Macauba (Acrocomia Aculeata) is a palm tree typical of the Brazilian savanna with great socioeconomic interest due to its high capacity of vegetable oil production with high levels of fatty acids. This paper evaluated the technical viability of saponified macauba nut oil (SMNO) as a collector in apatite's micro flotation in Hallimond tube, being the oil chemically characterized and saponified before its utilization. Tests were performed varying the solution pH (8, 9 and 10) and collector concentration (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 e 10 mg/L). In order to compare the obtained results with SMNO, the industrial collector Clariant's Flotigan 5806 was used in the same tests conditions. Results show that SMNO reached the highest recoveries rates of apatite in pH 8 and 9, particularly at the concentrations 7.5 and 10 mg/L. When compared to Flotigam 5806, the MNO showed lower recoveries at all pHs and concentrations tested.

The grinding is the last stage of comminution in a mineral processing plant, responsible for reducing particles in size by mechanisms of fragmentation, impact, compression, and shear. Moreover, it is one of the stages that requires greater focus due to the more energy-consuming and major investments requirements. The grinding is considered very important for the mineral concentration process development because, when the product does not meet the specifications, grinding generates very fine products that means a significant loss and changes in further sequential steps. This work aims to optimize the ball mill in the plant 47 of Anglo American Phosphate Catalao-GO Company through simulations using the Moly-Cop optimization tools, and thereby improving energy consumption and grinding results. From real data supplied by company, the parameters of breakage and selection functions were obtained using the Moly-Cop Tools and then the mill were simulated and optimized. Simulations were performed ranging factors such as feed size distribution, critical velocity, filling rate, and ball size. The simulations results indicate a considerable decrease of 0.86 % in Wio value, changing the feeding charge from 900 to 925 t/h.

Barite (BaSO4) is the most important source of barium and the main input in drilling mud production for oil and natural gas industry. It also has important applications in steel, chemical, paper, rubber, plastics and others industries. In 2012, the state of Goias/Brazil produced 148.8 tons of barite concentrate, corresponding to 80% of Brazilian production. All barite in Goias is produced by froth flotation, which restricts its use as drilling mud. Nowadays, the Anglo American Phosphate Brazil generates about 2 million tons of tailings per year (average grade of 6% barite and 36% of magnetite) in the phosphate rock concentrate processing, which is disposed in the tailings dam. The barite production in this company, with minimal metallurgical recovery of 60%, would generate an increase of 38.6% in Brazilian production (equivalent to 75.7% of imports of this mineral) and an increase of US$ 11.5 million per year to the GDP of the state of Goias and in the company's income. The reduction of the material sent to the tailings dam will increase its useful life, reducing potential environmental impacts in its heightening and/or construction of new dams. The enrichment of tailings by jigging for the extraction of magnetite and barite is explained due to the different densities of the involved minerals, simplicity and low cost of operation of the equipment. For the experimental procedure was used magnetite and quartz. Results indicate a mass enrichment of magnetite and a decrease in quartz grade regarding the two operational variables analyzed (feed size and pulse frequency).

The locations, reserves, chemical and mineralogical composition of main chromium deposits are shown in the paper. There are several chromium mines underground and in open sky. The exploitation technical figures and mining methods used in the mines are presented. The mineral processing of low and high grade chromium ores is carried out in some enrichment chromium plants operating with gravity concentration methods. The flowsheet of chromium plants and technological economical figures are generalized based in processing studies carried out in laboratory and industrial scale. Only a part of chromium ore produced in Albania is treated in ferro chromium smelters in Albania while the other part is exported mainly in China. Some data of metallurgical treatment and export of chromium ores are given. It is aimed to promote chromium investments in Albania between information of existing capacities of chromium industry. Gathering several data about geology, mining and mineral processing of chromium ores gave the possibility to generalize the characteristics in mining and mineral processing and to find the optimum of their treatment in the future. Based in the existing data for treatment of chromium ores we can conclude that economical side is important and decisive to improve the existing flowsheet of mineral processing in order to achieve chromium and grade recovery that results in a reasonable profit.

The iron content in ores that will be mined is steadily decreasing. The lower grade ores require finer grinding. Metallic oxides and hydroxides such as iron oxides become electrical when dispersed in aqueous environment. The changes on the oxides surfaces and the formation of the electrically charged interface are controlled by the pH and the ionic force of the solution in which they are dispersed. The factors lead to the need of investigating the effect of dispersion on flotation, thickening, and filtration stages. This laboratory scale study aimed at contributing to a better understanding of iron ores processing addressing the dispersion of hematite pulps in the presence of dispersing or aggregating reagents. Fourteen organic and inorganic reagents were evaluated in dispersion experiments. The study of hematite dispersion in the absence of reagents showed a decrease in the dispersion degree in the pH range between 6.5 and 7.5. The additions of starch and ground corn (fuba) caused aggregation of hematite in the full pH range, while dextrin increased the dispersion degree in the alkaline range. Tannin, a natural organic reagent, not aggressive to the environment in case of disposal, increased the hematite dispersion degree even at low concentrations (150 g/t). Citric acid also increased the hematite dispersion degree. The SiO2 /Na2O ratio is a factor that may interfere in the action of sodium silicate in iron ore flotation. The sodium silicate - C112, presenting the lowest ratio, did not change significantly the dispersion degree; sodium silicate R3342, presenting the highest ratio, led to the highest dispersion degree. Sodium silicate R2252 caused an increase in the dispersion degree around pH 8.5. DismulganV3377 did not affect significantly the dispersion degree leading to results similar to those achieved in the absence of reagents. Dispersogen LFS and Polymax T10 increased the dispersion degree in the alkaline pH range. Bozefloc AE 738 may be suggested as flocculent, enhancing the aggregation at pH 10.5 at dosages of 500g/t and 1000g/t. Dispersol 589 caused a significant increase in the dispersion degree in the full pH range. At pH = 10.5, Depramin 158 led enhanced significantly the dispersion degree. In the acidic pH range the dispersion degree reached approximately 50%.

In an essentially agricultural country, like Brazil, technological improvements to apatite's mineral group are extremely important, which is the main source of phosphate used as input in the manufacture of industrial fertilizers. Brazilian�s apatite deposits have a complex mineralogy and the phosphate concentration occurs, almost in its totality, through froth flotation. The reagent system in froth flotation is a determining factor in the mineral recovery efficiency. Researches on the vegetable oils application as collectors in froth flotation has been carried out in order to seek alternatives reagents in way to promote a higher selectivity, higher recovery and lower costs. This reagent type are, in its essence, renewable and environment friendly. Macauba (Acrocomia aculeata) is a palm tree, which naturally occurs throughout the tropical zones of Latin America and has high concentrations of fatty acids, such as oleic (58.7 %) and palmitic acids (19.7 %) for its pulp. Macauba�s oil is used to produce various products: pharmacological, nutritional, fuel and the generation of co-products such as charcoal from their waste. The present paper sought present the results for microflotation tests using Hallimond tube using Macauba�s saponified oil as apatite collector. The tests were performed with 1 g of high purity apatite samples, particle size -100 +150# (-150 +106 �m) at pH 9. The collector concentrations ranging 2.5; 5.0; 7.5 and 10.0 mg/L. Other operational parameters where: conditioning time 4; 7; 10 and 15 minutes and flotation time 1; 2; 3; 5 and 10 minutes. In total 240 tests were conducted. The results showed that at all concentrations the conditioning time of 7 minutes and flotation of 1 minute are sufficient for determining the floatability of the oil Macauba�s pulp. The Macauba�s oil was able to achieve apatite recoveries above 95%.

The main industrial method of processing of galena is its oxidized roasting in air atmosphere, followed by reduction smelting of lead oxide in presence of coal. The present work illustrates a study of processing of Egyptian galena by oxidized roasting, its thermal behaviour and its kinetics over the temperature range 400-950oC.
The DTA curve of roasting of galena shows its beginning of oxidation at 460oC, followed by the reaction at 585oC between galena and the lead sulphate resulted with the formation of basic lead sulphate. The intensive oxidation of galena is represented by the large and sharp exothermic double maximum peak at 750 and 780oC.
The standard free energy (i��Go) and equilibrium constant (K) of the reaction of oxidation of galena to lead oxide at 850oC are - 165.088 kcal mol-1 and 1.34. 1032, respectively. These values reflect the irreversibility of the reaction.
The kinetic study of the oxidized roasting of galena is governed by the structure and condition of the surface coating, which is composed of lead sulphate and basic sulphate and some lead oxide. The experimental data reveal that the rate of oxidation of galena is low at 400-500oC. This is due to the formation of a compact thick product layer and the rate of the reaction is controlled by diffusion through this product layer.
At 600oC and higher temperatures, the product layer around galena particles during its oxidation is friable and porous. The rate is not affected by this coating and the oxidized roasting of galena is controlled by the chemical reaction occurring at the surface of galena particles.
Keywords: Egyptian galena, roasting, kinetics

Application of technology in agriculture within the system of production is mostly reality with the opening of markets through globalization. In many areas of modern industry, the limestone, especially in the field, is used as a broker of the acidity of the soil. The liming is a cheap practice, however still is neglected as to its use, in the adoption of the technique, the definition of doses and application forms. The briquetting consists of the agglomeration of fine particles through pressure, aided by agglutination, allowing not only products, but compressed with shape, size and mechanical parameters suitable. The reduction of size of material, in addition to technological benefits, allows thin materials can be transported and stored more economically. The recent environmental concern, resulting in stricter laws, in addition to the need to take advantage of economic waste and fine particles generated in the beneficiation of minerals made briquetting could be an important alternative for agglomerating economic value. The aim of this work was to agglomerate through the limestone fines briquetting (92% below 500 # or 25 �m) generated in processing the same, varying dosages of water (used as a binder) of 0; 5; 7.5; 10; 12.5 and 15%. The limestone from Lagamar (MG) has been classified chemically as dolomitic type D. The briquettes were subjected to drop tests at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 cm height. The best results found for drop tests were obtained with 7.5% humidity, with averages of 21 drops of 30 cm and 10 drops of 60 cm height. Such results were favorable when compared to literature, which mentions that for briquettes without cure, considered 3 drops at 0.3 m height as a reasonable value. Result obtained is seven times greater than the least required.

Comminution is the most energy intensive process in mining industry and it consumes up to 3% of the total electrical energy generated in the world. More than 80% of the plant comminution is spent in the area of milling. There are three fundamental process mechanisms -Particle breakage, charge motion and discharge, that control the energy efficiency of grinding mills. Fundamentally, comminution has been considered as a combination of breakage and classification (or removal of product size particles) processes. Since the work done in comminution is proportional to the energy usage (or power draw), a great emphasis has been laid towards understanding and development of relationships between energy and breakage processes in the last few decades of research. This was followed by the development of discrete element modeling (DEM) in 1980s to understand the charge motion and this technique has been successfully used to optimize the design of shell lifters. Although the quest for efficient removal of product particles from tumbling mills has been initiated as early as 1914, a deeper understanding and success has been seen in early 2000s.
The most energy efficient breakage system could be the one where the particles leave the energy field as soon as they become product size particles, so that the energy is used to break the new particles. Crushers (with highest energy efficiency) are a good example in this regard, where broken particles smaller than the closed side setting (CSS) fall freely due to gravity and hence the energy is predominantly used to break new and big particles. Contrary to this, in grinding mills, the gravity creates the energy field, by lifting the rocks and balls and a special discharge arrangement is attached to facilitate the removal of product, which consists of discharge grate and a pan or pulp lifters. The efficiency of product removal depends on the design of these discharge arrangement systems. The conventional design � Radial and spiral/curved, has been in use over a century, but its inherent inefficiency has been understood off-late in 1995, thus resulted into an innovative design by the author.
Industrial implementation of the new design (Twin Chamber Pulp Lifter) in several ag/sag mills around the world has well proven that energy efficiency and productivity of the milling circuits can be improved when the optimization of discharge mechanism is combined with optimization of particle breakage and charge motion processes. Operational data from several operating plants around the world would be presented to illustrate the concepts where up to 20% of energy have been recorded while increasing the productivity to the similar levels. This paper will discuss how the existing grinding circuits (Brown-filed operations) can effectively use these techniques to improve their energy efficiency and productivity to lower their operating expenditure (OPEX). Optimization of these important process mechanisms at the design stage can also lead to significant savings in capital expenditure (CAPEX) while designing the new grinding circuits for Green-field operations.

A study to upgrade the Rotary Kiln production of MgO sinter in MIM Goulash Co. is being carried out in cooperation with FLOGEN Technologies Inc. to increase productivity, quality and protect the environment. It mainly consists of using as combustible 80% petcoke and 20% mazut through two-channel burner and using electrostatic precipitators to clean Rotary Kiln gases and capture dusts. After the de-dusting process and peletization, the dust will be returned as feed in the Rotary Kiln. This upgrade decreases considerably the production cost of MgO sinter, increases significantly the production capacity, improves product quality and decreases environmental pollution by releasing much less dust in the atmosphere. In this paper, the upgrade improvement is described and its advantages are explained.

Among the minerals phosphorus, the group of apatite is the main source of phosphate used as input in the manufacture of industrial fertilizers, so studies that seek alternatives to the best use of this ore is very important in an essentially agricultural country like Brazil. Phosphates are classified as sparingly soluble minerals and are extremely sensitive to changes in their surface properties, which affect their behavior during flotation. Thus, it becomes crucial to understand the reagent system behavior to the efficiency of this process, where the fatty acids act as collector agent. Macauba (Acrocomia aculeata) is a palmae tree which naturally occurs in Brazilian savannas and has high concentrations of fatty acids The profile of Macauba�s fatty acids shows that the highest concentration is oleic acid (58,7%), followed by palmitic acid (19,7%) for the pulp and lauric acid (39,7%) and oleic acid (25,8%) for the nuts. These differences in fatty acid composition suggest different behavior when used as collectors in the flotation of minerals. In this sense, the present study sought to demonstrate, through microflotation testing Hallimond tube, the potential use of Macauba oils in the flotation of apatite. The tests were performed with 1.0 g of high purity apatite, with a particle size of 104�m at pH 8, 9 e 10 varying concentrations of the collector at 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 mg/L. The results showed a better floatability at all concentrations tested for pulp oil compared with Macauba�s nut oil.

The majority of Brazilian phosphate rock reserves are concentrated in the states of Minas Gerais and Goias, which also hold much of the country�s Jatropha cultivation (Jatropha Curcas), a plant rich in fatty acids, predominately linoleic acid, followed by acid oleic and palmitic acid. Jatropha Curcas is a fruit that contains three chestnuts which have oil content ranging from 22-48%. Due to its toxicity it is not edible, which makes it economically viable. Besides the new exploration of oil for mining purposes, material resulting from the pressing is being explored in the fields of biofuel, ink and varnish scanning. This article introduces the application of Jatropha Curca oil (JCO) extracted by pressing as collector in microflotation tests, due to the rich composition of fatty acids in nuts. The oil was saponified at high temperature using NaOH, 95% alcohol and then the microflotation tests were made in a Hallimond tube with the use of pure mineral apatite at pH 8, 9 and 10. The results showed better recovery had pH 10 and other recovery points to the two collectors tested showed similar results and over 90% recovery showing that Jatropha Curcas oil can be used as collector in the flotation of this mineral.

Froth flotation is a mineral separation technique based on differences of the surface characteristics of the several mineral species present. The hydraulic entrainment is a phenomenon that is associated to the flotation process, consisting in the recovery of particles through the interaction between physical parameters as the air flow introduced in the system, the particle size, shape and specific mass, resulting in the entrainment of the particles trough the flow generated behind air bubbles rising in pulp. The present work was performed in order to find a function that models the hydraulic entrainment of apatite particles in Hallimond tube, basing on influence of the particle size. The entrainment tests were performed using the size fractions -300+212 A�m, -212+180 A�m, -180+150 A�m and150+106 A�m, without adding reagents. Each test was executed using 1,0 g of apatite. Then, 320 mL of distilled water with pH equal to 7 was inserted in modified Hallimond tube, followed by agitation for 1,0 min to promote the suspension of all the particles. After agitation, the aeration system was activated, starting the entrainment test itself, which also had a duration of one minute, according to standard procedure. Each test was performed in triplicate, totalling 48 tests. The results showed that there is nonlinear relation between the particle size and entrainment, described for a Gaussian function, which was adjusted trough the software Origin 9.0. In addition to this, the particles in size fraction -212+180 A�m presented greater intensity of entrainment considering a same air flow.

Base metals lead and zinc are in fourth and fifth places in the world, respectively, according to their use. Also, in recent years, we noticed a growing demand for rare metals, some of which are usually in Para - genesis of these base metals.
Kosovo, as a new state and under transition, has 85-year experience in producing Pb-Zn ores and metals with high purity. Minable ore reserves enable production for the next 40 years. Consolidation of mining production, refurbishment of flotations and application of new Technologies on metallurgical treatment of Pb and Zn concentrates, which should be in line with the recommendations of the European Union, are the objective expected to be realized within the next 5 years.
Particularly, we are focused on rare metals, which could be extracted as the regular metallurgical processing of concentrates as well as adequate processing of historical mining waste and metallurgical slugs are subject of review.
The present paper analyzes the current situation of mines and concentrators production, opportunity and direction of metallurgical treatment and balancing of potential output as the base metals as well as rare metal - Indium, selenium tellurium, Germanium and Gallium.
Key words: Base metals, rare metals, mining production, waste treatment, metallurgical processing

Sand production is a serious problem in oil and gas reservoirs worldwide. It can drastically affect production rates. The adoption of a sand management strategy is crucial for prolonging economic reservoir development for sand producing reservoirs. Significant gains in production (acceleration) and reserves (IOR) can be resulted from the pursuance of sand management in these fields. Such a strategy requires the sand production to be managed in a safe and controlled manner where the negative consequences of sand production are manageable and predictable. Sand management has been identified as one of the key issues in field development in most of the world's oil and gas fields. Sand management is not just about selection of sand control systems - it is about maximizing and maintaining production while managing sand at acceptable rates. Successful sand management can only be achieved with a fully integrated, multi-disciplinary team. Facilities sand management is tasked with the goal of ensuring sustained hydrocarbon production when particulate solids (i.e. sand) are present in well fluids, while minimizing the impact of these produced solids on surface equipment. Particle size and total concentration of formation sand determine their net effect on production and the resulting operability of surface facilities. Conventional sand management control focuses on sand exclusion from the wellbore, either by production limits or completion design. Completions may adversely affect inflow due to skin buildup and both controls impede maximum hydrocarbon production. Alternatively, co-production of fluids and solids, with subsequent sand handling at surface facilities, is an inclusion paradigm that allows sustained hydrocarbon production. Produced solids are removed at the wellhead upstream of the choke using fit-for-purpose equipment. This methodology allows for increased or recovered hydrocarbon production, while their removal upstream of the choke protects facilities operations.

Mining is a complex activity, necessary for economic extraction of mineral goods from the Earth's crust, causing changes to the environment, often irreversible, through extraction activities and mineral processing. Mineral processing involves stages of comminution, granulometric classification and separation (physical and/or chemical) to obtain mineral concentrates and generate tailings that often has larger volumes than the concentrate produced itself. Ores such as iron, phosphate and gold generate tailings that reach, respectively, 40, 75 and 97% by volume of all ore fed on mineral processing plants. Not always the tailings are inert, as in gold mineral processing. Commonly all this material generated is sent to tailings dams. These structures are deployed according to economic factors analysis, such as the initial total cost, the environmental impacts generated for different locals if it has different impacts, and the material disposal according to its constructive method. Dams require large confined areas between valleys, which were used to support the material storage. Those areas need to be deforested and, in some cases, coated with substances that will prevent the material deposited seepage. Such regions will become unusable after the closure of the disposal of tailings for hundreds (or even thousands) of years. Accidents can occur when tailings dams are not monitored and/or constructed properly, compromising the mineral enterprise and its sustainability. Minas Gerais is the largest mining state of Brazil, responsible for extracting more than 160 million tons of iron ore per year, accounts for 29% of all mineral production in the country. Its responsible for the production of 53% metallic minerals and for about 50% of all the gold produced in the country. Only in this state more than 64 tailings dams had its security considered dubious due to lack of information, surveys and control structures reports in the last years. Therefore, this paper shows the advantages of other tailings disposal methods, such as mineral paste and dry disposal. Worldwide, significant gains are being achieved with those techniques adoption, which proved to be economically viable, demystifying the premise of being a more expensive method than the conventional and seeking to complete the sustainability to continue the disposal in tailings dams.

In the processing and flotation concentration of sulfide polymetallic ores, it is important to understand the oxidation mechanisms of the surfaces of separated sulfides along with the structure and properties of oxidized fragments of the surfaces.
The authors investigated earlier the effect of high-power nanosecond electromagnetic pulses (HPEMP: E ~10(7) V/m; I�(pulse)~10 ns) on the phase composition and the electrochemical, sorption and flotation properties of semiconductor ore minerals pyrrhotite, pentlandite, Nhalcopyrite, sphalerite and other sulfide minerals (Bunin, Chanturiya et al, Shechtman International Symposium, 2014).
In this report, we present new experimental data on varying the composition and chemical state of surface atoms of galenite (PbS, galena) and calcite (CaCO3) before and after treatment by high-voltage nanosecond pulses. The effect of nanosecond pulses on the phase composition of a galenite and calcite surface is investigated by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and IR Fourier spectroscopy. According to the XPES data, structural phase transformations caused by pulsed treatment are mainly associated with variations in the chemical state of sulfur atoms. The chemical state of the lead surface lead atoms did not vary much after the pulsed treatment.
The results from spectroscopic investigations agree with the data on the effect HPEMP has on the electrochemical and flotation properties of galenite: electromagnetic pulsed treatment produces structural phase transformations of the surface layer of mineral particles, which leads to variations in the energetic state of crystals and raises their electrode potential by ~15 mV on average in the region of positive values (pH 6-11). An increase in the electrode potential creates favorable conditions for adsorption of the anion collector and helps amplify the flotation activity of galenite: flotation experiments (pH 10.2) showed an increase in the floatability of galenite, from 76% (without preliminary pulsed treatment) to 86% after 10-30 s of HPEMP treatment for the samples.
At the same time, it has been found experimentally that pulsed treatment did not cause significant changes in the phase composition, chemical state of the surface atoms and flotation (xanthate) activity of calcite.

Red mud (RM) is a large-capacity waste of alumina production in the processing of bauxite by the Bayer process. Its productivity is 1.5 - 1.7 tons per 1 ton of alumina. Russia has accumulated hundreds of millions of tons of this waste.
This kind of waste, depending on raw materials and processing method, contains percentages: 17-46 Fe2O3, 8-24 Al2O3, 1,4-14 Na2O, 3-5 TiO2, 8-11 SiO2, and about 150 g/ton Sc2O3 and noticeable amounts of oxides of rare earth elements, but is currently being used in small quantities in the production of building materials (cement, ceramics). There are numerous developments in RM processing to obtain coagulants, additives for the ferrous metallurgy. In this case, RM is one of the most perspective raw sources of scandium.
We have developed a method of leaching of scandium from RM by sulfuric acid solution at 80A�C, and the optimal conditions under which the degree of leaching of the scandium is 92-96%. From the resulting solution with the composition, mg/l: Sc 10-13, Y 4-10, Al 7500 - 10000, Fe 29000 - 33000, Ti 2900-3300, Zr 100 - 120, Mg 500-700, V 48-65, Mn 310-430 we carried out extraction of scandium by kerosene solution of a mixture of TBP and DEHPA. The saturation of extractant by scandium is 450-850 mg/l. Reextraction was carried out with a solution of caustic soda and soda. As a result, we have obtained samples of concentrate containing 2.2 - 3.4% of scandium.

Cracked or broken ceramic tiles are not accepted as commercial products; therefore, the unsold tile waste creates vital environment problem. These wastes are used partly as raw materials in ceramic factories but mostly stored near factories. From economical point of view, it is proposed to reuse the industrial by-products and waste materials in the process; otherwise those have to be transported to landfill sites. The aim of this research is to search the use of fired ceramic tile wastes in the production of blended cements in cement industry. In this way, the reduction of the used clinker contributes to the reduction of carbon dioxide and other emissions during clinker firing. Three types of fired ceramic wastes, namely floor tile, wall tile and granite tile, were used. Firstly; the physical, chemical and mineralogical characterizations of these fired ceramic tile waste were determined. Then, the crushing and grinding test were performed in order to compare the grindability of the ceramic tile wastes and clinker. The ground powders of each waste, which have the fineness of 5% residue on 32 micron sieve, were added by 5, 10 and 15% to the ground clinker and gypsum. In experimental studies, the physical, chemical, and mechanical analysis were conducted on produced blended cements in accordance with standards. In all experiments, the produced blended cements comply with the defined product standards. The additions of wall tile waste also enhance the 2-7-28 and 90 days strength developments of produced blended cements compared to reference cement of CEM I. By contrast, the increasing amount of floor tile and granite tile waste in cement results in slight reductions in strength values compared to reference cement. Despite the decrease in strength values, they remained within the limits defined in the standards. Thus, economic and environmental problems were reduced partially by the addition of ceramic tiles. The full results of the research are illustrated in this article.

The investigation of n-component systems gives answers to many practical questions concerned with different methods to represent their concentrations:
1) preparation of a binary, ternary, quaternary or any n-component mixture from several mixtures of different compositions; 2) dilution of an initial mixture by adding one or several liquids; 3) determination of relative weight proportions of equilibrium phases or individual structure elements in binary, ternary, quaternary, ..., n-component mixtures at different temperatures; 4) analysis of phase equilibrium in mixtures containing two, three, four, ..., n phases. An algorithm which allows to define relations between concentration coordinates of subsystems formed in the initial system consisting of simple elements is proposed. It gives also a possibility to determine the conditions under which the point belongs to the given concentration simplex or complex. All different methods to express the n-component mixture concentrations can be represented by only one system of coordinates which corresponds to the input of its simple elements to the mixture composition.
This coordinate system allows: 1) to correlate concentration coordinates of various subsystems (both simplexes and complexes); 2) to compare experimental data represented in the literature by different concentration coordinates; 3) to analyze some phase reaction possibility by verifying if the concentration point, which corresponds to the given chemical interaction, belongs to some elementary concentration simplex (or complex).
One more new algorithm for polyhedration of quaternary and quaternary reciprocal systems is based on checking all the links between vertices of a graph describing the composition diagram and selecting the polyhedration variants that correspond to the relations between the numbers of geometric elements of the complex undergoing polyhedration (graph vertices, links between them, and two- and three-dimensional complexes). It can control the entire polyhedration process, accelerates the search for internal diagonals in the polyhedron, and takes into account their possible competition. The work was partially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (projects 14-08-00453 and 14-08-31468).

The human consumption of vegetable oils for food in Brazil is very large. However, this consumption causes the downside of not reusing the residual oil, once the vegetable oil, during the frying process, undergoes chemical reactions that modify its composition, increasing the amount of free fatty acids and generating by-products of oxidation reactions. Thus, the problem of this waste disposal arises, which is generally done improperly, going to the sewers of big cities. In the mineral industry, the fatty acids salts (soaps), from the non-ionizable thio compounds class are the anionic collector reagents most used in the non-sulfide minerals flotation process, especially oximinerals. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to evaluate the possibility of using the residual frying oil as a collector reagent in the ore flotation. The advantage of using it as a collector reagent is that a great part of the fatty acids present are free from glycerol, favoring, this way, the alkaline hydrolysis (saponification) reaction for the collector obtainment. In this work, variables that influence the reaction were evaluated, such as time of reaction, water/alcohol ratio, and oil/NaOH ratio. The storage time of the obtained collector (0, 15 and 30 days) was also evaluated. The collection efficiency of the reagent (particles hydrophobicity) was verified by microflotation tests in modified Hallimond tube with height extensor (when necessary) to avoid entrainment, using pure apatite, calcite and quartz. In order to obtain a reference value for the floatability, the tests results were compared to the results obtained using sodium oleate as collector reagent. The results show that the use of a collector reagent obtained via alkaline hydrolysis of residual frying oil may be an alternative to the collector reagents currently used in the mineral industry.

Underbalanced drilling (UBD) is defined as the practice of drilling a well with the wellbore fluid gradient less than the natural formation gradient. It differs from conventional drilling in that the bottom holes circulating pressure is lower than the formation pressure, thereby permitting the well to flow while drilling proceeds. Underbalanced drilling technology is a valuable method for minimizing formation invasion related problems. Because the majority of hydrocarbons today are found in existing fields with depleting pressures, or in complex and low quality reservoirs, the economical use of UBD becomes more and more popular. This technology can save the industry millions of dollars by increasing the amount of recoverable oil within a shorter time frame. Historically, most underbalanced drilling (UBD) projects were undertaken to eliminate drilling problems and cost. However, recently, the reduction of formation damage has become the main focus for underbalanced operations. This has the greatest potential in directly increasing the profit to the operating company. Potential benefits include increasing of production rate, the ultimate recovery, and enabling accelerated production. Underbalanced technology, while still on a sharp growth curve, is finally becoming accepted as a normal method for handling the drilling and completion of wells.
Use of supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) in underbalanced drilling operation has been investigated in this paper. The use of carbon dioxide in an underbalanced drilling operation eliminates some of the operational difficulties that arise with gaseous drilling fluids, such as generating enough torque to run a down holes motor. The unique properties of CO2, both inside the drill pipe and in the annulus are shown in terms of optimizing the drilling operation by achieving a low bottom hole pressure window. Typically CO2 becomes supercritical inside the drill pipe at this high density; it will generate enough torque to run a down holes motor. As the fluid exits the drill a bit, it will vaporize and become a gas, hence achieving the required low density that may be required for underbalanced drilling. Both single phase CO2 and a mixture of CO2 and water have been studied to show the effect of produced water on corrosion rates.

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