any way and in microcrystals can reach several MeV.

We consider the following CTF model realistic: - a matrix of a metal that adsorbs hydrogen well, for example Pd, saturated with deuterium when heated, pushes out the deuterium nucleus. A superradiant electron E^- should join it, but there is a faster, nuclear desorption channel - the virtual collapse of one of the internal deuterium nuclei into two virtual neutrons with the further formation of two tritium nuclei, or tritium and a neutron:

                                                                                                            (1)

where E^- is an electron at a superradiant level; ,  - virtual neutron and neutrino, thus we have:

                                          ;                                                                      (2)

or:

                                                                                                              (3)

Microscopic Pd crystals in this process play the role of an electron accelerator, catalyzing the nuclear process. Under nonequilibrium conditions, the neutron channel of the CTF (3) can kinematically prevail over the tritium channel (2), which we have repeatedly observed.

In technological and analytical practice, in preparative chemistry, halogenide complexes of platinum group metals play an important role. Available information concerning Pd(IV) chloride complexes is limited due to the instability of PdCl₄ [1-3], which exists in an individual state only as dichloride. Chlorination of metallic palladium in molten alkali metal chlorides at high temperatures (630-980 °C) and at elevated chlorine pressures (8-10 atm) allows, according to our data, obtaining palladium in rapidly cooled and solidified salt melts based on CsCl mainly in the tetravalent state in the form of Cs₂PdCl₆. However, in RbCl- and KCl-based solidified melts there are complex compounds both of Pd(II) and of Pd(IV), and in solidified melts containing NaCl and LiCl only divalent palladium is present in the form of M₂PdCl₄ compounds.

The ratio of valence forms (II, IV) of palladium chlorides in salt melts and in solidified fusions at different stages and process regimes can be conveniently and quickly monitored by changing the ratio of intensities of the bands of the groupings [PdCl₆]^2- (O_h): n₁(A_1g) ~ 315, n₂(E_g) 290, n₅(F_2g) ~ 170 cm^-1 and [PdCl₄]^2- (D_4h): n₁(A_1g) ~ 300, n₂(B_1g) ~ 270, n₄(B_2g) ~ 200 cm^-1 of the chloride complexes of M₂[PdCl₆] and M₂[PdCl₄] in the Raman spectra, recorded using a Renishaw U1000 spectrometer [4]. 

The use of low-temperature chlorination of Pd(II) compounds in solidified fusions with alkali and alkaline earth metal chlorides (exposed in liquid chlorine for several days at room temperature and for 10-12 hours at 100 °C) made it possible to obtain known hexachloropalladates(IV): M₂[PdCl₆] with M=Cs, Rb, K and new low-stability compounds Na₂[PdCl₆], Li₂[PdCl₆] and Ba[PdCl₆]. The experimental vibration frequencies are within the ranges of 309-323 - n₁(A_1g), 283-295 - n₂(E_g) and 169-176 cm^-1- n₅(F_2g), with a tendency to increase in a series from Cs₂[PdCl₆] to Li₂[PdCl₆] and to Ba[PdCl₆].

Pd(IV) chloride complexes with chlorides of other alkaline earth metals did not form under the conditions of this study.

Low-melting molten mixtures of sulfur chlorides with chlorides of other elements are promising for use in power sources and environmentally friendly processes for obtaining noble and rare metals [1]. Sulfur in compounds with chlorine may have different valences. The higher (IV, for chlorides) valence state of sulfur is unstable already at room temperature, at which SCl₄ dissociates into SCl₂ and Cl₂ even in the presence of the strongest oxidizer - liquid chlorine. The higher valence state of sulfur can be stabilized by the inclusion of sulfur in the composition of outer-sphere cations SCl₃⁺ in compounds of the [SCl₃]_k·[M_mCl_n] type, where M = Al, Sb, Zr, Nb, Fe, Au, Ir  and some other [1-3].

In the present work, a search for new chloride complexes was carried out. Sulfur together with the corresponding element (Be, In, Ga, V, Ti, Sn, Ge), red phosphorus or some chlorides (ZnCl₂, PbCl₂, GaCl₃, AlCl₃, HfCl₄) were kept for several days at 18–150 °C in sealed quartz ampoules with anhydrous liquid or gaseous Cl₂ at elevated pressures (up to 60 atm). Under these conditions, the indicated elements were chlorinated. Some of the chlorides formed (SCl₂, GaCl₃, VCl₄, TiCl₄, SnCl₄, and GeCl₄) are highly soluble in liquid chlorine. 

The formation of ionic compounds of the [SCl₃]_k·[M_mCl_n] type, which have low solubility in liquefied chlorine and therefore crystallize from solutions, was recorded by the appearance of characteristic bands of their SCl₃⁺ complex cations and M_mCl_n^k– anions in the Raman spectra of solid samples [4]. They were recorded using a Renishaw U1000 spectrometer microscope (laser power 25 mW, λ = 514.5 nm) directly through the glass walls of sealed reactionary ampoules with liquid Cl₂. 

Several new and known compounds have been synthesized according to the described method, for example [SCl₃]^.[BeCl₃],  [SCl₃]^.[AlCl₄], [SCl₃]^.[GaCl₄], [SCl₃]^.[Ga₂Cl₇], [SCl₃]^.[InCl₄], [SCl₃]^.[Ti₂Cl₉], [SCl₃]₂^.[SnCl₆], [SCl₃]₂^.[HfCl₆], [SCl₃]^.[Hf₂Cl₉], containing the pyramidal group SCl₃⁺ [4]. It was established, in particular, that sulfur chlorides do not form complex compounds with germanium and vanadium tetrachlorides, since the Raman spectra of solutions at room temperature only show bands of chlorides of these metals, sulfur dichloride and chlorine. Accordingly, crystalline deposits were also not observed. 

The spectroscopic characteristics of all synthesized chloride complexes, in which the highest valence state (IV) of sulfur is stabilized as a result of complex formation, have been systematized.

Low Density Steel (LDS) is known for its excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical properties [1]. LDS has huge potential for commercial applications. The deformation mechanism under different loading conditions remains a topic of ongoing research for LDS. In this study, we aim to gain a comprehensive understanding of the deformation behaviour of LDS at room temperature through wire rolling with a combination of Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) techniques. FESEM analysis allows us to explore the microstructural features at a higher resolution [2]. By employing dislocation contrast imaging techniques, we examine the dislocation behaviour, dislocation interactions and precipitation. This information helps to elucidate the deformation mechanisms operating at the subgrain and submicron scales [3].  The fraction of High angle grain boundaries, and low angle grain boundaries was found to vary with different rolling reductions. It was evident from EBSD. By combining the EBSD and FESEM results along with fatigue crack growth propagation studies, we propose a comprehensive model for the deformation mechanism in LDS. The model considers the interaction between dislocations, grain boundaries, and other microstructural features, providing a deeper understanding of the plastic deformation processes in this material.

Experimental studies of the fine structure of the perturbation pattern in a continuously stratified fluid (an aqueous solution of table salt) generating at a uniform motion of obstacles of different shapes (plate, horizontal cylinder and sphere) were conducted using high-resolution schlieren and electrolytic techniques at the laboratory facilities of the Unique Research Facility, Hydrophysical Complex, Ishlinsky Institute for Problems in Mechanics RAS. These experiments were based on properties of the complete analytical and numerical solutions of a reduced fundamental equations system (FES). Describing the dynamics and structure of incompressible, heterogeneous fluids flows is based on equations for density distribution (replacing the state equation), continuity, Navier-Stokes, and diffusion system. The analysis of the system performed by singular perturbation theory and numerical simulation shows that the well-known large-scale components (the upstream perturbation, attached internal waves, wake and vortices) are complemented by the ligaments (families of singular solutions). In experiments, thin interfaces and fibers, mathematically represented as ligaments, were identified in patterns of flow past various types of obstacles. The results from observations and calculations based on complete solutions to the FES agree both quantitatively and qualitatively.