INTL. SYMP. ON SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS FOR FUTURE ENERGY DEMANDS

General trends in battery research and development are discussed. The renewable energy industry, such as solar and wind, will increase the demand for rechargeable batteries in a near future. Other possibilities for energy storage are also discussed, as for example the fly-wheel, and hydro energy storage. For large scale batteries, the Vanadium redox type is considered as possibly the most promising. For vehicles, however, energy density is very important. Lithium ion batteries of the NMC type (N = Nickel, M = magnese and C= Cobalt) have been preferred for electric cars. For trucks and buses, batteries of the lithium iron phosphate have been used, especially in China. Batteries of the Ni-M-H have been gradually falling to disuse now (Ni = Nickel, M= metal as lanthanum and H is hydrogen). Nickel cadmium batteries are now considered obsolete.
The mild-hybrid cars will increase the demand for batteries, but a big issue still is the cost of batteries [1]. There is a trend to avoid batteries based on heavy metals as cadmium. However, due to cost reasons, the market of lead acid batteries is still the largest in rechargeable batteries. Fast charging is also one of the most relevant issues of batteries today. Some companies, however, already announced solutions for fast charging, one of which involves high voltage charging.

The aim of this work is present of the influences of composition of the material and manufacturing technology conditions of the photovoltaics devices (OPv) with the organic and hybrid bulk heterojunctin on the active layers properties and cells performance. The layers were produced by use small molecular compounds: the metal-phthalocyanine (MePc) and perylene derivatives (PTCDA) and the titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles. Two kinds of metal phthalocyanines (NiPc, TiOPc) were used as donor material and as a acceptor was used pperylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA). The used manufacturing technique allows to using thin layers of materials in a fast deposition process. Bulk heterojunction was create by simultaneous applying the MePc:PTCDA materials during the temperature evaporation of the mixture of components.
The research was based on the estimate of composition of bulk heterojunction, the examination of the surface morphology of the used layers and optical properties studies of the heterojunction and its implementation to photovoltaic architecture. The produced photovoltaic cells parameters were determined on the basis of current - voltage characteristics.
The researches of structure of obtained layers were conducted by usingscannind electron microscope (SEM) transmittion electron microscopy (TEM). The quantitative determination of surface topography by determining RMS and Ra coefficients were perform by atomic force microscopy (AFM). In order to determining the optical properties of films the UV-Visible spectroscope have been utilize. Current - voltage characteristics were to determine the basic photovoltaic parameters using a dedicated device.
The paper describes the influence of the individual components share of the bulk heterojunction on its structure, optical properties and morphology of surface. In addition allows for linking of active layers properties with the parameters of the photovoltaic cells. The obtain results suggest the possibility of developing the utilizing materials and technology in the further works on photovoltaic structures.