Preliminary List of Abstracts (Alphabetical Order)

2ND INTL. SYMP. ON SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS RECYCLING PROCESSES AND PRODUCTS

The recycling of slags provides a number of environmental benefits, including the preservation of natural resources (limestone), the recuperation of valuable metals and the reduction in solid waste. Stainless steel slags, for example, contain on average around 5% of stainless steel. To recuperate the metal contained in the slags, crushing or grinding of the slag is necessary. The grinding, however, results in a fine grained mineral residue that is difficult to recycle in current applications due to both technical and environmental challenges.A novel technology was therefore developed to enable the valorisation of fine grained non-hydraulic slags and ashes into high quality construction materials. The process makes use of accelerated carbonation by treating various kinds of slags with CO2 at elevated pressure (5-20 bar) and temperature (up to 140°C) without addition of binders. The carbonates that are produced in-situ during the carbonation reaction act as a binder cementing the slag particles together. The carbonated materials can compete with concrete products (C35/C45) and have excellent environmental and technical properties. The materials have the additional advantage of sequestering 180-200 g CO2/kg slag. The technology was developed on lab scale by optimisation of the process parameters with regard to the uptake rate and the properties of the building materials (chemical, mechanical and leaching).In this paper, an overview will be given of the results obtained with regard to upscaling and further validation of the curbstone process.

The waste material generated by the soldering technology massively applied in the electronic industry represents not only an environmental issue, but also a secondary resource of the contained valuable metals. With the dominance of the lead-free soldering alloys, the recycling of the high value tin - and occasionally silver - has been shown possible by electrolysis in chloride solutions. The difficulties of the procedure caused by the irregular electro-crystallization, cathode corrosion and impurity carry over have been targeted by examining the electrode processes characteristic of different anode and electrolyte compositions. Potentiodynamic examinations at different levels of tin concentration and stirring of the solution have pointed out the strong influence of material transport on the cathodic process. This effect was also studied in the refining cell by applying conductivity sensors and iodometric analysis of the Sn(II)/Sn(IV) distribution. The stratification of the tin concentration by height and unfavorable generation of Sn(IV) species at the anode were observed. These phenomena cause disturbances in the electro-crystallization and the stability of the solution. The overall process taking place in the cell was examined by in situ detection and recording of the mass changes. The expression of materials balances justified the assumed processes leading to cathode corrosion and irregular deposition. The product could be achieved with higher purity than technical standards.

The continuous growth of municipal solid waste generation, especially from construction activities, has been responsible for the appearance of many efficient municipal solid waste management policies from public authorities. An efficient waste management program can avoid inappropriate waste disposal, which can cause damage to both environmental and public health. Additionally, it may even lead to the development of recycling programmes. Giving special attention to solid waste from civil construction enterprises, it is important to develop environmentally active practices among construction companies. The main objectives are to reduce waste generation, increase reuse and recycling. In order to develop alternatives for construction wastes recycling, it is important to provide efficient solid waste characterization studies.An experimental study has been carried out in the city of Salvador, Brazil. Currently, more than 1500 tons/per day of construction and demolition (C&D) wastes has been generated in Salvador. Solid waste has variable physical characteristics that depend on the construction sector involved, the techniques employed, the construction phase and the social-economic characteristics present in the urban area in question.This paper presents the results of an intensive study of construction and demolition wastes from Salvador with the intention of creating alternative methods of increasing environmental protection and generation of low price raw material by recycling solid waste. The principal procedure used involves the characterisation of solid waste according to its physical characteristics and social-economic aspects.The results of this characterisation identified priority research lines that will help to maximise recycling of C&D waste produced in Salvador and help develop a local construction material market.

The results of the development and the implementation of new technologies of metallurgical wastes, containing such non-ferrous metals as zinc, lead, tin are presented in the work. Electric furnace steelmaking dust, copper plant dust and dross were recycled with the recovery of valuable components. As a result of recycling, the following marketable products were produced: Zinc as metal, lead and tin as concentrates and iron as iron-containing clinker. Implementation of new technologies allowed JSC "Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant" (JSC "CZP") to produce more than 10 thousand tons of zinc as metal and 4 thousand tons of lead and tin in concentrates annually due to metallurgical wastes recycling. The main research and technology idea of the metallurgical wastes recycling technology usage is distilling separation of the elements of complex-component oxide systems in reductive conditions in the rotary tube furnaces. On the base of completed studies, the new process flowsheet and new technical solutions were produced. These solutions are implemented in all stages of production: Raw material preparation for metallurgical processing; Volatilization of zinc, lead and tin in the tube furnace (I stage of Waelz-process); Pyro-selection of lead (II-stage of Waelz-process); Fumes preparation for hydrometallurgical recovery of zinc in the solution, directed to electrolysis with the producing of branded metal, lead and tin in concentrates.

The available raw material types for metals production are primary high-grade ores, primary low-grade ores and secondary raw materials. The treatment of primary raw materials is often easier than the treatment of secondary materials as the latter ones can have metals in combinations never found in nature. The basic phenomena in treating primary and secondary materials are the same. Thermodynamics and reaction kinetics are the same when applied to pure metals or compounds. The differences are in the complexity of the raw material that has strong influence on selectivity. Leaching of complex low-grade materials and secondary materials can result in higher chemical and energy consumption. The solution purification after leaching complex low-grade and secondary materials can also be technically more difficult than when operating with primary high-grade materials. This is due to a higher number of metals in the solution.Experiences on treatment of stainless steel flue dusts, spent automotive catalysts and superconductor scrap will be discussed.

The recovery of non-ferrous and precious metals is an important and interesting topic due to the low stocks resources and high price, especially in the case of precious metals. Waste water and solutions from different industries can be a valuable source of these metals. However, processing waste solutions cause many problems, such as low concentration of metals in solution or different species of metals in one solution. For this purpose, conventional liquid waste processing technologies become economically viable. Given the current economic situation and low stocks of the mentioned metals, finding suitable and cost-efficient technology is a top priority. The application of biotechnological methods to treat waste solutions can be an efficient and cost-effectively method to acquire different types of metals.The present paper deals with the application of an innovative process based on biotechnological principles using special constructed reactor to recover and recycle metals from different waste solutions and waters. The process was primarily developed for gold and silver recovery from old mines wastewater and industrial solutions, but it is also suitable to recover non-ferrous metals like copper, zinc, nickel etc. Initial experiments showed promising recovery rates for selected metals and for large scale industrial application in the future.

This work deals with the possibility of hydrometallurgical treatment electric arc furnace (EAF) dust using dilute sulphuric acid solutions. The origin of the EAF dust sample was Ironworks Podbrezova, Slovakia. Zinc content in the dust was 17.05 % and zinc was present both as zincite ZnO and zinc ferrite ZnFe2O4. The effect of temperature, acid concentration and leaching time on zinc, iron and calcium extraction into the solution was investigated. The leaching experiments were carried out at the temperatures of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 95°C in aqueous solutions of sulphuric acid with concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 M. The liquid to solid ratio (L:S) was equal to 50. The maximum zinc extraction of 95 % was achieved in 1 M H2SO4 at 80°C after 90 minutes of leaching, while the iron extraction under the same conditions was 66 %. The main objective of this study was to find out conditions at which the maximum amount of zinc passes into the solution while iron remains in the solid residue. The following conditions were specified as optimum: 0.1 M H 2S0 4, 60°C. The zinc extraction under the given conditions was 65 %, while iron extraction was around 5 %.

Ferrochrome converter (CRC) is used only in the plants, where both ferrochrome and stainless steel are produced in the same location. Raw materials of CRC process are molten ferrochrome and stainless steel scrap and its product is a raw material for argon-oxygen-decarburisation process (AOD). The aim of this work is to characterise chemical composition, phases and microstructure of CRC dust and to evaluate its possible formation mechanisms and the effects of mineralogy and microstructure on the hydrometallurgical treatment of the dust. The analytical methods were X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), optical microscope and electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA). The content of Cr in the dust is 11.0 wt-%. When the dust was screened to two fractions, the zinc content was higher in the fine-grained fraction. The dust contains e.g. Ferrochrome spheres, magnesiochromite and chromite enclosed into glass spheres, hematite, lime and zincite. Many grains are so small that it is not possible to get a representative microanalysis of them and the totals of the analyses are sometimes too low. ZnO contents in some of these analyses, however, are rather high. Mineralogy and microstructure of CRC dust are complex. Spheres indicate formation by ejection from the liquid metal or slag. Encapsulation phenomenon, e.g. Magnesiochromite enclosed into glass, may influence the leaching of chromium. The dust contains many phases and a part of the grains is too small to be analysed reliably. Probably, all phases of the dust have not been recognised yet.

Photovoltaic (PV) technology for renewable energy utilization is constantly growing throughout the world. This widespread application is going to determine the disposal of large amounts of wastes (as end of life panels): Only in Europe about 500,000 ton/year are expected in the next 20 years. European Union issued the Guideline 2012/19/EU in order to fix rules about end of life photovoltaic panel's treatment establishing both collecting rates and minimum recovery targets.Currently the dominant PV technology uses crystalline silicon (monocrystalline and polycrystalline) as semiconductor, but the thin film photovoltaic modules using cadmium telluride (CdTe), amorphous silicon, Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) and Copper Indium Selenide (CIS) are recently getting much more importance. Wastes of PV installations are secondary raw materials which could be treated in order to recover glass and Al, but also other metals such as Cu, Ti, Ag, Te, In, Se, Ga, along with plastic and metallic components of electronic equipment. Many recent efforts were devoted to the treatment of end of life panels, but only two full scale processes were developed for crystalline silicon modules (Deutsche Solar) and CdTe panels (First Solar). Furthermore, recent developments concerned with new technologies are designed for treating together more kinds of photovoltaic panels by automated processes. In this lecture, a picture of the PV world in terms of market, typology, waste dynamics and recoverable materials will be given. A detailed description of full scale processes will be reported evidencing products and yields of recovery. A case study of process development for the simultaneous treatment of different kinds of PV panels will be presented. In particular, experimental results in lab and pilot scale will be described regarding the development and optimization of a process including both physical pre-treatment and hydrometallurgical recovery of target metal concentrates.

The paper considers possibilities of utilizing tungsten-containing wastes for the production of hard metal powders. Efficiency of this study, from both - the scientific and commercial points of view, is beyond question: The proposed technology allows producing ultrafine powders with nanocrystalline structure; The technology is characterized by simplicity and production friendliness (high efficiency, low power inputs, etc.). Besides, cost for the charge (production waste, scrap) is much lower than that for the powders generally used for manufacturing of similar hard metals by applying conventional technologies. Work accomplished is differentiated into two stages:1. Possibilities of the charge procession by chloride technique have been studied and metal chlorides of the WCl4, NiFeCl4, CoCI2 type (intermediate product for preparing hard metals) were prepared. A device for chlorination was constructed. 2. A technique of producing hard metal powders was developed: First, molecular solution of chlorides (WCl4 and CoCI2) or (WCl4 and NiFeCl4) was prepared by dissolving chlorides in an organic compound - dimethylformamide (CH3)2NC(O)H, and heating to the temperature of 150-200°C. At this temperature, the organic solvent is decomposed resulting in a viscous fluid mass which consists of Roentgen amorphous components. Heating the mass to the temperature of 750 - 800°C in a reducing atmosphere initiates the processes of reduction and selective carbonization. As a result, there is obtained a powder, where each particle consists of tungsten carbide (WC) and a binding metal (NiFe or Co).According to the results of X-ray analysis and mechanical testing, the obtained hard metal powders have nanocrystalline structure (< 100 nm) and improved mechanical properties.

The metallurgical industries produce, annually, a huge amount of by-products and residues in terms of slags, dust, sludge, mill scale etc with various valuable contents. The annual amount of generated steelmaking slags in the world alone is more than 100 million tons containing a large quantity of P, Mn and Fe. The V-content content in the Swedish LD-slag alone has a metal value of around 150 million US$. As the global raw material prices have been drastically increasing in the recent years, it is of great importance to develop economically and environmentally sustainable technologies to recover the valuables from these residues. Swerea MEFOS has developed, in the past decades, a number of metal recovery processes. Various pyrometallurgical reactors in pilot scale were used for the development work. This includes a Universal Converter of 5 tons, a DC furnace of 3 MW and an AC furnace for 10 tons fully equipped with a complete gas cleaning system capable of treating 10000Nm3 off gas. The metallurgical residues treated included EAF dust from carbon and stainless steel making for zinc, Ni and Cr recovery, Ni-dust from FeNi-smelter, catalysts with high content of Ni, Co, Mo and V, steel slag with high content of V and many others. This paper will shortly describe the metallurgical principle of the tested concepts and highlight some of the test results from the processes.The pilot experiences of Swerea MEFOS have demonstrated the great flexibility and capability of the pyrometallurgical approaches for metal recovery processes. Metal recovery yield of 90-100% and thermal efficiency of up to 85% have been achieved for most of the cases.

Recovery and recycling of materials from waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) represent an excellent opportunity of sustainable growth for poor countries in those critical raw materials for typical industrial production of advanced economies. The recovery of valuable metals (gold, silver, copper and tin) contained in printed circuit boards (PCBs) from WEEE has been achieved without size reduction processes by a combination of techniques called "hydrometallurgical", which allows effective treatments both at relatively low cost and low environmental impact, thus obtaining materials with the desired purity degree.The process involves an acid leaching of the whole PCB and allows the direct separation of metallic gold; The separation and recovery of other metals by precipitation of corresponding salts are also achieved.

The use of critical raw materials increases due to higher demands on electrical and electronic equipment (EEE). The European Union defined a list of 14 critical raw materials, where some of these metals are included in waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE).The high content of valuable substances in electrical and electronic equipment in relation to the primary ores showed a potential for its use as new raw materials sources, the so called "urban mining". The other positive effect of urban mining is to save existing mineral resources and to relieve the primary production and get a new opportunity instead of landfilling.The subsequent described research work at the institute of nonferrous metallurgy of the University of Leoben is concentrated on the preparation of hard disk drives, which contain a very high amount of technology metals and the extraction of those elements. Currently, the main problem to recover neodymium-iron-boron magnets is the missing technology for preparation. A disassembling of HDD by hand is not economic and a treatment by a shredding machine destroys the NIB-magnets, so that they cannot be separated and fed into a proper recycling process. Therefore, the investigation leads to a thermal treatment to get the component parts of a HDD in separate form. The investigations also focus on a metallurgical way to recover the technology metals like neodymium, copper, gold as well as a reusable aluminium alloy.The main part of the neodymium production is for permanent magnets (76 %) and almost a third of that for hard disk drives (31 %). Currently, the recycling rate for these critical raw materials, especially the rare earths, is far below 1 % because of the missing step of preparation for HDDs and the resulting loss of such metals.

The increasing interest in nuclear power worldwide has led to rising uranium demand. The uranium industry revival has stimulated renewed uranium resources exploration and mining activities. New sources of primary uranium will focus on exploration and exploitation of lower grade ore bodies. Secondary resources are also taken into account. This implicates the searching for low-energy mining methods, as well as economic ore treatment routes in order to minimize uranium recovery costs. Simultaneous extraction of accompanying metals like rare earth elements or other valuable components improves the economy of processing and minimizes yellowcake recovery costs from low-grade deposits. Modern technologies are needed to recover these metals with high efficiency from low-grade resources. The research project concerned the recovery of valuable metals, like vanadium, molybdenum and lanthanides, in parallel with uranium extraction, from poor uranium ores and industrial waste, like residues from the copper industry and phosphate rocks processing. The main goal of the studies is the development of the technology that allows recovery of the metals at reasonable costs and low environmental impact. The novel leaching routes, new methods for solvent extraction as well as hybrid processes for separation and purification of the product were studied. The flow-sheets of the technology, which involved chemical and physical separation methods, were elaborated. Such processes like solid-liquid extraction, solvent extraction, ion exchange and membrane permeation were tested. Recycling of the materials, namely heavy metals and radioactive species will reduce environmental impact. It will have a sensible, economical dimension too.

The interfacial characteristics of SiC particulate aluminium alloy matrix composites play an important role in determining the resultant composite microstructure and properties after remelting/recycling. According to the various theoretical and experimental studies, silicon carbide reacts with aluminium to form Al4C3and Si. The reaction product aluminium carbide is hygroscopic and this has detrimental effects on the properties of the composites. The objective of this paper is to study the interaction between SiC particulate and EN AW6061 aluminium alloy matrix during remelting. MMC extruded bars produced by a powder metallurgy process were mixed during remelting together with Al-Si alloys containing different amounts of silicon to increase contents of Si in aluminium alloy matrices. MMCs and Al-Si alloys were remelted in induction furnace under protective atmosphere or vacuum to guarantee homogenization of the melt. The interfacial characterizations of resultant composites after remelting were performed using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDS). The distribution of the reaction product is reported. Particular attention is given to the backscattered electron images showing various phases segregated at the grain boundary regions with EDS and WDS spectra corresponding to these regions. The implications of the observed microstructural and structural details are discussed.

The strict changes in the legal regulations concerning the utilization of slags and dusts from the metallurgical sector lead to the invention of new recycling processes to recycle these heavy metals containing residues. The aim is, in one hand, to regain the valuable metals and, on the other hand, to produce a harmless slag, which can be used, for example, in road construction. Therefore, the Chair of Nonferrous Metallurgy at the University of Leoben, Austria, invented a new recycling process which fulfills the initially mentioned requirements. Here, the recycling of slags and dusts takes place in a Top Blown Rotary Converter (TBRC), where the waste is charged on a carbon saturated iron bath. Depending on the waste material, a clinkering step has to be performed in advance to evolve disturbing halides. Typically, fossil petroleum coke is used as carburization agent to adjust the carbon content in the iron bath. To prevent the use of fossil carbons, the utilization of charcoal as carburization agent is considered. For this purpose, a new continuous carbonization process was investigated, which should deliver high quality charcoal as alternative reducing agent for this new recycling process. Nevertheless, first trials are carried out using petroleum coke to elaborate the process regarding carburization time of the bath, reducing time of the residue, as well as slag handling to calculate an overall batch time for this process. The goal of this project is to develop and optimize the described process in order to have an environmental friendly recycling process, which should be a future solution for atypical wastes from metallurgy. Especially the utilization of the obtained products without producing any waste material is a very important issue in this research.

When there is a lack of possibilities to conduct experiments in industrial dimensions for simulations and optimizations of influential parameters or desirability responses, professional software products are used. So, the objective of this paper is the application of CHEMCAD software for chemical processes simulations and the MINITAB software for mathematical modeling and process parameters' optimizations. The materials used in processes simulations are ethanol and n-propanol in liquid-vapor stream. For influential parameters' optimizations (number of tries, reflux and feed tries) used as experiments design, the method used is called full factorial design second order (FFD). With the increase of feed temperature from 25 to 40 oC and increased number of tries from 12 to 24, it varies the amount of distillate and the amount of bottom stream in accordance to the desirability of responses. The distillation tray column is an adequate method for separation. The experiments design uses full factorial design of second order to provide reliable equations for parameters' optimizations.

Nowadays, the processing of complex raw materials (e.g. Electronic scrap, sludges) in copper secondary industry results in an increased input of further elements, like zinc, lead, tin, halogens etc. To recover high grade copper, the major parts of these impurities have to be removed through the slag- and dust in the smelting and converting stage. Subsequently, these process residues are enriched with the typical contaminants and therefore, they represent valuable by-products. Especially the flue dusts contain high metal amounts (up to 50 % Zn) in the form of oxides, halides and further compounds. Unfortunately, it is not possible to use them directly in the primary zinc metallurgy because of high halogen concentrations, which are disturbing the electrowinning process. Moreover, the presence of high lead-, tin- and copper-concentrations results in higher efforts to recycle these elements within the primary zinc metallurgy. Therefore, separate recycling technologies have to be used to extract the valuable metal fraction from those residues. Based on the wide range of different components and the strongly fluctuating compositions, the processing of copper secondary dusts can be complex. The variety of potential processes includes hydrometallurgical as well as pyrometallurgical techniques, which depend on the dust quality as well as the aimed products.This work gives an overview on different strategies to recycle the valuable fraction from flue dusts of the copper secondary industry.

In a special alkaline oxidizing smelting system, amphoteric metals Sn, Pb, Zn and Al in crushed metal enrichment (CME), originated from waste printed circuit boards (WPCB), were converted into soluble sodium salts that can be separated from other metals in a water leaching process efficiently. In this study, the effects of molten salt composition on the smelting conditions and valuable metal conversions were investigated in details to obtain the optimum system with high conversion efficiency but low energy consumption and material cost. The optimum composition of molten salts and smelting conditions were obtained as that mass ratio of CME-NaNO3-NaOH of 1:3.0:3.6, smelting temperature of 773K (500°C) and smelting time of 90min. The conversion percentages of amphoteric metals were as Sn 95.93%, Zn 96.63%, Pb 91.21%, while over 99.84% of Cu and all the precious metals in the CME were enriched in the water leaching residue and could be recovered by traditional metallurgical processes.

It is essential to make a concrete system for the stable securement of minor rare metals in electric and electronic industry. The Japanese government has decided to make four kinds of measures of (1) Development of oversea mines, (2) Recycling of e-wastes, (3) Finding out replaceable elements, and (4) Increasing domestic stockpiles. In especial, the (2) has become an emergent issue and "The Low of Small Domestic Appliances recycling" was enforced in April, 2013, in which minor rare metals, such as Ta, Nd, W, and Co, should be recycled from SDAs. However, a novel technology is necessary to be developed because most of such metals are presently not recovered owing to their low market price and most of them are distributed into landfill sites and/or the slags of non-ferrous metals smelters in non-recoverable state. Then, an important technology, consisting in separate these metals before the treatment of the non-ferrous metals smelters, in which only heavy and precious metals, Cu, Au, Ag, Pt, etc. Are recovered, must be developed.This paper introduces a technological approach to recover minor rare metals from scrap SDAs, which was carried out in four year national project managed by the Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC), in especial, new concentration methods of such metals by combining novel crushing and various physical separation technologies. We found out in the project that the devices installed on the PCBs could be detached from the boards in non-distractive form by novel mechanical and electrical crushing and that the following "Devices Separation" was considerably a good method to concentrate minor rare metals. We also clarified the applicability of all the SDA bearing metals to the "Devices Separation".

The State of Espirito Santo has one of the largest reserves of marble in Brazil and an industrial park with about 1,000 companies, wish have more than half of looms installed in the country. The biggest problem faced by these manufacturing industries is the generation of waste rock, in the form of abrasive slurry from the cutting and polishing of marble. These wastes produced during the step of cutting the marble are dumped in open tanks causing environmental pollution. A quantity of 35000 tons of solid waste with a grain size of less than 150 mm is generated per month. Such residues have high contents of limestone flux, and have potential for use as input in the production of iron ore pellets which are used as a ferrous cargo in the ironmaking and steelmaking processes. For the conventional production of iron ores pellets, limestone flux, whose composition is of CaCO3 and MgCO3 is used as an important source of MgO and CaO for the primary industrial ferrous plants.In these study pellets containing marble residue were produced in a pilot plant. The samples were analysed in industrial materials laboratories and subsequently subjected to tests of physical properties producing data of the chemical, physical and metallurgical properties according to the Norm ISO (International Organization for Standardization). At the end of this work, it was found that the residue is suitable for the pelletizing process. We conclude that the crude/green and the fired pellets made from marble waste have characteristics very similar to those of the commercial pellets.

In state-of-the-art solid waste treatment, aside from concentrates of various waste fractions, sorting residue of various kinds is produced. The residue is generally not treated further due to quality constraints resulting from insufficient grain size (mm-range) or strongly comingled and low-value fractions. Depending on legal regulations, the residue is either thermally treated in incineration plants or directly land-filled.The value of ferrous and non-ferrous metals (Fe-/NF-metals) creates a strong motivation for their recovery from residue. In current practice, incineration may destroy metals through vaporization. The subsequent land-filling removes metals from the production cycle for the long term. Furthermore, producing aluminium from aluminium scrap requires 95 % less energy and it produces 92 % less CO2-emissions than production from primary sources.In experiments, the potential of Fe- and NF-metals in fine-grained sorting residue from scrap shredder heavy fractions was assessed. Six materials of different grain sizes from 0 to 20 mm were included in the experiments. These materials had previously passed through conventional treatment, including comminution, screening, magnetic and eddy-current separation and sifting. The materials were manually sorted and subsequently treated in conventional processes at technical-laboratory scale.Experiments have shown that fine-grained materials from sorting residue may contain between 9 and 29 wt. -% of Fe-metals and between 2 and 28 wt. -% of NF-metals. Among recovered NF-metals the light fraction (Al, Mg) was more prominent with 75 wt. -% on average compared to the heavy fraction (Cu, Zn, Sn, Pb). Taking into account the available stock of sorting residue in Germany/EU and potential energy savings, these findings indicate possible increase of metal recovery, sustainability and energy efficiency in solid waste management.

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