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Bottleneck And Future Issues Of Steel Production In Japan
S. Kitamura¹ ;
¹TOHOKU UNIVERSITY, Sendai, Japan;
Type of Paper: General Plenary

In the early days, bottlenecks in steel production were created because of the steelmaker's production capacities. However, consumer demand now creates the bottleneck. Therefore, steel production in Japan will not increase unless customers have a strong attraction to Japanese steel. In addition, as it will be difficult to increase the domestic demand, capturing external demand is important for the survival of domestic companies. In order to increase the steel demand, steelmakers must pursue the production using cheap, low-grade raw materials with low fixed-cost processes, technology to differentiate the characteristics of general-grade products, and the development of new global demand. To achieve this, Japanese companies must maintain and improve their technological development capabilities, strengthening their relations with universities to collaborate on innovative projects, and securing the resources of researchers and engineers.

Keywords: Steelmaking, Market demand, Industry-University partnerships

Challenges Ahead For Modelling And Simulation In Mechanics: From Engineering To Medicine
S. Bordas¹ ;E. Aifantis² ;
¹UNIVERSITY OF LUXEMBOURG, Kirchberg, Luxembourg; ²ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI, Thessaloniki, Greece;
Type of Paper: General Plenary

Challenges Of High Temperature Processing In Metallurgical Industries: Some Highlights
C. Takano¹ ;
¹UNIVERSITY OF SAO PAULO, Sao Paulo, Brazil;
Type of Paper: General Plenary

High temperature processing means energy and consequently impact for environment. Most of the metallurgical processing is pyrometallurgical with intensive energy consumption and some of them are in big scale, such as iron & steel, aluminum, nickel, copper and zinc. Only these metallurgical industries represent around 8% of the total world energy demand. Most of the energy source is based on mineral coal with large impact for environment. In addition, the energy cost in these industries could be very high (higher than 70% of variable costs, for Ni and around 35-45% for iron). Sustainability of these industries relies on improving energy efficient usage, alternative processes with lower energy consumption, and alternatives energy sources with lower environmental and economic impact. Many alternatives are ongoing subjects for R&D and industrial implementation, but more effort should be added.

Keywords: pyrometallurgy; energy; environment

Developing Future Scenarios In Energy And Sustainability
V. Kumar¹ ;
¹UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, Cambridge, United Kingdom (Great Britain);
Type of Paper: General Plenary

While not pretending to predict the future, projections, debates and scientific choices are crucial for dealing with potential scenarios arising from energy and sustainability issues. In this paper I wish to touch upon the unfolding vortex with respect to resource & energy, sustainability of materials, health of the environment and the carbon cycle as the societal landscape on which scientific and technological innovation maps will be constructed. In my mind, the debate is about how to accelerate resource-sensitive scientific thinking and technological practices that are compatible with sustainable development, so that we can flourish more by working within ecological constraints rather than by hoping to bypass them.

Environmentally Sound Copper Smelting And Refining
T. Buenger¹ ;
¹AURUBIS AG, Hamburg, Germany (Deutschland);
Type of Paper: General Plenary

Copper smelting and refining went through a substantial improvement process regarding its environmental footprint during the last years. The process was driven by stricter environmental legislation, economical needs regarding profitability, increasing awareness regarding sustainability etc. The author will analyze the topic based on sustainability aspects, transfer these aspects into Copper smelting and refining industry and give practical examples for realized improvements. The presentation will mirror raw material market developments as well as technical aspects.

Keywords: copper semlting and refing

Mapping The Universe Using Physics And Materials Sciences
G. Smoot¹ ;
¹UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AND UNIVERSITE SORBONNE PARIS CITE, Berkeley, United States;
Type of Paper: General Plenary

Mineral Processing Overview In Brazil
A. Peres¹ ;
¹ENGINEERING FACULTY FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF MINAS GERAIS, Belo Horizonte, Brazil;
Type of Paper: General Plenary

Brazil hosts a significant number of deposits bearing different metallic and industrial minerals. Some deposits are so rich that only comminution and sizing operations are sufficient to yield final products. In other cases, sophisticated concentration operations are required.Iron ore concentrates and pellets are the major product of the mining segment. Two major areas, the Iron Quadrangle, Minas Gerais state, and Carajas, in Para state, are known worldwide. The currently mined reserves in Carajas represent an outstanding example of ore that does not require concentration stages. On the other hand, most of the ore mined in the Iron Quadrangle and adjacent areas consists of itabirite rock, a banded formation of quartz and hematite. WHIMS and froth flotation are used in the concentration of itabirites. Brazil holds the largest world reserves of niobium ores. A unique flotation reagents scheme is used in the production of pyrochlore concentrate. Another important mineral resource addressed is phosphate rock. The Brazilian phosphate deposits that are currently mined are from igneous origin and the concentration requires a technology different from that applied to ores from sedimentary origin. The utilization of distinct flotation circuits for coarse and fine particles and for slimes, combined with the development of reagents schemes from local raw materials are some of the features that will be addressed.The gold head grade at Kinross operation is 0.40 g/metric ton. The gold annual production is 500,000 ounces and the annual ROM extraction reaches 56,000,000 tons. Sulfide mines are not as widespread as oximinerals operations, but they are still worth mentioning. VALE operates two sulfide copper mines in the Carajas mineral province. Mirabela operates a nickel mine in Bahia state. This plenary paper will make a detailed overview of the technologies used in the above mentioned sites.

Keywords: Iron ores, phosphate ores, zinc ores, gold ores

New Developments In Sustainable Mining In Brazil
A. Silva¹ ;
¹UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE GOIAS, Catalao, Brazil;
Type of Paper: General Plenary

The United Nations minerals are essential for modern living, and mining is still the primary method of their extraction. According to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sustainability is based on a simple principle: Everything that we need for our survival and well-being depends, either directly or indirectly, on our natural environment. Sustainability creates and maintains the conditions under which humans and nature can exist in productive harmony, that permit fulfilling the social, economic and other requirements of present and future generations. Sustainability is important to making sure that we have and will continue to have, water, materials, and resources to protect human health and our environment. At first sign this concepts cannot be applied directly to mineral industry, since we are dealing with nonrenewable materials. Therefore, this concept must be changed, in order to agree with the mineral industry reality. The UN affirms that the main constraints to sustainability in the mining sector derive from the ever-increasing demand for mined resources, the consumption of resources (mostly energy and water) needed to extract and process metals, and the increasing pollution generated by the extraction process. This holds true for both large-scale, often multinational corporate, operations as well as for small-scale or artisanal ventures. In this work it will be presented the developments in sustainable mining and mineral processing in Brazil, with emphasis in the researches on going in Federal University of Goias, Anglo American Phosphate Brazil, Anglo American Niobium Brazil and Vale Fertilizantes.

Keywords: Sustainable Mining, Mineral Processing, Brazil

New Developments In Sustainable Mining In Brazil
A. Silva¹ ;
¹UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE GOIAS, Catalao, Brazil;
Type of Paper: General Plenary

Next Generation Secondary Batteries
K. Aifantis¹ ;
¹UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA, Tucson, United States;
Type of Paper: General Plenary

Efficient and environmentally benign energy production and storage are two main issues that need to be resolved in our century. The present talk will give an overview on how the use of nanotechnology can benefit both of these sectors, with particular focus given on the development of next generation secondary batteries. The main challenge to overcome up until now was the use of Si as the negative electrode in Li-ion cells, since upon the formation of Si-Li alloys the capacity can be up to ten times greater than it is during Li-intercalation in commercially used graphite. The drawback with Si is it's large volume expansion and subsequent fracture during Li-insertion, which however, has been highly overcome though the use of Si/C nanocomposites. Hence, companies in Asia will begin the commercialization of such anodes this year. Attention therefore, is now given to Li-air, Li-S, and even Na-ion batteries.

Push-pull Alloys And The Heritage Of Dan Shechtman
J. Dubois¹ ;
¹CNRS-UNIVERSITE DE LORRAINE, Nancy, France;
Type of Paper: General Plenary

In this plenary talk, I will draw attention to A-B-C ternary alloys, in which the elemental constituents A, B and C are chosen in such a way that B-C interactions are repulsive, but A-B and A-C are attractive in the respective binary systems. I call such alloys "push-pull alloys" in reminiscence of push-pull amplifiers that are designed to amplify an electric signal. Push-pull alloys amplify complexity, forming complex intermetallics with tens to thousands atoms per unit cell. Few of them lead to the ultimate stage of complexity, when quasiperiodic order substitutes for crystal periodicity, which opens the way to discovering unprecedented properties such as heat insulation in Al62Cu25Fe13 (at. %). Many more compounds are known today, which share the same elemental characteristics (the picture may be extended to specific binary alloys).With his famous discovery of quasicrystalline order in 1982-84, Dan Shechtman, the 2011 Nobel Laureate for Chemistry, has granted us with a fascinating field in materials science that has nowadays spread out to a variety of domains in metallurgy, geology, polymer science, artificial nanostructured materials, low temperature physics, and art. Push-pull alloys stand at the heart of the heritage and teach us a lot about the roots of order in Nature, its influence on properties, and by the way open new niches for applications. A short review of the most salient features of this domain will be given. We will begin with a simplified view at the way atomic order may be described in quasicrystals. The talk will continue with electron transport properties, which provide a signature of the breakdown of periodic order in those systems, made of metals. We will then examine surface properties, with a view at the potential application niches and one, yet commercially available, application will be addressed.

Keywords: quasiperiodicity, properties, applications

Reflections On Sustainable Development
T. Halonen¹ ;
¹11TH PRESIDENT OF FINLAND, Helsinki, Finland;
Type of Paper: General Plenary

Sustainable development needs to be achieved because of our planetâ€™s limits. This sustainable development can be achieved through not only renewable energy, but also monitoring of energy efficiency, effective use of raw materials from recycled and natural sources and voluntary agreements to help promote efficiency within various industries. The metal refining industry by itself, can be a large contributor in regard to emissions, as well as the use of the produced materials needing large amounts of electricity. These products are all necessary in modern societies, but their impact on the environment can be minimized through energy efficiency and effective use of all materials. Through the constant development of state of the art technology, collaborative efforts between research, academia & industry, and thorough and open reporting in order to establish trust within the public, countries can help to ensure a better global climate, and help reduce emissions necessary against global warming.

Science Has Won Against Economy - Japanese Genso Senryaku (project Of Strategic Advanced Materials) For Rare Earth And Critical Metals
K. Halada¹ ;
¹NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS SCIENCE, Tsukuba, Japan;
Type of Paper: General Plenary

Sustainable and stable providing of raw critical metals, especially rare earth elements, are getting sever in this century. Japan, which is the country of producing engineering materials, engaged a national project to release the risk of unstable provision of resources of critical metals. The name of the project was GENSO SENRYAKU (Project of Strategic Advanced Materials). Material science and nano-technologies are mobilized to develop more effective use, alternative material and recycling technology. Especially the alternative technology succeeded in breaking a new area of alternation, not by substituting similar material but by changing the mechanism of subjected functions. Ce-free higher performance abrasives and Dy-free Nd magnet were the typical results of the project, and they gave a considerable impact to reduce the price of REE, which once rose more than 30 times. This is the key point for understanding the mechanisms of function and the controlling the structure of material.

Scientific Blunders
D. Shechtman¹ ;
¹TECHNION, Haifa, Israel;
Type of Paper: General Plenary

Among the many great achievements of science in the past century there were a few that seemed like great breakthroughs, but turned out to be blunders. These "discoveries" were not only made by well known scientists, but also attracted the attention of the public media. The stories of three such scientific blunders will be told.

Sustainability And The Modified Central Paradigm Of Materials Science And Engineering In The Development Of New Materials
M. Pech Canul¹ ;F. Kongoli² ;
¹CINVESTAV-SALTILLO, Ramos Arizpe, Mexico; ²FLOGEN TECHNOLOGIES INC, MONT-ROYAL, Canada;
Type of Paper: General Plenary

It is undeniable that in order to meet the ever-growing needs of humans, the development of new materials and processes generates by-products or residues that can pollute the environment. This fact has to be kept in mind not only at a massive or commercial scale but also at pilot-plant and laboratory levels, where discoveries and leading-edge technologies are born and cultivated. In fact, it should constitute an essential key element of the research proposals that cannot be neglected by researchers, academicians, entrepreneurs and government officials in all steps of the materials development. It is therefore necessary that the development of a new material should consider from the outset, the sustainability in terms of pollution, reutilization and recycling. One systematic and methodological approach to accomplish this requirement is by using "The Modified Central Paradigm of Materials Science and Engineering", depicted by the relationship "Processing-Structure-Property-Performance-Reutilization/Recyclability", proposed by the authors. This paradigm is equally valid during the production of a given material for the first time as well as during its reutilization or recycling operations. In this work, authors give several examples that show the necessity of using this paradigm not only as a matter of social responsibility - which is paramount - but also as a matter of technological and economic importance, arriving at a new graphical model of the modified paradigm.

Keywords: Nanocomposites; Composites classification; New concepts; Functional composites

Sustainable Development Of New Mining And Energy Projects: Northern Plan
P. Arcand¹ ;
¹ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES AND NORTHERN MINING PLAN, Montreal, Canada;
Type of Paper: General Plenary

Sustainable Mining In The 21st Century
O. Gonzalez Rocha¹ ;
¹CEO, SOUTHERN COPPER CORPORATION, Lima, Peru;
Type of Paper: General Plenary

I have been working in the mining industry most of my adult life. During this time I have witnessed amazing growth in the industry and have seen the development of ore bodies that in my early years would have been passed by as being economically unfeasible, but because of technological innovations are now being developed, mined and generating positive returns for the miner. Additionally, this growth has occurred as the industry has invested greater and greater amounts in spending to protect the environment. In today's world mining projects cannot move forward unless they are environmentally neutral or friendly. Generally, what this means is that a new mining project in the 21st century often needs to improve the lives of its local neighbors, either through improvements to the local infrastructure or with investments in the health and education of the local populace. And as always the government participates in the bounty of the new mine, with new tax revenues and increased employment for its citizenry.My vision of mining industry is that it is going to continue to significantly benefit the stakeholders in the countries where it operates.

Keywords: mining, environment, innovation

Sustainable Mining: Is That Really Possible?
J. Meech¹ ;
¹UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, Vancouver, Canada;
Type of Paper: General Plenary

The concept of Sustainable Mining has recently been adopted by many mainstream senior mining companies as a new approach to decision-making in the mining industry. On the surface, the term seems contradictory since once an orebody has been mined, it no longer exists and therefore the activity cannot be sustainable in the same way that agriculture, fishing, and forestry can operate.So, one must take a slightly different approach to the idea of Sustainability. Our modern society needs raw materials to support so much of what we take for granted these days. To obtain such materials by mining, huge amounts of rock (considered waste) must be mined and moved from one place to another. As such, placement of this waste requires consideration of the new principles of Sustainable Mining with respect to protecting the environment and with respect to the impact on local communities.Similarly, the diffusion of the extracted raw materials leads to the eventual wasting of these values when we discard our cell-phones and other electronic devices after they have been replaced by the very-latest, newly-designed one. The average useful life-time of these devices is now approaching half a year. So in this case, we must examine ways to recover and recycle such throw-aways to generate a new source of "raw materials". The miners of the 21st Century will be an Urban Miner operating recycling plants on some of the richest "orebodies" that have been manufactured by our collective consumptive behaviour.This paper will discuss these new directions in our industry in which the majority of the unexploited orebodies of our Earth exist only as low-grade deposits or at very deep locations or at the bottom of the oceans. Mining of asteroids is also becoming a potential source, but that is hardly sustainable at the moment. The 21st Century will see a transition towards more Urban-Mining activities as these operations become competitive with the more difficult-to-mine orebodies that remain in our world.

Sustainable Organization Of A European Research Centre
D. Fransaer¹ ;
¹VITO NV, 2400 Mol, Belgium;
Type of Paper: General Plenary

Worldwide, innovation and research and development are deemed to be more and more important to transform the present economy and industry and maintain or obtain a competitive edge in the globalized economy. To support innovation and necessary basic and even applied research and development, extensive recourse is made to government support, especially in Europe. As such a situation exists or was created in which someone else, "usually the government", pays "at least in part" for the research. This form of support can take on fancy names as "open innovation".Although at first this seems to be an attractive working model for R&D, certainly in a butting economy or the start of a new research center, the strategy fails to achieve the breakthroughs needed and wanted in the globalized economy. The case in point is Europe and certainly Belgium, where a large gap exists (sometimes also called the "valley of death") between the actual research and the practical implementations.The logical question therefore seems: "Is this type of research 'sustainable'?", i.e. How should a research institute be set up to contribute to the economic, industrial and social fabric of its (host) country.Two types of organizational set-up for research centers across Europe seem to exist: 100 % subsidized by government without any contract research to a typical EARTO (European Association of Research and Technology Organizations)-organization in which de facto a fixed ratio exists between the subsidy of the state or region and the size of the contract research.The presentation will address the specifics of the VITO-organization, as its main research topics are clean-tech and sustainable development including transition management and this in the particular Belgian and European context. The presentation will also venture into a broader European context, specifically in the clean-tech area.It is clear that each technological area in which a particular research centers operates (clean-tech, life sciences, ICT) carries with it particulars on the "valley of death" that cannot be reproduced in the other areas.

Keywords: Sustainable Organization, European research Centre, VITO

The Challenge Of Publishing Your Most Important Work In 21st Century
R. Schekman¹ ;
¹UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Berkeley, United States;
Type of Paper: General Plenary

The Impact Of Sensors For Science And Technology In The Modern Industrial Society
M. Mauntz¹ ;J. Peuser¹ ;
¹CMC INSTRUMENTS GMBH, Eschborn, Germany (Deutschland);
Type of Paper: General Plenary

Formally, sensors detect physical or chemical properties and convert that information into usable data signals. Although they do not usually attract attention, life without them is unimaginable in the world today. Even in our immediate vicinity, more than a hundred sensors are found in various applications, whether in the car, on the phone, at home or in the field of medical technology.Sensors play a vital role in controlling processes. They are the sense organs of modern industrial society. During evolution, there were often individual animal species with better sensors (sense organs), such as in search of food that allowed them a privileged position. This analogy can be transferred to technology. So one can achieve significant competitive advantages by "better" systems, since these often provide the basis for product improvements.For measuring physical quantities, such as the temperature, suitable sensors are easily available, but for the determination of chemical parameters, e.g. The qualitative or quantitative chemical composition of substances, the chemical data has to be first converted into a physically measurable signal.Piezo-electric and impedimetric transducers are used to make bio-sensors for living cells, for cytotoxicity tests or drug screening of new compounds.The future challenges range from simple detection and monitoring to real-time acquisition of measured values and the practical use of the data on control platforms used by the operator. This requires an increased intelligence of the sensors at the site of application and the ability to bidirectionally communicate with other nodes in the network. In other words, a continuous and direct two-way communication to field level is the necessary starting position.Therefore, the evolution and development of new enabling sensor technologies to support the growing decentralized data processing capabilities play a fundamental role in modern industrial society.

Keywords: sensors, global impact, science, industry, sustainability

The Relevancy Of Materials In Boosting Innovation: From Raw Materials To Creative Applications
R. Martins¹ ;
¹EMRS/UNINOVA/FCT-UNL, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
Type of Paper: General Plenary

This talk gives an overview of today's intensive use of materials for a plethora of industrial applications, highlighting the need to use more and more nanotechnologies, together with recyclable materials, to avoid high tech trash accumulation around the world and then exhausting our raw materials resources, for turning our world more sustainable. Moreover, it will also focus on how advanced functional materials are the relevant key factor to boost our quality of life, promoting creativity and innovation in all industrial sectors, especially the ones focused in the low cost low-life time commodities such as smart packaging and paper creative industry.

Keywords: Creative Industries, Raw materials, Advanced materials

The Role Of Hydrometallurgy In Sustainable Production Of Metals
O. Forsen¹ ;J. Aromaa¹ ;
¹AALTO UNIVERSITY, Espoo, Finland;
Type of Paper: General Plenary

Hydrometallurgy means extraction of metal from ore by preparing an aqueous solution of a salt of the metal and recovering the metal from the solution. The first applications of hydrometallurgy were based on the cementation reaction, where noble metal is recovered from solution by an exchange reaction involving dissolution of a less noble metal. Cementation was used in the 16th century to recover copper from pregnant heap leaching solutions. Modern hydrometallurgy started in 1880's when cyanidation for treating gold ores and the Bayer process for alumina production were invented. Several metals production technologies were developed during the 19th century using electrolysis, like production of zinc, copper and lead. New technologies were developed during the first half of 20th century including ion exchange, solvent extraction and pressure hydrometallurgy. Traditionally, the role of hydrometallurgy has been either in processing of raw materials not suitable for pyrometallurgy or in last refining step after pyrometallurgical processing.The quality of the raw materials has decreased continuously. Metal content of primary materials decreases, the raw materials become more and more complex and energy consumption in the metals production increases. Processing of low-grade and complex primary raw materials is more demanding than processing of high-grade resources, but the metallurgical processes have flexibility to this. The number of metals and elements used to manufacture products and constructions has increased. During the 1700's some six elements were used, in the 1800's it had increased to ten, in the 1900's to well over twenty, and nowadays over sixty metals are used to manufacture a wide range of products. As the products become more sophisticated they have had to be manufactured using metal combinations not seen in primary sources. This will make recycling of high-technology products difficult.Metals are not renewable resources like biological ones. The metals production processes can have undesirable environmental consequences if not properly controlled. Mining of primary sources can have adverse local impacts through mining wastes and the pollution of water. Metals production is energy intensive and affects global environment through greenhouse gases. The primary production of metals presently consumes 7 - 8 % of total global energy.The global demand for metals is increasing. The role of hydrometallurgy in production of metals in the future depends on the available raw material sources. It is well known that high-grade primary sources are declining. Some metals will be produced by hydrometallurgy, like copper. Hydrometallurgy can have a stronger role in production of non-ferrous metals from low-grade sources, for example by using heap leaching with or without microbes. The recovery of specialty metals from end of life products will be the big challenge for hydrometallurgy. Less than one-third of some 60 metals used in consumer products have an end-of-life recycling rate above 50 per cent and 34 elements are below one per cent recycling. The important metals needed in electronics and renewable energy production methods are currently in the less than one percent group. To improve the recycling rate new production methods are needed to make the products recyclable.

Keywords: Mineral resources, recycling, hydrometallurgy, sustainability

The Role Of Science, Engineering, Management And Politics: Reflections From Dan Shechtman's Story
F. Kongoli¹ ;
¹FLOGEN STAR OUTREACH, Montreal, Canada;
Type of Paper: General Plenary

University Technology Transfer - Highs And Lows
D. Fray¹ ;
¹DEPARTMENT OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND METALLURGY, UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, CAMBRIDGE, Cambridge, United Kingdom (Great Britain);
Type of Paper: General Plenary

In 2006, about 1.5 million papers were published in the scientific literature, with the number of papers growing at about 2.5% per annum. However, very few of these papers have led to new industrial processes or devices and this presentation will discuss ways of selecting research projects which my lead onto commercialisation. After successfully completing the research, the next challenge is to find ways of turning the idea into commercial practice and this could be via an existing company or raising funds to create a University spin out. The pros and cons of each approach will be discussed. Once the transfer has been initiated, the hard work really starts in developing a process or device which can take years, even for a simple device, and much longer for a metallurgical process. This talk will be illustrated with actual examples from extractive metallurgy, sensors, nanotechnology, wound healing and agriculture, fields in which academic ideas are being translated into commercial reality.

Keywords: innovation, spin outs, technology transfer

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