Leuenberger International Symposium on Pharmaceutical Sciences and Industrial Applications for Sustainable Development

Spray Freeze Drying (SFD) is an innovative lyophilization technology that is now entering industrial applications in lab, pilot and manufacturing scale for aseptic processing in pharmaceutical applications, as well as for the areas of medical devices, diagnostics and fine chemicals. 

SFD applies the bulkware concept from solid dosage form processing to the area of aseptic freeze drying. It yields in highly homogeneous, free flowing bulkware which can be stored and accurately dosed. Filling is done after lyophilization, with a high degree of flexibility regarding dosing, primary packaging device design and unit number. 
Accordingly, the supply chain becomes highly flexible and allows for patient centricity by even providing personalized medication, but also by bringing the required medication to the market or patient very fast. 

In addition, product innovation potential is achieved by e.g. enabling to process high solid concentrations up to 40%, with still fast reconstitution characteristics of the lyophilized product. Furthermore, it allows for combinatory products by filling the various lyophilized compounds as required. 

Many approaches have been taken to freeze material into particles for subsequent drying under cold condition. From dripping liquids directly into liquid nitrogen [1] to spraying in an cold air flow [2, 3]. 

The bulk freeze drying process can be carried out at atmospheric pressure (e.g. in a fluidized bed), in conventional freeze-dryers as a layer in trays, which are positioned on the shelfs or as shown here in a dynamic system with continous mixing to provide effecient mass and heat transfer. Drying at atmospheric pressure is feasible in lab scale but have been failing so far in the scale-up due to, in the frozen state, low glass transition temperature  (Tg'). Vacuum freeze drying seems to be the gold standard. While tray freeze drying requires a lot of manual handling, which is especially difficult in the light of the recently published Annex 1 of the GMP guideline [4], dynamic freeze drying offers a contained processing with nearly no manual interference.required.

Deciding to invest in any company/ business requires that you educate yourself so that you know as much as possible prior to committing your capital and time. 

We will discuss a process to determine if an investment in either an existing pharmaceutical company or start-up is a viable choice based on your time horizon, goals, and expectations. We will discuss the importance of the management’s goals, the company’s financial situation and the time needed to realize your goal for the investment.

The goal of the discussion is to give you some of the tools needed, so that you can determine for yourself if the investment makes sense for your individual situation,

You will be able to decide for yourself whether you want to invest the time to do the research or to hire a professional to research your options. 

Natural and social sciences are based on providing human beings with tools for sustainable living. According to Professor Hans Leuenberger[1], all sciences are related in the sense that they promote sustainability over time. In this context, the geosciences provide a wealth of knowledge about the past, present and future. Similarly, in geoscience, percolation theory is as important as in pharmaceutical sciences. One branch of the geosciences is mining, which provides human beings with economic, commercial and knowledge benefits. Well-managed mining is an activity that can provide countries with important economic resources. Fair trade promotes the sustainable development of states. Within fair trade, the correct mining of gold stands out, since this metal is linked to the growth and economic development of nations. Gold is one of the most desired mineral elements throughout history. It confers status, is synonymous with power, wealth and future aspirations. Economically successful countries base their financial stability on the gold reserves they have in their respective national banks. Therefore, it must be recognized that gold has many powers for the growth and sustainability of a country. As we have seen, for any country, gold mining is part of a fundamental economic and productive line of business. According to Professor Hans Leuenberger, all areas and human interactions must respect scientific integrity and integrity of data[1]. In the case of gold mining, as in the production of pharmaceuticals, there is regulation. Each country has a respective legal framework that establishes the conditions under which the mineral can be extracted. In order to grant a mining title to a company, minimum legal and ethical standards must be met, which can be divided into two phases: pre-extraction and post-extraction. In the first phase, the company will commit to submit all the corresponding information to the national mining authority to obtain the exploitation permit, i.e.: geological, geophysical, petrophysical and geochemical studies of the subsoil, the estimated time of duration and the probable amount of material to be extracted. During this phase a win-win situation is established between the mining company and the state, where the company can extract the gold without inconvenience and the state receives economic compensation. The second phase comprises the rehabilitation of the exploitation area, where, the mining company must try to restore the area, through processes that include the reforestation of native species, in order to mitigate the environmental damages[2]. Similarly, another type of compensation made by the company with a strong ethical code is towards the local community, through programs focused on social and community investment. On the other hand, there is another type of gold mining that does not comply with the scientific, ethical or data integrity; this is informal mining, which is carried out by some communities due to economic need and the lack of social investment, education and job opportunities. Also, a phenomenon that increases informal gold mining is the pressure exerted by criminal groups. However, in this context there are alternatives for families that depend on informal or artisanal mining to survive. An example of this occurs in Peru, where some groups of artisanal and small-scale miners are accredited by the Fairtrade International Organization[3] in the fairtrade of gold. This certification includes support for small-scale mining groups in the sense that they promote the correct extraction of gold with incentives such as improvement in working conditions, occupational safety and health. With respect to occupational health and safety of workers, Fairtrade certified mining organizations must comply with a set of criteria[4] including: the use of personal protection elements in accordance with the nature of the mine, the submission of a safety report by a competent authority, access to information and basic training in health and safety for all miners as well as the main risks and hazards and regular medical check-ups for all mine workers. The organization also supports miners in acquiring legal status and provides them with fair treatment for the difficult work they perform. Financially, Fairtrade offers the miner a minimum price for the gold extracted, which is equivalent to 95 percent of the price set by the benchmark London Bullion Market as well as a premium of two thousand dollars per kilogram of gold sold, which can be invested in local development projects, environmental protection or community care[3]. Therefore, the work done in Peru with gold mining is an example to follow worldwide, showing that there are viable alternatives for artisanal miners to be better remunerated and thus small-scale gold mining becomes more environmentally friendly for a more sustainable world.

The fossil fuel-intensive Haber-Bosch process, developed in the early 1900s by Fritz Haber and later modified for commercial production by Carl Bosch, uses natural gas to turn atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia to make nitrogen (N) fertilizers. Industrial agriculture uses N fertilizers to grow crops without manure from livestock, a process that has adversely affected food chains globally. During the past century, the use of synthetic N fertilizers has increased 20-fold while the nutrient content of produce in supermarkets has dropped by 10-50%. Research in New Zealand shows that an excess of 45 kg N-unit/ha adversely impacts the return/cost/quality ratio of crop and feed production. Applications of 200 kg N unit /ha are common in the U.S. Midwest and many other industrial countries. 

Contrary to the popular belief that the green revolution increased human health, wealth and populations, the increased yields from synthetic fertilizers in agriculture have caused many problems, which took time to manifest and accept. Use of synthetic N fertilizers has a major negative impact on the sustainability of soil, air, and water and the health of livestock and humans. The inability to use groundwater in some agricultural areas is mostly (approx. 70%) due to nitrates from synthetic N fertilizers. Ground water pollution by nitrates, and excessive nitrates in lettuce, are the tip of the iceberg. The chernozem soils of the Midwest U.S. lost 40% of their organic matter, which volatilized into GHG. Overuse of N fertilizers is a major concern for GHG: nitrous oxide (N₂O) has a GWP 273 times that of CO₂ for a 100-year timescale. Nitrogen fertilizer production uses large amounts of natural gas and some coal and can account for more than 50% of total energy use in commercial agriculture. Human health, especially in the U.S., is also affected. Record high yields of crops, only possible with synthetic N fertilizers, reduce nutrient content of grains:  80-90% of calories in the fast-food chains are provided by corn and soy. Most of the feed for livestock is also corn and soy. Low nutrient content in grain causes livestock and humans to overingest foods in a futile attempt to meet needs for nutrients in low concentrations.

Currently, in the United States only 4% of beef calves spend their entire lives eating phytochemically rich mixes of plants on pastures and rangelands where they were born and raised. The other 96% of calves are weaned, sold, and fattened in feedlots, under conditions that violate freedoms of animal welfare. They are moved from familiar to unfamiliar locations, which causes fear and distress. They dislike any food eaten too often or in excess, yet they are fed daily the same ration so high in grain they experience nausea which causes food aversions, stress, and distress. Though individuals differ in preferences, they can’t self-select their diets, which violates their freedom to express normal behavior and avert distress and disease. These practices cause livestock to suffer various maladies, including chronic acidosis, oxidative and physiological stress, and other metabolic diseases not unlike people with metabolic syndrome, which is characterized by muscle mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and elevated levels of cortisol, blood glucose, and insulin. Livestock and people are sustained by the medical and pharmaceutical industries to counter horrific diets, lack of exercise, and stress. 

Conversely, due to their phytochemically rich diets and higher levels of physical activity, animals born, raised, and finished on farmlands and rangelands with diverse mixes of plant species have improved metabolic health. Their meat has higher levels of compounds that improve the health of livestock and humans, including polyphenols, tocopherols, carotene, and omega-3 fatty acids to name but a few.

Introducing livestock back into farming would eliminate the need for synthetic fertilizers, recreate a healthy nitrogen cycle, and reduce pollution from concentrated livestock feeding operations. These practices in the U.S. use 80% of antibiotics (70% medically important). Europe’s use of antibiotics for livestock is about half that in the U.S.  By consuming animal products (meat/dairy) that have been under regular prophylactic antibiotic treatment, as well as the increase of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics in livestock, and thus humans, the efficiency of antibiotics for human medical treatment is reduced.  Incorporating livestock into farming practices, and reducing N fertilizers, would improve the health of livestock, humans, and the environment; provide more nutrient-dense foods; regenerate agricultural soils; and reduce water contamination from nitrates.

It is curious that as many historians struggle to make their discipline meaningful to students, these instructors often rob the subject matter of its most fascinating and important aspects. History has long had the reputation of being among the most boring of all courses, and many young people look on their experience with the topic as a bunch of senseless and meaningless facts and dates.  Some of this problem relates to the approach historians use which kills any interest their students might engender in the discipline.  Among the biggest failings of the profession is a strong tendency to take humanity out of one of the most humane of all studies.  In short, rather than giving students examples of moral accomplishments, history does the exact opposite.  In many aspects, the historical profession is morally bankrupt by praising killers, by ignoring the peace makers, and by intimidating students rather than inspiring them.  Rather than a vehicle for social change and moral action, sometimes history has degenerated to a profession of excuses and cover ups in which anything and everything is justified, forgiven, or praised.

Nowadays, the number of poorly water soluble drug candidates has increased tremendously. More than 40% of newly discovered drugs are poorly water soluble. It has to be kept in mind that up to now there is no universal science-based formulation design for low water soluble drugs [1]. Co-crystal formation is one of the methods for improving their solubility [2]. This presentation is about the formulation development of SDP-17, a co-crystal drug substance at Shionogi [3]. In the formulation research of this co-crystal, a series of formulation development challenges were found, such as ① crystal transition to a hydrate crystal with low solubility, ② increase in mutagenic impurities, and ③ crystal transition to a metastable form of the co-crystal. By ingenuity in the formulation design and process selection, all of these challenges were overcome and the co-crystal drug substance was successfully formulated. In this presentation, the history of the development of this formulation will be introduced along with some of the challenges and how to address with data.

It is estimated that 17% of the global electricity production is used by a broad array of industrial refrigeration systems, collectively known as the Cold Chain.  This global refrigeration industry encompasses a wide range of disciplines, including the healthcare industry, where refrigeration preserves medicines and pharmaceuticals, including vaccines, and the food sector, where temperature-controlled warehouses, trucks and shipping containers maintain food safety. The need for industrial refrigeration is expected to grow in the coming years due to global warming. 

The pharmaceutical industry, in particular, has very stringent temperature storage requirements, and some of the required storage temperatures can be extremely low, leading to significant refrigeration system power use.  Performance enhancements, reduction in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission, and improved equipment maintenance intervals can be achieved by using physics-based thermodynamic modeling methods [2-5] to develop a digital twin for a range of industrial refrigeration systems. Implementations have been demonstrated for stand-alone, single-loop commercial vapor compression refrigeration systems (refrigerators or commercial cooling units, e.g., vaccine storage units) and for multi-loop, multi-compressor industrial refrigeration systems used in temperature-controlled warehouses up to several hundred thousand square feet in size.  Such digital twins enable real-time performance monitoring by computing mass- and energy-balances using measured data, and the calculated results can be trended and used by machine learning algorithms to identify common equipment failures and alert personnel to operational problems.  

Examples are presented illustrating how the trended calculated results enable root-cause identification of operational inefficiencies as well as reduction in system performance due to equipment degradation and improper hardware selection.

There are more and more approaches to try and understand the world of feeling such as love, hate, fear, anger and so on plus consciousness in general, sub- and un-consciousness via quantum concepts. A standard drawback to such attempts seems to result from the old problem that our current quantum theory is not of metric origin or – in other words – does not appear to be fully compatible with Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity [1]. This lack of a true Quantum Gravity Theory does seem to be the major obstacle for all our attempts to understand consciousness. After all, it well could be that our feelings and consciousness in general, potentially embedding both quantum and cosmic scales, require a truly scale invariant and thus, metric theory. 

In order to overcome these difficulties, we explicitly tried to avoid to “push” any existing theory into the comprehension of the human mind and all its derivatives but, instead, started our consideration with the assumption that everything, including consciousness, may consist of attributes or properties. Subjecting these properties to a general Hamilton extremal principle, thereby using the Riemann theory and Hilbert techniques, we – most surprisingly – ended up in generalized Einstein-Field-Equations [2, 3, 4]. These equations do not only contain the full Theory of General Relativity [1], but – lo and behold – also include all main quantum equations, be it for bosonic or fermionic entities. The whole ensemble undoubtedly has the characteristics of a Quantum Gravity Theory and the best part of it is, that it was already there for about 109 years [5]. 

In this talk, we are going to apply our approach onto the interesting field of love and the topic of feelings in general [3, 6]. Thereby, we will not only consider the aspect of feelings of an individual but also investigate phenomena coming into play where ensembles of human beings entangle. This reaches from observations of so-called mass formations to the simple question whether an economic entity - a company - can be good [4]?

Interestingly, there are many unresolved mysteries. Thus, if the result of a pharmacological effect cannot be explained, it is most convenient to declare this fact as a “placebo effect”! In Germany a comprehensive Acupuncture study showed to be effective [1], however, skeptical scientists [2] pretend that these Acupuncture results have fallen under the “placebo effect”. This statement is irrelevant to those that have been healed. It is important to strengthen the “Placebo Effect” instead of using opioids [3]! Hypnotic medicine describes the use of hypnosis in psychotherapy. Unfortunately, the efficacy of hypnotherapy is not well supported by scientific evidence. Hypnotherapy was used to sedate a patient before surgery. Interestingly, there is evidence of hypnosis in ancient cultures. The healing power of music, vibrations, colors, and shapes are not studied in detail and should become a topic of mainstream research.  The effect of earth radiation and power spots on human health are also not part of mainstream research. In this context, dowsing and the search for water, applied kinesiology [4] also is considered as pseudoscience, and part of alternative medicine. However, it is surprising and difficult to explain why sensitive dowsers and practitioner in kinesiology using “muscle testing” instead of a “pendulum” as instrument for dowsing usually agree in testing supplements, drugs or food. Hahnemann realized that the more he diluted a substance dissolved in water the pharmacological effect became more pronounced, even in the case that due to the continuous dilution statistically no molecule of the active ingredient is present. This is an incredible phenomenon leading to the conclusion that homoeopathy [5] is pseudoscientific system. However, this article [5] mentions five reasons, why homeopathic preparations were reported to be successful: 1) The placebo effect; 2) The therapeutic effect of consultation; 3) Unassisted natural healing [5]; 4) Unrecognized treatments; 5) Regression towards the mean [5]. This long list leads to the conclusion that homeopathy seems to be an effective treatment. Modern advocates of homeopathy have proposed the concept of “water memory”, according to which water "remembers" the substances mixed in it and transmits the effect when consumed. In 1988, French immunologist Jacques Benveniste published a paper in the journal Nature while working at INSERM supporting the idea of Hahnemann. However, he was forced to withdraw his paper against his will. Interestingly, Nobel Laureate Luc Montagnier, who was credited with identifying the AIDS virus, subsequently took up Benveniste's work on water memory, and he and several other scientists claimed to have successfully replicated Benveniste's experiments. Thus, additional research is needed so that Hahnemann’s work is officially recognized. Do we need to test the hypothesis of Dr Ibrahim Karim, that the so called “placebo effect” mystery can be explained as a “resonance effect” with the original drug substance, respectively with the drug inducing a similar pharmacological effect promoting a “self-healing” capability? Thus, if the “placebo effect” can be scientifically explained as a “resonance effect” with the water in our body described in a first approximation by an Einstein-Debye model as a harmonic oscillator, it will be necessary to chose in future clinical trials patients being not sensitive to the “resonance effect”.  In other words, there is a need to study in more detail this “resonance phenomenon” of the positive “placebo effect”. Galenic Pharmacy was originally describing Pharmaceutical Technology according to Galen (born in 131, in Pergamon, Greece. Galen was a physician, pharmacist, natural scientist, nutritional scientist and philosopher. The remedies of Galen did not consist of a single substance but of a combination of different herbs and other products like the contemporary Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). The efficacy of the Galen recipes included remedies against human poisons since the emperors were interested in their chance of surviving poisoning. TCM also is considered as alternative medicine. Will computational science and Artificial Intelligence close the gap between the exact natural sciences, the technological sciences and the humanities/social sciences and lead us to appreciate the knowledge of ancient cultures? Can we stimulate open mindedness, transdisciplinary sciences, love for peace and tolerance under the umbrella of a strict ethical Codex?

Background In addition to common analytical methods that involve breaking down a sample and analyzing its individual components, there are analytical tools that utilize synthesis processes instead. These methods often involve techniques such as evaporation-induced crystallization or chromatography, resulting in a structure or pattern (pattern-forming methods, PFMs). Here, we present basic research studies on homeopathy conducted using PFMs, specifically the droplet evaporation method [1], copper-chloride biocrystallization [2], and ascending chromatography [3] with physical, plant, and in vitro human blood models, respectively.

Materials and Methods

1. Droplet Evaporation Method: Droplets of low potencies of Viscum album Quercus 3x, produced by different modalities (potentization by vortex or vertical succussions vs. undynamized control), were placed on microscope slides and allowed to dry under controlled conditions. The resulting patterns were photographed and analyzed using deep-learning-based algorithms.
2. Copper-Chloride Biocrystallization: Watery extracts were prepared from cress seedlings watered with different potencies. Copper chloride was added to these diluted extracts, and the solution was allowed to crystallize in a controlled environment. The patterns were analyzed for texture and fractal dimension.
3. Ascending Paper Chromatography: EDTA blood samples were treated in vitro with an individually prescribed potency, two preselected potencies, and a placebo. These samples were analyzed using ascending paper chromatography, with the treated blood as the stationary phase and the potency as the mobile phase. The forms and colors of the chromatograms were analyzed using ImageJ software.

Results Our research showed that:

1. The mixing modality significantly influenced the patterns. Strokes reduced the pattern complexity, while vortexing enhanced it compared to the control.
2. Treatments with different potencies influenced the cress seedlings, leading to significantly different crystallization patterns.
3. Homeopathic in vitro treatment applied to blood resulted in the formation of significantly different chromatograms.

Discussion and Conclusions Research on homeopathic preparations requires methods that are sensitive to the sample’s coherence rather than its composition. PFMs appear to address this need and should be studied further in different experimental settings.

Smart Cities are being built everywhere in a competitive display of the extravagant possibilities of modern technology. An incomplete understanding of global warming results in making a zero-carbon footprint as the goal of environmental urban planning. The goal is reached by replacing combustion engine cars with electrically driven versions. This limited vision of considering oil as the only culprit in global warming.

The practical experience from applying BioGeometry solutions to areas plagued by a stressful situation resulting from electromagnetic radiation clearly shows the harmful effects on human, animal and plant life. In the research projects done in Hemberg, St. Gallen  (x) and Hirschberg Appenzell IR, Switzerland, in collaboration with the government Authority for Mobile communication and environment and Swisscom the government mobile communication provider, it was clearly shown that by infusing the electromagnetic radiation with BioGeometry life force energy quality (x) a significant improvement in human, animal and plant health was achieved. Electromagnetic radiation causes heat. Tests on mobile phone emission with Infra-Red technology showed a reduction in the raised temperature from the device electromagnetic radiation when infused with BioGeometry Life force solutions. It is widely ignored that electromagnetic radiation from modern technology contributes to global warming. Replacing carbon emission with electricity is not only harmful to living systems in general but will also increase the effect on global warming.

Artificial Intelligence running smart cities will employ sensors on every level from the smallest to the largest and will depend on an information technology that will produce a huge increase in electromagnetic radiation in the environment. Urban settlements in history were always located around water springs, lakes and rivers that carried life force into the agriculture. They were also planned on the energetic patterns of the earth. Roman planning based on life force earth patterns can be found everywhere in Europe. Zurich with its thousand natural water fountains is good example. New Smart cities showcase extravagant shapes with total disregard to the natural life force patterns of the earth, Carbon emissions from all types of life on earth form part of the energetic life forcr exchange in nature. Carbon emissions of modern technology however, do not contain life force and are not absorbed into the natural cycle and stagnate in the atmosphere contributing to global warming. Natural electromagnetic activity of the earth is part of the life force of all living species and contains an inner regulation and optimising of temperature. Electromagnetic radiation from modern technology is disturbing the natural counterpart in nature and causing global warming.

BioGeometry offers a fresh look at climate change by infusing carbon emissions and electromagnetic radiation with life force resulting in their integration in nature an harmonizing their effect on  the temperature of their environment. The high intensity of carbon and electromagnetic will become a healing environment. This is the practical solution that we applied successfully in the Swiss projects.

Though all industries can harvest low-hanging fruit in terms of sustainability (environmental, economic, social) in various aspects like waste-reduction, material/water/energy-consumption etc., pharma-specific SWOT analysis reveal internal and external obstacles for significant improvement: e.g. regulatory aspects, data handling, implementation of innovation.

Conservative and risk-avoiding internal/external regulatory bodies with different views and foci result in a downward spiral narrowing down the operational window, fostering only applying legacy approaches and create a hindering environment for implementing innovative technologies.

On the other hand, regulatory bodies are right asking for thorough understanding of products and processes (e.g. ICH Q8-10) which comprises the ability to rationally explain formulation and process.

Data, information, knowledge play a major role in creating that knowledge and wisdom around products, the human body and our industry in the widest sense. With vast amount of (unstructured) data available, supercomputing power, NN, AI, KBS are necessary prerequisites for harvesting knowledge. Plus, educating next generation scientists in best practices of (DOE-)data-evaluation, modelling, simulation becomes even more important to achieve next big steps in sustainability.

The high level of health care capabilities and activities in many countries is very beneficial for the societies, however, the related contribution to the carbon dioxide foot print is considerable and should be reduced. Thinking about relevant reduction measures and caring about future generations may trigger the question: What could we learn from our preceding generations, from their way of living, acting, and practicing? A selection of medical and pharmaceutical practices will be presented, covering the time span from about 4000 B.C. till 20^th century, encompassing practices conducted in Ancient Egypt, by the Greeks and Romans, in the Orient and medieval Europe. Examples of drugs and dosage forms that were used in ancient times are given. For comparison, practices of modern times and aspects of the pharmaceutical industry are discussed. It is then assessed how well the presented cases would match the sustainability criteria based on our view of today. Eventually, potential approaches are presented, indicating how sustainability might be achieved in pharmaceutical and medical practice today and in the future.

The application of environmental solutions using the science of BioGeometry in government projects in Switzerland has resulted in a significant reduction of physical and psychological symptoms caused by electromagnetic and chemical pollution. The study done by the Building Biology Information Organisation (x) GIBB and Dr. Med. Yvonne Gilli, Member of Parliament showed that the effects on the emotional and mental level were more significant than those on the physical level which had shown a 60% reduction in symptoms. A new taste for life, the will to undertake activities as well as the significant reduction of aggression in interaction with others were among the many lost traits that were restored. The mayor said on television that peace had had prevailed on the community. A complete reduction of epileptic seizures was very surprising. The frequent buzzing headaches were greatly reduced. Based on a solid new physics of quality, these results have been sustained for over twenty years. Those results led to several post-graduate PhD research on the effect of BioGeometry design on different brain problems like depression (X), hyperactivity and autism (x). The results obtained in more than two decades of research with, were applied in the creation of architecture that played an active part in creating a healing environment for special abilities, the new term used to collectively describe those brain disturbances. In this paper, the stressful effect of different shapes on the brain will be examined (x), and some examples of research in this field will be presented. These promising results have been applied in the design of the new project for the integration of special abilities to be carried out by the Egyptian government’s presidential projects. 

The application of environmental solutions using the science of BioGeometry in government projects in Switzerland has resulted in a significant reduction of physical and psychological symptoms caused by electromagnetic and chemical pollution. Based on a solid new physics of quality, these results have been sustained for over twenty years. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the possibility of applying BioGeometry to pharmacology to reduce the side-effects of pharmaceutical drugs. The application of BioGeometry design principles to water and feed in chicken farming in Canada have produced healthy chemical-free products for several years. Saltwater planting experiments in Egypt have shown the effect of using BioGeometry design principles for water and §plant containers. BioGeometry-designed bottles have given water and other liquids prolonged freshness with health benefits. Based on a wide range of research, the introduction of the BioGeometry harmonizing energy quality into all kinds of pharmaceutical as well as other products can insure a widespread effect of the BioGeometry benefits with a significant reduction of drug side-effects. This will surely play an important role in this age of pandemics. 

The success of BioGeometry in environmental research projects over the years has prompted us to extend this invitation to do interdisciplinary integrative research that promises to introduce a new era of pharmaceutical products that will greatly enhance human, animal and plant health. 

Water, something that we often take for granted, has a fourth phase [1] that holds mysteries crucial to understanding many natural phenomena. This theory on structured water fourth phase was often met with skepticism and labelled as pseudo-science but recently, finds acceptance as researches advances with more evidences through more sensitive equipment and modern super-computer quantum energy calculations.

The concept of Structured Water (SW) fourth phase between solid and liquid is defined as cluster of water molecules joined by strong H-bonds to form relative stable ringed-structures molecular called Coherent Domains (CD) with characteristics that differs from classical notions of bulk liquid water. Based on the Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) field theory, the two phases, unstructured/non-coherent bulk water and structured/coherent (CD) water, exist together in liquid water at variable proportion depending on water conditions and environment [2-6]. The Coherent Domains (CD) are created when water molecules oscillate between two electronic configurations in phase with a resonating electromagnetic field (EMF) [7-8], which can create a quantum resonating cavity in the Coherent Domain (CD) trapping specific frequencies/waves [9-10]. In other words, bulk water may convert into (SW) water by resonating with and collecting coherent (EMF) fields generated from either in vivo or environmental sources [11]. The trapped non-vanishing (EMF) field doesn’t dissipate and tends to resonate with other CDs coherently. This phenomenon is referred to as Water Memory (WM) by Dr. Luc Montagnier [12]. Similarly, at hydrophilic surfaces, structured water (CD) is formed as dense lattice of hexagonal-ringed molecules expelling contaminates out of those tight H-bonded layers of hexagonal rings, firstly referred to as Exclusion Zone (EZ) by Dr. Gerald Pollack. The honey comb structure forms 60 degree shifted layers up to 1 mm in thickness capable of accommodating helix structure [13-14].

Recent (SW) studies employing Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) to detect and image structured water (CD) in liquid water and on metal surfaces [15-18]. AFM images revealed water supra-molecules of various sizes and shapes potentially comprising millions to billions of clustered H-bonded water molecules with soft, gel-like properties. Each supra-molecules rod-like or spiral-helical structures comprised of much smaller “spheres” resembling pentamers and hexagonal ring structure (CD). The spheres’ (CD) outer shell is electron-dense, indicating that the outer shells are a cloud or cold vortex of quasi-free electrons. These structures remain stable for weeks or months at room temperature and pressure [19]. As CD spheres approach a hydrophilic surface, they flatten out into a liquid crystalline lattice, known as Exclusion Zone (EZ), composed of tight layers of H-bonded, hexagonal-ringed water molecules [20]. The cold vortices of quasi-free electrons in the outer shell of the (CD) sphere are converted into quasi-free electrons within the (EZ) layers that interfaced with the hydrophilic surface [6,7,20]. When the H-bond strength increases to provide more structure to water, it becomes less fluid, with higher viscosity but the pentamers and hexagonal ring structure (CD) spheres or rods is less dense than liquid bulk water (similar to ice). However, the tight lattice structured water at hydrophilic surfaces is more dense than liquid bulk water [21].

In structured coherent domain the molecular electrons fluctuate between being strongly bound (ionization potential 12.60 eV) and an excited configuration (12.06 eV) in which one electron per molecule is “quasi-free”. Additionally, the trapped (EMF) radiation inside the (CD) had an equivalent of (0.26 eV) [19,22]. Even weak energy sources like red light (~680nm) have enough energy (1.8 eV) to bring the quasi-free electrons over the threshold of ionization potential. Infrared and other weak frequencies emitting subtle (EMF) electromagnetic and magnetic fields are able to increase structured water (EZ) [23-24]. However, many studies showed that, microwave frequencies (2.45 GHz) of older cell phones and (20-60 GHz) of newer 5G reduce water structure (EZ) layers since they destroy covalent bonds and disrupt H-bonding dynamics in water [25-27].

(SW) is not just H₂O but rather pentamers or hexagonal ring structure with 3 x ^-eH₃O₂ which bears noticeable negative charge (-100 mV to -200mV) due to losing protons ⁺H to the adjacent bulk water forming positively charged hydronium ions ⁺H₃O, lowering its pH < 7 and serving as energy reservoir [28]. A quantum computational model study of anionic and neutral hexamer structures showed that a set of two hexamer rings could be stacked on top of another with quasi-free electrons in the π orbitals. The computational spectral signature of (SW) hexagonal rings was 271 nm [29], which matched the experimental spectral signature of (EZ) water 270 nm [30-31].

Water, something that we often take for granted, has a fourth phase [1] that holds mysteries crucial to understanding many natural phenomena. This theory on structured water fourth phase was often met with skepticism and labelled as pseudo-science but recently, finds acceptance as researches advances with more evidences through more sensitive equipment and modern super-computer quantum energy calculations.

The concept of Structured Water (SW) fourth phase between solid and liquid is defined as cluster of water molecules joined by strong H-bonds to form relative stable ringed-structures molecular called Coherent Domains (CD) with characteristics that differs from classical notions of bulk liquid water. Based on the Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) field theory, the two phases, unstructured/non-coherent bulk water and structured/coherent (CD) water, exist together in liquid water at variable proportion depending on water conditions and environment [2-6]. The Coherent Domains (CD) are created when water molecules oscillate between two electronic configurations in phase with a resonating electromagnetic field (EMF) [7-8], which can create a quantum resonating cavity in the Coherent Domain (CD) trapping specific frequencies/waves [9-10]. In other words, bulk water may convert into (SW) water by resonating with and collecting coherent (EMF) fields generated from either in vivo or environmental sources [11]. The trapped non-vanishing (EMF) field doesn’t dissipate and tends to resonate with other CDs coherently. This phenomenon is referred to as Water Memory (WM) by Dr. Luc Montagnier [12]. Similarly, at hydrophilic surfaces, structured water (CD) is formed as dense lattice of hexagonal-ringed molecules expelling contaminates out of those tight H-bonded layers of hexagonal rings, firstly referred to as Exclusion Zone (EZ) by Dr. Gerald Pollack. The honey comb structure forms 60 degree shifted layers up to 1 mm in thickness capable of accommodating helix structure [13-14].

Recent (SW) studies employing Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) to detect and image structured water (CD) in liquid water and on metal surfaces [15-18]. AFM images revealed water supra-molecules of various sizes and shapes potentially comprising millions to billions of clustered H-bonded water molecules with soft, gel-like properties. Each supra-molecules rod-like or spiral-helical structures comprised of much smaller “spheres” resembling pentamers and hexagonal ring structure (CD). The spheres’ (CD) outer shell is electron-dense, indicating that the outer shells are a cloud or cold vortex of quasi-free electrons. These structures remain stable for weeks or months at room temperature and pressure [19]. As CD spheres approach a hydrophilic surface, they flatten out into a liquid crystalline lattice, known as Exclusion Zone (EZ), composed of tight layers of H-bonded, hexagonal-ringed water molecules [20]. The cold vortices of quasi-free electrons in the outer shell of the (CD) sphere are converted into quasi-free electrons within the (EZ) layers that interfaced with the hydrophilic surface [6,7,20]. When the H-bond strength increases to provide more structure to water, it becomes less fluid, with higher viscosity but the pentamers and hexagonal ring structure (CD) spheres or rods is less dense than liquid bulk water (similar to ice). However, the tight lattice structured water at hydrophilic surfaces is more dense than liquid bulk water [21].

In structured coherent domain the molecular electrons fluctuate between being strongly bound (ionization potential 12.60 eV) and an excited configuration (12.06 eV) in which one electron per molecule is “quasi-free”. Additionally, the trapped (EMF) radiation inside the (CD) had an equivalent of (0.26 eV) [19,22]. Even weak energy sources like red light (~680nm) have enough energy (1.8 eV) to bring the quasi-free electrons over the threshold of ionization potential. Infrared and other weak frequencies emitting subtle (EMF) electromagnetic and magnetic fields are able to increase structured water (EZ) [23-24]. However, many studies showed that, microwave frequencies (2.45 GHz) of older cell phones and (20-60 GHz) of newer 5G reduce water structure (EZ) layers since they destroy covalent bonds and disrupt H-bonding dynamics in water [25-27].

(SW) is not just H₂O but rather pentamers or hexagonal ring structure with 3 x ^-eH₃O₂ which bears noticeable negative charge (-100 mV to -200mV) due to losing protons ⁺H to the adjacent bulk water forming positively charged hydronium ions ⁺H₃O, lowering its pH < 7 and serving as energy reservoir [28]. A quantum computational model study of anionic and neutral hexamer structures showed that a set of two hexamer rings could be stacked on top of another with quasi-free electrons in the π orbitals. The computational spectral signature of (SW) hexagonal rings was 271 nm [29], which matched the experimental spectral signature of (EZ) water 270 nm [30-31].

In the complex landscape of conflict, this thesis sought to unravel the intricate effects on supply chains and trade within Syria's pharmaceutical industry, which experienced over a decade of civil war. The research was motivated by the limited existing literature on the impact of conflict on supply chains and trade in the pharmaceutical industry, particularly concerning Syria. Prior to the civil war, Syria's pharmaceutical sector demonstrated significant growth and self-sufficiency. However, the conflict brought substantial disruptions, prompting an examination of the ensuing challenges. Utilizing a qualitative approach, this study conducted semi-structured interviews with key industry stakeholders in Syria. The findings revealed that prior to the civil war, various antecedents contributed to the success of the pharmaceutical industry. However, the conflict introduced international and domestic factors that hindered the efficiency of supply chains and resulted in reduced domestic and international trade activities. In response, companies and individuals adopted adaptation strategies, showcasing the industry's resilience in the face of adversity. This research contributed valuable insights into the dynamics of conflict on supply chain and trade by contributing novel findings and enriching existing research.