Neuroprotection is essential for therapy not only in acute stage of stroke, but also in chronic progressive neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Free radical scavenger can be such a neuroprotective reagent with inhibiting death signals and potentiating survival signals under cerebral pathological conditions. Edaravone, a free radical scavenger, is the first clinical drug for neuroprotection in the world which has been used from 2001 in most ischemic stroke patients in Japan and other countries. Edaravone scavenges hydroxyl radicals both in hydrophilic and hydrophobic conditions, and showed beneficial clinical effects both on acute ischemic stroke and ALS. 

Regenerative therapy with stem cells is another important challenge to cure neurological diseases. Bone marrow stromal cells and fatty-tissue derived stem cells have been used for ischemic stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. Because a cell therapy with MUSE cell was successful for ALS model mice, we conducted a human study for ALS patients with MUSE cell from 2021 April (Phase 1+2), having a good result. Tentative results will be presented.

Acne vulgaris is one of the most common skin diseases with varying etiologies. Acne vulgaris is most often seen on the face and back, and especially acne on the face is associated with a change in appearance, which may lead to psychogenic stress. Treatment includes cosmetic treatments such as chemical peels and phototherapy, but generally they are treated with topical medications, vitamins, or antibiotics for a certain period of time. Acne, including rough skin, is caused by oxidative stress due to fatigue, irregular lifestyle, and ultraviolet rays, which leads to the deterioration of the skin barrier function. SOD activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in tissue and blood levels depend on the severity of the acne. Especially in severe acne, low SOD activity and high MDA levels have been reported, clearly indicating that oxidative stress is involved in acne vulgaris. Twendee X, an antioxidant supplement consisting of eight active ingredients of vitamins, amino acids, and CoQ10, has passed drug-level safety testing and is safe for use in children and adults. Since Twendee X significantly reduces blood oxidative stress in healthy individuals, it is feasible to provide oxidative stress care in acne vulgaris. In addition, each of the ingredients in Twendee X may have the potential to reduce the recurrence and aggravation of acne. We will report on the potential of Twendee X as an antioxidant treatment for acne vulgaris, using the results of a questionnaire we have conducted to date.

Backgrounds: Oxidative stress is produced at the wound site, and excessive oxidative stress causes poor wound healing which can lead to dysfunction of the organ. The vocal fold is a vibratory mucosa in the voice box, and creates voice by high frequency vibration such as 100Hz to 800Hz. It can be injured by excessive voicing (vocal abuse), traume, and inflammation. It should be important to control oxidative stress during wound healing of the vocal fold to maintain the vibratory function keeping voice.

Materials and methods: Patients that underwent surgery to the vocal fold due to vocal fold lesions were enrolled in this study. They were seprated into 2 groups: a group treated by anti-oxidant, Twendee X, before and after the surgery (TWX group), and another group with no anti-oxidanta therapy (Control). Post-operative vocal functions were evaluated up to 3 months. The study was approved by institutional IRB.

Results: TWX group showed better vibratory properties with better phonatory function as compared to the control group.

Conclusion: TWX proved to be effective to improve wound healing of the vocal fold after surgery possibly due to reduction of post-operative oxidative stress.

Mitochondria, a powerplant of the cell, have developed an elaborate communication network within the cell communication with the nucleus and other subcellular organelles using a broad array of signaling molecules, including the components of the TCA cycle, reactive oxygen species, and other messenger molecules.  This mitocellular communication ensures an orchestrated response to everchanging energy demands and energetic stress, ultimately preserving cell survival. Using small molecules mild mitochondrial complex I inhibitors, we demonstrated that activation of mitocellular communication promotes health and lifespan in chronologically aged wild-type mice and in wild-type mice fed with a high fat diet, a model of accelerated aging. Efficacy of this approach was demonstrated based on increased survival, improved energy homeostasis in brain and periphery, reduced oxidative stress,  multiple behavior and cognitive tests, and biochemistry and systems biology approaches. These methods allowed to identify key mechanisms essential for health- and life-extending  therapeutics. Most importantly, such an approach results in the activation of multiple neuroprotective mechanisms mimicking a polypharmacy approach that is necessary to treat complex human conditions. Consistent with the hypothesis that improved aging will result in a delay of the onset of age-related neurodegenerative diseases, we demonstrated that treatment with mitochondria-targeted molecules blocked the ongoing neurodegeneration and cognitive dysfunction in multiple mouse models of Alzheimer’s Disease. Taken together, our data suggest that activation of mitocellular communication could be achieved with mild mitochondrial complex I inhibitors. This approach could be beneficial to promote health and longevity restoring mitochondria function and energy balance in brain and periphery [1-3].

Fatty acid liver disease is a growing health problem associated with the increasing prevalence of obesity and diabetes. Elevated free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations are linked with the onset of peripheral and hepatic insulin resistance and, while their precise action in the liver remains unclear, it leads to liver steatosis. Although steatosis represents a reversible state of excess intra-hepatic lipid, it is also associated with increased susceptibility to oxidative stress and inflammation thought to trigger its progression to irreversible liver injury characterized by steatohepatitis, cirrhosis and hepato-carcinoma. The current molecular mechanisms of this progression remain poorly understood. However, the “two hit” hypothesis represents the most commonly accepted model. In this model, steatosis represents the first “hit”, sensitizing cells to subsequent stress with a dysregulation of energy production and accumulation of ROS. The second “hit” may take many forms, including drugs, hypoxia or cytokines, eventually leading to inflammation or steatohepatitis. Few in vitro models exist that can recapitulate this progression and its dynamics. Twendee X (TwX) is a potent anti-oxidant and that it is capable of reducing H2O2-induced and acetaldehyde-induced oxidative stress in native HepG2 cells. We have established the FFA-induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells, as well as ascertained that the model induced significant oxidative stress and perturbed mitochondrial bioenergetics. We also established the effect of TwX treatment in dose response in both preventive- or curative-treatment designs, and further obtained evidence of intracellular signaling pathways involved both in the FFA-induced oxidative stress and in TwX activity in regulating and normalizing these pathways.

A collection of numerous casses and stories worldwide will be described on the effect of Twendee X and MTControl on the people’s life. They range from improving the quality of life of normal healthy people at various stages of their life and more importantly on people that suffer from various diseases before, during or after treatments. This collection help develop scientific placebo based studies on the effect of Twendee. The success stories are numerous and impressive.

Background: Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS) is a rising concern worldwide, particularly in Japan, where the number of individuals with high chemical sensitivity has increased by 500% over the past decade, with the current prevalence estimated to be 1 in 7 people. The exposure to fragrances in households continues to rise, as fragrance chemicals are found in nearly every household product. Limonene, an ingredient common to 77% of fragrance products, converts to formaldehyde in the air, which potentially implicates it in MCS pathology due to the generation of oxidative stress.[1][2]

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the relationship between a fragrance ingredient, formaldehyde generation, oxidative stress, and MCS pathology.

Methods: Over 40 Japanese detergents and fabric softeners were assessed for common ingredients, with limonene identified as the most prevalent. Gas detection methods were employed to measure the amount of formaldehyde generated from limonene.

Results: Heating limonene to 37°C produced formaldehyde concentrations exceeding indoor air quality standards, when the concentration of limonene was around 400 ppm (in the range of an easily detectable to strong odor). The concentration of formaldehyde surpasses permissible regulatory indoor standards and could increase oxidative stress in airway tissue and the blood.[3] This toxic effect potentially suggests a pathological mechanism for triggering MCS symptoms.

Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential role of common fragrance ingredients in formaldehyde generation in households. The formaldehyde concentration reached exceeded indoor safe standards, which presents a necessity to investigate the relationship with MCS pathology further, mediated by changes in oxidative stress levels in airway tissue and blood.[4]

Dysphagia is a big issue for a large number of patients with cerebrovascular and other neurodegenerative diseases. Animal models are essential for understanding the pathophysiology of these conditions and developing effective treatments. In this study, we developed an animal model with attenuated pharyngeal constriction during swallowing using denervation of the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve. Our findings suggest that the pharyngeal area and pharyngeal transit duration during the pharyngeal stage of swallowing were increased compared to those in sham-operated and control animals. We investigated the potential of the anti-oxidant Twendee X in preventing oxidative stress caused by denervation-induced muscle damage, which could suppress muscle atrophy. Hence, we tested the effect of oral application of the Twendee X on swallowing function in the dysphagia model animals.

Our results indicate that Twendee X administration resulted in less increase in the pharyngeal area and pharyngeal transit duration compared to those in the dysphagia animal model. The thyropharyngeal muscles were also thicker than those in the nerve-sectioned animals. Overall, our findings suggest that Twendee X may have a possible role in preventing oxidative stress by the denervation of the pharyngeal constrictor muscle, leading to the suppression of denervation-induced muscle atrophy. Further studies are necessary to ascertain the clinical effects of Twendee X on bulbar paralysis in stroke patients. This study provides important insights into the potential use of Twendee X as a treatment for dysphagia patients.

Many types of antioxidant supplements are available in the private market in Japan. However, it is difficult to know which type and how much to take, as it is possible to take too many of some vitamins. Since it is difficult for general consumers to make a choice, it is important to provide information based on scientific evidence. This study investigated the effects of continuous administration of a blended supplement, Twendee X (TwX) to aging mice. When 18-month-old C57BL/6 mice were given TwX for 1 month, behavioral tests showed that special cognition and short-term memory significantly improved compared to the age-matched controls. There were no significant differences in secreted neurotrophic factors, such as nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the brain. In treadmill durability tests before and after administration, the rate of increase in running distance after administration was significantly higher than that of the untreated group. These results suggest continuous intake of TwX may improve cognition and suppress age-related muscle decline. There is no problem with overdosing, so we think it's a good idea to take the blended supplement continuously.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals work to maintain homeostasis in the body, and excessive ROS can damage the body's proteins, lipids, and DNA. Oxidative stress (OS) is the term commonly used to describe the imbalance between the generation of free radicals in the body and the ability of cells to counteract them. Accumulation of OS is aging, and OS also represents an important role for physiological homeostasis. Deviations from sustained redox signaling homeostasis are also now known to cause disease. The important relationship between OS and various diseases has been established, and OS is now at the forefront of research to elucidate pathogenesis. Despite this, so-called antioxidant therapy for diseases is still not widely used.

There are many types of ROS and free radicals, and each type has different properties. The widespread use of antioxidant therapy requires a level of antioxidants that can counter these. It is not clear whether OS induced the disease or was secondary to tissue damage derived from the onset of the disease. Although the exact role of oxidants in disease pathogenesis is not always clear, OS has received significant attention as a factor in human disease and is the focus of extensive research. This field will contribute to the prevention and treatment of diseases in the future.

Sinusitis is a disease that is accompanied by a runny or stuffy nose, pain in the cheeks, between the eyes, and in the head, and olfactory disturbances These symptoms can lead to a decreased quality of life due to lack of concentration and discomfort. The main cause is viral or bacterial infections, such as the common cold. Since the sinuses are connected to the nasal cavity, it is known that infection can also cause inflammation of the sinuses. When the body is invaded by a virus or bacteria, it employs highly active reactive oxygen species (ROS) to eliminate them. This causes inflammation. Therefore, ROS are elevated in areas of inflammation, resulting in increased oxidative stress. In patients with chronic sinusitis, reduced glutathione and uric acid concentrations have been reported, suggesting that chronic sinusitis is likely to play a role in oxidative stress. Twendee X is an antioxidant supplement that contains a balanced blend of eight ingredients with strong antioxidant potential. It has passed drug-level safety testing and is safe for use by both children and adults. This study reviewed the relevance of oxidative stress in sinusitis and the results of a questionnaire on symptom changes in humans with sinusitis before and after taking Twendee X. The results suggest that intervention with antioxidant supplements could improve or prevent symptoms of sinusitis.

Background: In recent years, fragrance pollution triggered by common household items has become a global concern, contributing to the increasing prevalence of Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS) worldwide [1]. Despite the rising prevalence, there is a lack of researchers and diagnostic criteria for MCS, hindering effective diagnosis and treatment.

Purpose: This study proposes several investigations and experimental methods to elucidate the factors contributing to MCS and discusses the current status of diagnostic criteria for MCS, which remain unidentified.

Methods: We estimated the number of individuals affected by MCS based on existing studies [2] and identified fragrance ingredients commonly used in everyday products. Additionally, we explored methods to visualize invisible fragrances and considered how physicians should diagnose MCS.

Conclusions: At present, more than 16 million people in Japan (about 1 in 7) are estimated to suffer from “MCS” or have “High Sensitivity” or “Semi-High Sensitivity” to Chemical Substances. Recent developments in microencapsulation technology suggests that sustained fragrance release may contribute to the increase in MCS prevalence by continuously emitting hazardous substances [3], similar to allergic reactions seen in individuals with pollen allergies. Therefore, MCS should be recognized as a condition that anyone can develop, similar to pollen allergies. To prevent MCS, essential measures such as refraining from releasing fragrances in shared spaces are indispensable.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a disease that causes muscle weakness in the extremities, muscle atrophy, and dysphagia due to motor neuron degeneration. It is a neurologically intractable disease that mainly develops in middle age or later, eventually leading to respiratory failure due to paralysis of respiratory muscles, resulting in death within 3-5 years. Familial ALS is found in approximately 10% of all ALS cases and was reported to be caused by a point mutation in the gene for Cu/Zn SOD (SOD1), an antioxidant enzyme. It is hypothesized that oxidative stress damage caused by SOD1 abnormalities is deeply involved in the pathogenesis of ALS, and that oxidative stress may play an important role in the progression and worsening of the disease in ALS. Recently, the use of Edaravone, a radical scavenger, was approved for treatment in Japan the first time. Edaravone was developed as a treatment for acute cerebral infarction and is useful for cranial nerve and blood vessel protection by inhibiting inflammation in the brain. It also significantly improves motor and cognitive deficits for Alzheimer's disease in neurodegenerative disorders, reduces Aβ/p-Tau accumulation, and alleviates neuronal loss, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Similarly, Twendee X, a known antioxidant supplement, also significantly improves motor and cognitive impairment and reduces Aβ/p-Tau accumulation by inhibiting oxidative stress in the brain, protecting mitochondria, and maintaining neurogenesis and autophagy function. It is composed of eight active ingredients consisting of vitamins, amino acids, and CoQ10, and has passed drug-level safety testing. Studies have shown that Twendee X has the potential for symptomatic relief of systemic scleroderma, an intractable therapeutic disease. Twendee X is not a pharmaceutical product and can be used safely on a daily basis. Twendee X is expected to be one of the most promising antioxidant therapies for ALS. Treatment experience for one patient of ALS also presented.

The vocal fold vibrates in high frequency to create voice sound. The vocal fold has a sophisticated histological “layered structure” that enables such vibration. As the vibration causes fricative damage to the mucosa, excessive voicing can cause inflammation or injury to the mucosa. Chronic inflammation or repeated injury to the vocal fold occasionally induces scar formation in the mucosa, which can result in severe dysphonia, which is difficult to treat. Oxidative stress has been proven to be an important factor in aggravating the injury, which can lead to scarring. It is important to avoid excessive oxidative stress during the wound healing period. Excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been found in the injured vocal folds of rats during the early phase of wound healing. Antioxidants proved to be useful in preventing the accumulation of ROS during the period with less scar formation in the long-term results. Oxidative stress is also revealed to contribute to aging of the vocal fold, in which the mucosa becomes thin and stiff with a reduction in vibratory capacity. The aged voice can be characterized as weak and breathy. It has been confirmed that ROS gradually increases in rat vocal fold mucosa with age, which may cause further damage to the vocal fold. Antioxidants have also proved effective in avoiding aging of the vocal fold in rat models. Recently, human trials have shown significant effects of the antioxidant Twendee X for maintaining the voice of professional opera singers. In conclusion, it is suggested that oxidative stress has a great impact on the damage or deterioration of the vocal folds, and the use of antioxidants is effective for preventing damage of the vocal fold and maintaining the voice.

Framework structures, which feature three-dimensional networks of relatively rigid polyhedral units that share corners with one another, encompass a wide range of natural and synthetic compounds of importance in Earth science, chemistry, physics, and materials science. Examples include feldspars, zeolites, garnets, perovskites and hybrid materials such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The inherent flexibility of the framework gives rise to many interesting phenomena that control the stabilities of the materials.  These phenomena include extensive polymorphism, negative volumes of fusion, very low to negative thermal expansion, a P-T region of pressure induced amorphization, and polyamorphism. These properties serve as inspirations that form the basis of many technological materials such as photovoltaics, sensors, catalysts, lasers, molecular sieves, etc. The Ross group studies the structure-property relations of framework materials using a combination of methods including X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and inelastic neutron spectroscopy to explore how the flexible structural framework is related to their thermodynamic, elastic and physical properties[1-5]. This talk will present an overview of how structural changes influence mechanical functionality and ongoing ultimately lead to the development of novel materials based on this important group of materials.

Composition, temperature and pressure are the main knobs to turn in synthesizing, characterizing, and using new materials. Though the geologic and planetary science communities have embraced pressure as a natural and necessary variable, it has been underutilized in materials research.  FORCE, the Facility for Open Research in a Compressed Environment, is a new initiative and laboratory at ASU, housing unique multianvil equipment and research. FORCE enables synthesis of relatively large samples over a wide pressure – temperature range   and combines both experimental and computational studies relevant to structure, bonding, and phase transitions. It is a user facility for the broad scientific community. FORCE and its capabilities will be described and several examples of current materials   research linking high pressure, thermochemistry, and important functional materials will be presented. Specifically, rare earth monoxides, metastable at ambient conditions, have been investigated, while current work focuses on sulfides, selenides, tellurides and arsenides. 

Nanostructured transition metal nitrides represent a sustainable alternative to conventional materials in a variety of applications, including catalysis, coatings, electrochemical devices, and lithium-ion batteries [1]. Nanoparticles exhibit thermodynamic parameters that can differ significantly from those of bulk materials due to the decrease in dimension [2] and dependence of energetic stability on the surface energy. The investigation of how the thermodynamic parameters of transition metal nitrides differ between bulk and nanoparticles provides the foundation for optimizing these materials for diverse applications. However, compared to other properties (e.g., magnetic, conductive, electronic) that have been measured, thermodynamic investigation is still in its nascent stages. In this study, we employ high temperature oxidative melt solution calorimetry [3] and differential scanning calorimetry to ascertain thermodynamic properties (enthalpy of formation, surface energetics and enthalpy of decomposition) and to identify and discuss stability differences between bulk and nanophases as well as trends among different transition metal (Ti, Fe, Co, and Ni) nitride phases.

Geosystems especially in the Earth’s crust often feature rhythmic patterns such as banded formations, layered and folded structures, diapirs or cockade ores that can cover scales from just microns, and even sub-microns, up to several kilometers. This subject has been examined from a thermochemical-mechanical perspective since times. 

As well for a long time, physics was limited to characterizing continuous changes in closed systems. The concept of self-organization (I. Prigogine, 1977), however, enables to describe discontinuities as sequential spontaneous structure/texture formation. For this reason, the earlier approach in closed systems with given boundary conditions of existing "ideal gases" is abandoned and instead open systems with distributed components and properties (W. Ebeling, 1976) as well as available free energy are introduced. For allowing spontaneous structure/texture formation, the open systems should be far from thermodynamic equilibrium.

In closed systems, changes inevitably cause an increase in complexity and disorder (increase in entropy). Contrarily, the concept of self-organization in open systems lays the foundation for changes going together with increasing order and complexity at the same time, i.e. by means of export of entropy and energy dissipation. Here, phase transitions play an essential role. Precipitate patterns mediated by solute reactions have been discussed in detail since the 1980s (P. Ortoleva, 1982).  As a further characteristic of open systems, the scale invariance is formulated by H. Haken 1978 with his synergetics concept.

As the earth system is considered as an open system including geochemical processes and geomaterials of all scales that changes because of the supply and withdrawal of energy, ordered structures and patterns are typical features in geological systems.

In this talk, radiolarite, malachite, reef limestone and banded iron-manganese deposits will be addressed as illustrating examples. Using the example of a recent early diagenetic new mineral formation, the findings of experimental, theoretical, and numerical analyses will be discussed. Finally, generalized results will be considered for future investigation.

Planets that orbit stars other than our sun are called exoplanets and over 5,500 have been confirmed in our galaxy. Hot Jupiters are a type of exoplanet that orbit very close to their star and are tidally locked, with a permanent daytime and nighttime side. Being the hottest exoplanets, they emit the most radiation and thus are a prime target for the James Webb Space Telescope. Silicates are a ubiquitous feature of aerosols on hot giant exoplanets. [1] WASP 17-b is a hot Jupiter with an orbital period of 3.7 days whose atmosphere was recently observed by James Webb Space Telescope to be dominated by quartz (SiO₂) nanocrystals, although magnesium-rich silicates were expected to be seen. [2] In the brown dwarf VHS 1256-1257b, the best fit models for spectroscopic observations were clouds of enstatite (MgSiO₃), forsterite (Mg₂SiO₄), and quartz. [3] Despite key silicate features in spectroscopy, it is not possible to determine complete atmospheric composition and cloud formation by astronomical observations alone, and particle formation in atmospheres must be modeled. Major factors in modeling atmospheres are nucleation and condensation, which are exponentially dependent on the species’ surface energy, with higher surface energies drastically hindering nucleation rates. Although the need for  reliable  surface energy measurements is evident, surface energies of several key species in hot giant exoplanets are not yet constrained by experiment. In this work, surface energies of likely exoplanet atmosphere condensates, including zinc sulfide (ZnS), crystalline, and amorphous enstatite were measured using oxide melt solution calorimetry of appropriate nanoparticles. These are then input into a nucleation code that gives nucleation rates for these species. [4,5] The surface energy of crystalline SiO₂ is much lower than that of the crystalline magnesium-rich silicates, supporting the observation of silica in the atmosphere of WASP-17b, while the surface energy of amorphous enstatite is similar to that of quartz. [4,6] This suggests that initial nucleation of MgSiO₃ in VHS 1256-1257b could form the amorphous phase. This research provides experimental surface energy data of high relevance to a broad range of exoplanet atmospheres.

Geopolymers are inorganic, polyaluminosilicate or chemically-bonded ceramics centered around the nominal formula M₂O•Al₂O₃•4SiO₂•11H₂O where M = Group I elements and the amount of water is variable, depending on the particle size and specific surface area of the aluminosilicate clay. They are refractory, inorganic polymers formed from both aluminum and silicon sources containing AlO₄^-and SiO₄ tetrahedral units, under highly alkaline conditions at ambient temperatures. Therefore, they are a rigid, hydrated, materials containing group I, charge-balancing cations which result in an amorphous, cross-linked, impervious, acid-resistant, 3-D structure.^1,2 Geopolymer composites are stable to 1000°C above which they crystallize into ceramic composites. They can be reinforced with ceramic, metal, polymeric or biological particulates, chopped fibers, weaves or meshes. They can be prefabricated in polymeric molds or 3D/4D printed. Other new inorganic polymers are being identified, such as acid-based Al₂O₃•SiO₂•P₂O₅ made by high shear mixing metakaolin with phosphoric acid; magnesium potassium phosphate (MgKPO₄); magnesium borate (MgO•B₂O₃); yttrium silicates and zinc silicates.³

To produce 1 ton of geopolymer liberates only 0.25 tons of CO₂ whereas 1 ton of CO₂ is liberated for manufacturing 1 ton of cement. In civil engineering, the term “geopolymers” refers to the product resulting from high shear mixing of class F fly ash mixed with ground, granulated, blast furnace, slag, waste products. The solid is also amorphous or crystalline, but it is based on the calcium silicate hydrate (CSH), C(A)SH, KASH, NASH) binder phases, forming cements not geopolymer. In this structure, the silicate or aluminate tetrahedra form 2D layers sharing only two or sometimes three corners, and are separated by layers of Ca(OH)₂. CSH is the main binder phase in Portland cement. One main difference between the cements versus geopolymers is that geopolymers are chemically stable up to 1,000°C, after which they crystallize into ceramic, retaining some mechanical strength. Cements contain significantly more water and steadily decompose with increasing temperature, losing their mechanical strength.⁴

Geopolymers have wide potential applications as: fire-resistant structures or coatings, corrosion-resistant coatings; stronger and tougher replacements for cements and concretes; ceramic composites exhibiting “graceful failure” or pseudo-ductility; geopolymers containing glass frit can undergo amorphous self-healing when heated below 950°C (ASH-G) or behave as amorphous, self-healed ceramics when crystallized above 950°C; ASH-G composites for molten salt encapsulation for thermal energy storage or micro nuclear reactor applications; (a, b,g and neutron) nuclear radiation shielding; electromagnetic pulse interference (EMI) shielding; water purification filters; refractory glues between ceramics, metals, glass and/or wood; non-burnable building insulation; as a substitute for cements or concrete when made from revalorized mine tailings; removal of heavy metals (As, Hg) or PFAS from water.

Unusual microdiamonds discovered in metamorphic rocks of continental affinities during the 1990^th in Kazakhstan, China, Norway and Germany provided new geochemical data that led to revisions in the understanding of the plate tectonic subduction and exhumation processes [1,2,3,4].

Diamond, due to its chemical inertness, is considered the perfect “geological container” where gas, fluid, and solid inclusions can be preserved. High-resolution Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy, Focused Ion Beam technology, Synchrotron X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transformed Infra-Red, and Raman spectroscopic studies exemplify the remarkable interaction between 21st-century science and technology. These advancements have led to a paradigm shift regarding microdiamonds formation in geological environments of metamorphic belts previously believed to be “forbidden” for their crystallization.

Our studies revealed that nanoscale gas and fluid inclusions in microdiamonds consist of light and heavy elements such as  Cl, S, H, K, Cr, Ba, Ti, Pb, Mo, Co, Al [5,6]. The presence of the negative crystals of diamonds filled with a C-O-H fluid provided evidence that such a fluid was in equilibrium with the diamond at T= 800-1200^oC and P=7-9 GPa and it can be considered as the diamond-forming media [5,6]. Studies of microdiamond carbon isotopes characteristics suggest that the diamond was formed from “organic” carbon (average δ13C = -10 to – 33 ^o%) [6]. The measurements of noble gases in microdiamonds from the Kokchetav terrane of Kazakhstan indicate that the ³He/⁴He ratio is consistent with values associated with geochemical interactions between a continental crust slab and a mantle plume [6].

We have conducted a series of successful experimental reproductions of diamonds crystallization from C-O-H-rich fluids at geological conditions close to those of their host rocks [6]. Studies of microdiamonds from recently discovered UHPM terranes continue to release new geochemical observations on organic carbon cycling into deep mantle, geochemical crust-mantle interaction and rejuvenation of the mantle which are critical components for understanding of mantle dynamics.

In the last 10 years the phenomenon known bradyseism in the Campi Flegrei (CF), has been active, with different earthquakes swarms. This continuous low-magnitude seismic activity, has created problems in the densely populated area of CF, which includes the western portion of Naples. The seismic activity is accompanied by uprising of soils (about 2 cm/month). Some researchers are creating panic in the citizenry as they make hypothesis about the fact that a potential, catastrophic, Plinian eruption might occur any time. Such catastrophists hypothesize that bradyseism occurs due to up-rising of magma. The fact is that there is no proofs or evidence of such magma rising to explain the bradyseism phenomenon. With an international research group [1, and ref therein] we have made an interpretation of the bradyseism which occurs cyclically in the CF, at least in the last 4.000 years, never producing a catastrophic eruption. The only exception was the very small Monte Nuovo phreatic eruption of 1538 AD.

We obtained data during long-term monitoring of the CF volcanic district which has led to the development of a model based on lithological-structural and stratigraphic features that produce anisotropic and heterogeneous permeability features showing large variations both horizontally and vertically. These data are inconsistent with a model in which bradyseism is driven exclusively by shallow magmatic intrusions. Instead, CF bradyseism events are driven by cyclical magmatic-hydrothermal activity. Bradyseism events are characterized by cyclical, constant invariant signals repeating over time, such as area deformation along with a spatially well-defined seismogenic volume. These similarities have been defined as “bradyseism signatures” that allow us to relate the bradyseism with impending eruption precursors. Bradyseism is governed by an impermeable shallow layer (B-layer known as pozzolana), which is the cap of an anticlinal geological structure culminating at Pozzuoli, where maximum uplift is recorded. This B-layer acts as a throttling valve between the upper aquifer and the deeper hydrothermal system that experiences short (1-10² yr) timescale fluctuations between lithostatic/hydrostatic pressure. The hydrothermal system also communicates episodically with a cooling and quasi-steady-state long timescale (10³-10⁴ yr) magmatic system (at depth of 8 km) enclosed by an impermeable carapace (A layer).

Connectivity between hydrostatic and lithostatic reservoirs is episodically turned on and off causing alternatively subsidence (when the systems are connected) or uplift (when they are disconnected), depending on whether permeability by fractures is established or not. Earthquake swarms are the manifestation of hydrofracturing which allows fluid expansion; this same process promotes silica precipitation (and sulphides) that seals cracks and serves to isolate the two reservoirs.

Faults and fractures promote outgassing and reduce the vertical uplift rate depending on fluid pressure gradients and spatial and temporal variations in the permeability field. The mini-uplift episodes also show “bradyseism signatures” and are well explained in the context of the short timescale process.

This interpretation is supported by the fact that earthquake hypocenters at CF are never registered at depths between 4 and 8 km. 90% of the earthquake hypocenters (with M mostly between 1 and 2.5) occur at depths between 1.5 to 3.5 km. We know from deep boreholes that in the CF, that the B-layer; known as “pozzolana” is occurring at depth between 2-3 km [2]. The hydrothermal fluids, fracturing the impermeable layer, pass from lithostatic to hydrostatic pressure; hence they boil, depositing different sulphide mineralizations (pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, scheelite and others) along the fractured system in the pozzolana B-layer [3-4]. When this occurs, the negative bradyseism begins, and the soil starts to go down slowly.

With the present state-of-the art knowledge of bradyseism, there is no evidence that a catastrophic plinian eruption might occur. Nevertheless millions of people are scared by the phenomenon. What should the Government do? 1. Proceed and prepare for a worst-case potential scenario as a precaution. As there is not evidence of any magma rising up at the moment, create ample, escape roads from which at least 1 million people should be able to escape quickly from the Red Zone of CF; 2. Establish an international panel of researchers and experts to advise the Government and citizenry of CF about seismic activity; 3. Carry out seismological screening of old houses in the Red Zone of CF and identify those not properly built to withstand the continuous small magnitude earthquakes continuously occurring in the Red Zone of CF.

The first and second laws of thermodynamics are the fundamental laws that govern the states of a system, large or small, and its interactions with its surroundings.  The changes of states inside the system, i.e., internal processes, are guided by the entropy change of each internal process.  The recently termed zentropy theory stipulates that the entropy of a system is the sum of statistical entropy among all conceivable configurations of the system, i.e., the Gibbs entropy or Shannon information entropy, and the statistical average of entropy of each configuration, i.e., the quantum entropy (https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648X/ad4762).  It is demonstrated that when the quantum entropy of each configuration can be predicted by quantum mechanics, the properties of the system can be quantitively predicted without any additional models and fitted model parameters, showing remarkable agreement with experimental observations, including singularity at critical points.  For complex systems such as biology, society, planet, and galaxy, the properties of configurations in them could not be predicted by quantum mechanics, it is proposed to learn the properties of each configuration from observations using the zentropy theory. It is anticipated that based on the zentropy theory, a science-based foundation model for artificial intelligence in the flattened configuration space can be developed so their properties can be predicted including emergent behaviors and instability with singularity so concerted efforts can be organized to utilize them or mitigate them.

Superconductivity in the vicinity of room temperature has the potential to revolutionize numerous technologies and sustainability as well as our understanding of condensed matter. Zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic field below a critical temperature are critical tests of superconductivity. As for the original high-T_c cuprate superconductors, accurate crystal structures are also required for complete characterization of the materials [1]. Inspired by theoretical predictions for hydrogen-rich materials under pressure [2], previous work from our group has established the existence of near-room temperature superconductivity at megabar pressures [3], now reproduced by numerous other groups [4]. Recently reported evidence for superconductivity at ambient P-T conditions in nitrogen-doped lutetium hydride (Lu-N-H) has been promising but controversial [5]. Our group has conducted independent electrical resistivity and magnetic susceptibility measurements on the material that confirm the remarkable properties of the material as well as the difficulty of synthesis [6]. First-principles DFT and DFT+U calculations provide important insights into the behavior of this remarkable class of materials [7]. There are prospects for similar high T_c superconductivity in related compounds, including complex quaternary and higher order chemical systems.

processes. Due to its physical properties, rock crystal was frequently used as a lithic raw material for the production of tools and weapons in prehistoric times. Recently, the first mining sites where the material was aquired in large quantities, were discovered. One of them is situated near Eggishorn Mountain in the Upper Valais (Switzerland) at an elevation of 2600 m above sea level. The archaeological finds and features date to the Early Mesolithic (almost 10,000 years ago) and to a younger phase of the Neolithic.

The talk presents the results of a petrographic characterisation of the material occurring at the investigated site. It provides a description of the fluid inclusions within the quartz crystals and an overview over the related mineral paragenesis.
This gives interesting new insights into the formation of the analysed fissure and allows comparing rock crystal artefacts found in other archaeological sites to this particular source. The results form the basis for further investigations concerning mobility patterns and trade networks in the past.

The Alpine area presents many small copper deposits, mostly exploited since Late Medieval times. This led to the widespread assumption that these ores were exploited much before and that most circulating prehistoric metal objects were produced with local copper sources. This assumption was largely validated for the Bronze Age through the use of lead isotope tracers, and well supported by the archaeological and archaeometallurgical evidences. However, the scarcity of available lead isotope data for pre-Bronze Age metals precluded to date the reconstruction of the metal flow in the 4^th and 3^rd millennia BC [1-2]. 

Based on 49 new analyses of archaeologically important artefacts, it is now shown that the Northern Italian Eneolithic (or Copper Age, approximately 3500-2200 BC) includes three chronologically distinct periods of metal production: Balkanic, Tuscanian, and Alpine copper [3]. 

The Alpine ores were massively exploited only starting from the middle of the 3^rd millennium BC, in connection or slightly earlier than the Beaker event.
 

Natural processes such as earthquakes, volcanism, and mountain building are driven by plate tectonics, which are fundamentally influenced by the deformation of rocks and minerals under various environmental conditions. Understanding the rheology of rock-forming minerals is thus crucial for deciphering the geodynamics of Earth. Our current understanding of mineral rheology is primarily derived from laboratory experiments and theoretical models based on simplified synthetic systems. However, the properties of minerals are significantly affected by structural defects and impurities, making the extrapolation to natural, chemically complex systems uncertain. Crystal defects such as dislocations, chemical impurities and vacancies play a crucial role in influencing the elastic properties of minerals and their rheology, introducing deviations from the idealized, flawless structure. These defects act as perturbations that impede the smooth transmission of mechanical forces within the crystal structure, consequently influencing its overall elasticity and, in turn, impacting the material's macroscopic mechanical properties. In addition to defects and vacancies, minerals often contain fluid, melt and solid inclusions that can reach significant volumetric abundances and strongly affect the elastic properties (and thus the mechanical properties and rheology) of the host crystal. The investigation of mineral inclusions does offer a unique opportunity to study their impact on the rheology of the host mineral in situ. This approach holds great potential for enhancing our comprehension of the rheology of mineral assemblages and, consequently, the dynamics of our planet.

The compressional behaviour of microporous materials (in particular, zeolites and feldspathoids) compressed in a fluid can be substantially governed by the potential crystal-fluid interaction, due to the selective sorption of new molecular species (or solvated ions) through the structural cavities in response to the applied (hydrostatic) pressure.

When no crystal-fluid interaction takes place, the experimental findings and computational modelling performed so far show that the effects of the applied pressure, at the atomic scale, are mainly accommodated by the tilting of the (quasi-rigid) (Si,Al,P)O₄ tetrahedra, around the bridging oxygen atoms that act as hinges between tetrahedra [1]. Tilting of tetrahedra was proved to be the dominant mechanism at low-mid P-regime, then followed by distortion and compression of these polyhedra, which become dominant at the mid-high P-regime (i.e., once titling is not sufficient anymore to accommodate the deformation energy) [2]. Specific mechanisms of deformation at the atomic scale, in response to compression, are controlled by the topology of the framework of tetrahedra. For example, the continuous increase of channels ellipticity, with increasing pressure, is one of the most common deformation mechanisms in zeolitic frameworks, but inversion of ellipticity occurs only in response to a phase transition, with a drastic structure rearrangement (e.g., reconstructive in character). On the other hand, the compressibility of the cavities (in the form of channels or cages) is governed by the so-called extraframework population (made by ions and small molecules), leading to different bulk compressibility in isotypic structures [3]. The elastic parameters available for zeolites (natural or synthetic) show that microporosity does not necessarily imply high compressibility, and most of the zeolites appear to be less compressible than many other Crustal minerals [1,3]. A high compressibility is somehow expected for porous framework structures due to the tetrahedral tilting, but the bonding configuration between the framework of tetrahedra and the stuffed species affects the overall compressional behaviour, making this class of host-guest structures less compressible than other rock-forming silicates.

When compressed in penetrating fluids, some zeolites experience a P-induced intrusion of new monoatomic species or molecules from the fluids themselves. Materials having well-stuffed cavities at room P-T conditions tend to hinder the penetration of new species. Crystal-fluid interactions in zeolites have observed using pressure-fluids made by: monoatomic species (e.g., He, Ar, Kr, Xe), small (e.g., H₂O, CO₂) or more complex molecules (e.g., C₂H₂, C₂H₄, C₂H₆O, C₂H₆O₂, BNH₆, electrolytic MgCl₂·21H₂O solution), with potential geological and technological implications [4,5]. Diverse variables govern the P-mediated sorption phenomena: the “free diameters” of the framework cavities, nature and bonding configuration of the extraframework population, kinetic diameter of the potentially-penetrating molecules, rate of P-increase, temperature at which the experiment is conducted and surface/volume ratio of the crystallites under investigations.

My research is focused on sustainable metallurgical processes that concerns energy, resource and environment. For metallurgical processes, one fundamental question is how much heat needed when reactants enter into the furnace regardless of minerals and electronic wastes. Calorimetry method is the main approach that I will use to explore the heat effect measurement in the metallurgical processes.

The history and evolution of our species has always been closely linked with environmental factors. During the last years, the dramatic consequences of climate change and catastrophic events had an impact on humanity on a global level. In combination with methodologies from a variety of partner disciplines, Prehistoric Archaeology is the only academic field that analyses the interdependence between human societies and changing environmental conditions from a long-term perspective and based on the study of material culture. Therefore, it leads to a better understanding of the use of resources throughout time and space and is able to contribute to the solution of several problems that we are facing today. The last time human beings were subject to equally rapid changes, was towards the end of the last ice age (Late Glacial Interstadial), around 14,500 years ago. This period was marked by the disappearance of large reindeer herds in Central Europe and important innovations such as the widespread use of bow and arrow or domesticated dogs for hunting. The lecture gives an overview over the various ways in which interactions with natural resources have influenced human history and evolution. Based on several case studies, it shows how people adapted to new climatic conditions and challenges in the past. Finally, it presents strategies developed by prehistoric societies aimed at a more efficient and sustainable use of resources that could also lead to practical implications in the presence.       

Physics, at the fundamental level, is concerned only with a single system, that of the fermion or fundamental particle, and it is possible to conceive the actions of the entire universe as those of a single fermion. We have had a quantum mechanical equation for the fermion – the Dirac equation for nearly a hundred years – but no one has imagined that that equation alone could even lead to all the developments encoded in the Standard Model of particle physics. This is partly because the equation is not normally expressed in its most significantly meaningful form, but it is also because ‘derivation’ is generally taken to mean a deductive mathematical consequence given certain conditions rather than an unfolding of the innate structure that is built into the equation as a result of more fundamental principles. The equation is not necessarily the source of these principles, rather the codification of them. In fact, given these additional considerations, it is possible to see the equation in its most physically meaningful form as the source of all current aspects of the Standard Model and even some things beyond it. In addition, the full statement of the equation is not necessary for these derivations, only the definition of the fermion creation operator that the equation requires. So, the question that we will be answering is the more restricted one of whether physics can be defined by a single operator, rather than a single equation.

The usual concept of an electron worldline in Minkowski space assumes that particles have smooth time-like curves representing the movement of a centre of mass. Events are then points on the worldline and can occur with arbitrarily small inter-event spacing. Mass by itself is not a direct kinematic feature of such curves. Instead, mass and energy are input from dynamical behaviour.  An alternative model, explored in this paper is to assume that mass represents an upper bound on the frequency of special events on the worldline. This imposes a lower bound on the measure of causal regions between such events and produces two characteristic scales associated with particle mass. The scales are classical analogs of the de Broglie and Compton scales respectively. The model provides a direct basis for Feynman's original non-relativistic path-integral approach to quantum mechanics[1] as well as his relativistic chessboard model[2] and its extension to 3+1 dimensions[3].

In this talk I will be presenting the main highlights of what I consider a very important development in the Medical Sciences for acquiring a much better understanding of the human body by demonstrating how the unique mathematical properties of  SDF  would play a very significant role in the development of more advanced and reliable theoretical models  for the human body.   This would require performing a complete analysis only on those  "general"  analytical solutions   that can be obtained using the very unique computational feature of  SDF  on  the  Naiver-Stokes equations for the  "Mechanical"  aspect of the human body that is largely influenced from the general Mechanical properties of fluids    and on the Schrodinger equation for the “Chemical”  aspect of the human body.

Currently there exist no such advanced theoretical models of  the human body that would be  based entirely on general analytical solutions of  PDEs because of  the severe limitation of Calculus  which if successfully resolved by the method of  SDF would become immeasurable in terms of reducing our excessive dependency on the use of experimental models in favor of a more universal algebraic theory for the  Physical and Biological Sciences.
 

Peter Rowlands appears to be the only physicist who has written a book on foundational laws in physics [1]. He identifies four fundamental symmetries that are foundational to physics: space, time, mass and charge. A group relationship, a zero-totality condition and a nilpotent Dirac equation are the primary mathematical structures used to build the foundational laws. [2]. The duality between space-time and mass-charge is so exact that any reversal of role between discrete space and continuous time also produces a corresponding reversal of role between continuous mass and discrete charge [3]. One of us has argued that his ‘principle of duality’ is so ubiquitous in both mathematics and physics that it should be promoted into a ‘law’ based on the quantum mechanical law of entanglement [4]. Rowlands identifies three distinct mathematical processes: (A) conjugation, (B) complexification and (C) dimesionalization. Their corresponding physical manifestations are dualistic in nature: (a) conserved/nonconserved, conjugated/nonconjugated, + / –, (b) real/complex (the relativistic duality) and (c) the discrete/continuous, or the dimensional/nondimensional options. A classic case of the discrete/continuous representation is the well-known continuous wave/discrete particle duality. Rowlands’ principle of duality UNITES the theory of general relativity (GR), which is a theory about gravity not a theory of gravity, and quantum mechanics (QM). It does not UNIFY them [5].

In [1] and [2] models of elementary particles are proposed based on combinatorial substructures for quarks.
These papers succeed in given combinatorial models for many particle interactions. In [3] a vector version of the Harari, Shupe models is 
given, in which each particle is a four-vector and particle interactions correspond to vector identities. The Lambek model can be matched directly with the Shupe model, but contains 
extra information that allows the vectorial work. In [4] a so-called Helon model is given by Bilson-Thompson that uses framed three braids and can be seen as a generalization of the Rishon models of Harari and Schupe. In fact, we find (joint work with David Chester and Xerxes Arsiwalla) that the Lambek model is a nearly perfect intermediary between the Helon model and the Rishon model. There is a direct correspondence between Lambek's four-vectors and the braids in the Helon model, up to a slight readjustment. This means that we are in possession of a dictionary that lets us discuss and compare the structures in these models and to examine possible generalizations of them. We also can use this point of view to see some of the limitations of the Helon model that arise from the non-commutativity of the Artin Braid Group. The talk will present these structures, and our speculations about generalizations and relationships with other topological work such as found in the papers of the author [5], the work of Witten [6] and alternate topological intepretations such as [7], [8], [9] and [10].

Negative signed numbers can represent a variety of concepts depending on the specific context in physics. Sometimes, their meaning is ambiguous, and in quantum equations, the physical interpretation of these quantities can be uniquely challenging. For example, the Dirac equation is well-known to have both positive and negative signed solutions. Today, physicists still debate the physical significance of the negative signed solutions. One way to confer meaning to these ambiguous negative signed quantities is to express them in an expanded dimensional canvas. But how might such a canvas be conceived?

Part 1 of this paper sketches a new approach showing considerable promise. The fundamental symmetry of positivity and negativity seem to be built into the very fabric of the universe at subatomic scales. In consonance with Rowlands’ concept of totality zero, these fundamental symmetries can be shown to naturally admit an alternative explanation for conceptualising the shape and content of space at subatomic scales. The approach posited is that a recursive pseudo Riemannian cobordism (PRC) of manifolds can describe the shape of space using an expanded nD + 1 space coordinate system. The advantage of this system is that it confers physicality on abstract nD mathematical spaces that are conventionally assumed to map the structure of reality. The revised shape of space admits physical content consistent with experimental findings in an altogether different way. The physical system of two surfaces connected by a small, variable length, recursive dimension, constitutes a recursive cobordism, a modification of the one conceptualised by P. Yodzis. 

The new frame of thinking distinguishes between the content of space – light and matter – and the shape of space in which that content exists. Two elementary particles – analogous to the photon and electron - are described as embedded deterministic objects in this space. 

By adding a small, variable length +1 dimension that runs perpendicular to every direction in nD space, the emergent nD + 1 space physical system allows us to account for the ubiquitous negative signed quantities that emerge in certain quantum equations. It also admits a qualitative, deterministic expression of Maxwell’s equations, the Schrödinger equation and the Dirac equation.

This naturally leads to a deeper understanding of Rowlands' fundamental parameters of space, time, mass and charge, and delivers new insight into our understanding of condensed matter physics. Most tellingly, the approach opens the way to conceptualising subatomic particles, such as photons and electrons, as real physical objects existing in 3D + 1 space rather than appearing as statistical probabilities in abstract 3D space.

Negative signed numbers can represent a variety of concepts depending on the specific context in physics. Sometimes, their meaning is ambiguous, and in quantum equations, the physical interpretation of these quantities can be uniquely challenging. One way to confer meaning to these ambiguous negative signed quantities is to express them in an expanded dimensional canvas. 

In Part 1, a new approach showing considerable promise was introduced. Part 2 of this paper extends this approach. It was noted that positive and negative signed quantities seem to be built into the very fabric of the universe at subatomic scales. In consonance with Rowlands’ concept of totality zero, certain fundamental symmetries were shown to naturally admit an alternative explanation for conceptualising the shape and content of space at subatomic scales. The new approach posited that a pseudo Riemannian cobordism (PRC) of manifolds can describe the shape of space using an expanded nD + 1 space coordinate system. The advantage of this system is that it confers physicality on an otherwise abstract mathematical space. The revised shape of space admits physical content consistent with experimental findings in an altogether different way. Two particles – the fundamental particle of light analogous to the photon and the fundamental particle of matter, analogous to the electron, were described. 

In Part 2, the structure and dynamics of two additional particles analogous to the proton and neutron will be described in a PRC. The topology of these particles provides compelling answers to certain questions that have long eluded quantum theorists. In particular, the structure and dynamics of particles analogous to quarks and their force carrying gluons can be described deterministically, and this offers significant advantages. The elusive reasoning that gives rise to the strong interaction, the property of confinement, and the origin of fractional colour charges can all be seen as inevitable consequences of the new understanding. This completes the cobordism manifold picture of subatomic particles that constitute the atom.

This new approach opens the way to reconceptualising protons and neutrons as real physical objects existing in 3D + 1 space rather than appearing as statistical excitations associated with an infinitely extensive quantum field in 3D space. This naturally leads to a deeper understanding of subatomic reality, the fundamental parameters of space, time, mass and charge, and delivers new insight into our understanding of condensed matter physics. 

In the development of the theory, an approach with strict observance of the principles of physical reality, causality, and logical understanding is used. The main goals were clarifying the space-time nature of the physical vacuum, and identifying the physical models of stable elementary particles. The proposed physical model of the physical vacuum corresponds to the etheric substance predicted by the ancient Greek physicists Plato and Aristotle and maintained until the beginning of the 20th century, but a similar model has not been suggested before. It is a specific grid with oscillation properties made up of two types of sub-elementary particles with sizes in the scale about 1x10^-20 (m) and called the Cosmic Lattice. The elements of the Cosmic Lattice are held by a Supergravitational Law (SG) which differs from Newtonian gravity in that SG forces are inversely proportional to the cube of the distance. Therefore, they are super-strong at the microscopic level.  Their experimental manifestation is the attractive and repulsive Casimir forces between two bodies with highly polished surfaces. It is inferred that the sub-particles forming the Cosmic Lattice also build elementary particles as helical structures. Experimental results from particle colliders and in particular the characteristics of the first unstable particles such as pions and kaons and their decay were used to infer initially the shape of protons and neutrons. The narrow standard deviation of mass and lifetime of the pions and kaons lead to the conclusion that the protons and neutrons from which they emerge have some toroidal shape in which they are locked. Therefore, with a single cut, they come out with a very narrow standard deviation. From the additional decay of pions, it was inferred that the elementary particles are made of helical structures left-handed and right-handed, while handedness defines the sign of charge as a specific modulation of the Cosmic Lattice. The electron is a 3-body system of helical structures whose oscillation and rotational motion interact with the oscillating properties of the Cosmic Lattice and exhibit quantum mechanical features. The proton and neutron are with the same substructure but with different shapes. The proton is a twisted toroid like a 3-D Hippoped curve, while the neutron is double-folded. At the neutron, the electrical charge is locked by the SG forces at the near field, but in motion, it exhibits a magnetic moment. In the atomic nuclei, they are held by a balance between repulsive Coulomb forces and attracted SG forces. Using their shapes and following the building trend of the nuclei a complete match to the shape of the Periodic Table of Elements is obtained. Chemical valences, bond direction, and isotope stability are apparent. In theory, this is called the Atlas of Atomic Structures. The validation of the Atlas is supported by experimental results from 16 different fields of physics. The physical dimensions of the proton, neutron, and electron are identified. 

The theory offers a hypothetical scenario for the creation of sub-elementary and elementary particles through a unique crystallization that takes place on the surface and surrounding of a superdense protomatter known as a black hole indirectly observed at the center of galaxies. This leads to a very different view of the universe and to an explanation of the serious inconsistencies with the Big Bang model. Instead of this single burst, it is concluded that galaxies have cycles of active existence and hidden unobservable phases of recycling and crystallization of elementary particles ending with the birth of a new visible galaxy with a new Cosmic Lattice. In such a case, the redshift of the galaxies appears not to be Doppler but of a cosmological nature as a result of a weak difference in their Cosmic Lattices, which depends on the individual mass of the galaxies. The theory was first published in 2001, cataloged in the National Library of Canada in 2002, and published as a book, scientific papers and reported in many scientific conferences.

This presentation will explore the innovative Research and Technology Development (R&TD) activities at Şişecam, with a particular focus on the significant contributions made during the tenure of Prof. Dr. Şener Oktik, who led the Şişecam Research and Technology Development Department from 2012 to 2020. Under his leadership, substantial advancements were achieved in research capabilities and the cultivation of a robust innovation culture.

Building on these advancements, at Şişecam, the integration of Innovation, Product Development Engineering, and Production Technology Engineering and Design are seamlessly integrated under one organizational structure. This unique approach has given Şişecam a significant competitive edge, enabling it to excel in the global market. A central focus of Şişecam's R&TD activities is the development of technologies that enhance the sustainability of both production processes and final glass products. As a material recognized for its inherent sustainability, glass presents significant potential for further innovation, and ongoing efforts are dedicated to exten these boundaries.

The 2023 estimate of global primary energy consumption is ~183 230 TWh (~108 billion barrel of oil equivalent)  and the share of  fossil fuels, renewable are   83%, 14% and  3% respectively [1]. The distribution of global primary energy consumption by sectors in 2023 can be given as an average of industry 33% buildings 33% transportation 30% agriculture 3% and others 1% [2]. After a 6% decrease d during the COVID-19 the annual carbon dioxide emission exhibited 1-2% increase reaching to  a  37.5 Giga tons in 2023. . The top three sectors in CO₂ emissions are reported to be electricity and heat (16Gt), transport (8 Gt) and manufacturing and construction (6 Gt) [3]. The simulations for 2050 of primary energy demand diverge significantly from ~53% increase from today’s value (high scenario) to only around 10% decrease (low scenario). CO₂ emissions in 2050 follows a similar diverged pattern with values from over 45Gt to the net zero [4]. It is reported that  3% of global greenhouse gas emissions associated with activities related to the value chain of glass industries.  It is estimated one tonne of glass recycling avoids approximately 580kg/ CO₂  through the supply chain[5]. Reports on global glass productions in 2023 suggest that glass production capacity was 226 million metric  tons [6]. Despite the recovery after   economic slowdown related to COVID, the growths have been moderate with the highest increase in flat glass which   was less than %0.5 from 2022 to 2023 [3,7]. The reports estimate the YoY global glass market growth of 15 billion $ between 2022 (220 billion $) and 2023 (235 billion $).  Drivers of the relatively high growth of the global market for flat glass were innovations for product differentiations in different industries particularly in solar industries [8,9]. The glass sector continues to develop new ways to continue the improvements in sustainability, with research and development identifying clear options for manufacturers to secure their long-term futures and achieve net-zero emissions targets. Most of the glass manufacturing sector still relies predominantly on the combustion of natural gas, with up to 75% of energy consumption in glass production coming from the operation of furnaces. Biofuel offers a supplementary fuel option but is it not the long-term solution, as the long-term solution is likely to be mixed of energy such as renewable electricity, hydrogen and biofuel, depending on availability, sustainability and cost of the energy.  Another key tool already employed and that is being continually developed by glass manufacturers to increase their sustainability is waste heat recovery technology. Pre-heating   raw materials and recycled glass generally result in a 10-15% energy saving throughout the overall glass production process [8]. In this context, it is understandable that manufactures are seeking clarity on the availability and cost of electricity and hydrogen and other energy sources before making large investments. Along the changes. However, the appetite is clearly shared in the glass manufacturing industry to secure the long-term future for the production of one of the oldest materials in the world in new and innovative ways. [4,8]. Continuous improvement of the optical, mechanical, electrical and chemical properties of glass surfaces together with deposition technologies and functions supplied by passive and active layers on glass are leading an expected growth at a CAGR of 5.0% towards 2028 reaching close to 25 Billion$ [9,10]. Coated glass with soft or hard-coated low-e and solar low-e layers are the most popular products. Active or passive coating systems (smart coatings) in which the light and heat transmission/emission properties are modulated by applied voltage, light or heat intensity  have been maturing for large volume commercial productions[11,12, 13]. The global market for smart coatings in construction and transportation sectors is predicted to be around ~9 billion $ in 2023 and expected to grow by CAGR of between 18and 20% to over 30 billion $ in by 2030[14,15]. This brief review is aimed to update the status of “What does the glass sector need to do “ in flat glass production and multifunctional coatings on glass towards net zero emission targets.

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Weathering phenomena occurring during storage of tableware glasses with different chemical compositions were examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Electron Diffraction X-ray analysis (EDX). The tumblers of different chemical compositions of tableware glass, crystalline type, were prepared in a small tank furnace. They were packed in paper boxes and placed in the warehouse. Samples were removed after 4 months, two years, and 4 years. The inner surface of the samples was analyzed with SEM and EDX. In addition, concentration profiles of the glass wall were measured using EDX. The comparison of the SiO₂ change is discussed in connection with the glass weathering resistance of different glass compositions. The presence of large amounts of corrosion products, microcracks in the surface layer, and a significant difference in SiO₂ content between the surface and the bulk glass indicates low weathering resistance in glass with less than 1% Al₂O₃ and without ZnO, ZrO₂, or TiO₂.

Alongside many other industries, the glass industry is also a major CO₂ emitter. With various approaches such as electric melting, hydrogen or ammonia combustion or post-processing measures such as CCS, the industry is driving forward the reduction of CO₂ emissions to a more sustainable glass production. However, these efforts must be seen in the overall context, firstly because they are unlikely to be sufficient enough and implemented quickly enough to meet the global climate targets and secondly because they ignore a significant area of CO₂ emissions which is the raw materials itself.

With a look at the glass industry in Germany, Europe and the world, the presentation will provide an insight into the various problems that arise when switching energy usage from the combustion of natural gas to hydrogen, ammonia or electricity. It will compare the potential and disadvantages of the various approaches and compare the cost of these technologies with the result.

Furthermore, as already mentioned, the general approach of switching to hydrogen-oxygen combustion or purely electric melting falls short when it comes to achieving greater sustainability, a reduction in energy consumption and, above all, a reduction in CO₂ emissions. These approaches do not take into account completely CO₂-free glass production, as a significant proportion of the CO₂ still comes from the raw materials themselves, nor do they call into question the general approach to large-scale glass melting and therefore also the design of the melting furnaces. 

The approach presented provides an insight into the development of completely CO₂-free container glass production and shows the levers for achieving this. A concept for CO₂-free glass production is presented. Key points such as melting kinetics and glass melting behavior in a modified combustion atmosphere, melting and shaping behavior of carbonate-free glass and the effect of furnace layout on space utilization are discussed.

Animal skin,as a natural polymer material with abundant sources,was used to make various leather items in early human society.Ancient books,archives,and other cultural relics made from them carry profound cultural value.Studying the internal structure of them can provide good theoretical support for the protection and inheritance of cultural relics^[1].For example,artifacts such as parchment and Chinese shadow puppets that have not been tanned with tanning agents are called untanned hide artifacts.This system combined traditional production methods and modern processing techniques to study the performance changes of untanned hide during the production process.

The research method for untanned hide referred to IDAP(Improved Damage Assesment of Parchment)^[2],and quantitative and qualitative measurement methods such as SEM and FTIR^[3] were used to measure the effects of different pretreatment methods and chemical reagents on material properties.

The treatment methods for the samples in this study include saponification or emulsification reactions for defatting the raw skin,and adding different depilatory reagents, including alkaline reagents such as sodium sulfide or gastric protease,to the pretreated samples.

The analysis of infrared spectra in the study can reveal the effects of different chemical reagents on the peak shift of untanned Pete's characteristic,and SEM scanning can observe the changes in its intrinsic fiber configuration.The wet heat shrinkage temperature and stress-strain curve reflect the changes in its mechanical properties.

Vanadium nitride (VN) plays an important role in high-strength steel production due to the unique precipitation strengthening and grain refinement effects [1]. high-purity VN is widely used in the fields of advanced materials, batteries and catalysts since high electrical conductivity, high thermal conductivity and good chemical stability [2, 3]. The traditional method for preparing VN is the carbon thermal reduction method [4]. Nowadays, thermal processing precursor method is highly anticipated for preparing high-quality VN due to lower reaction temperature, simple process, and short production process [5]. This method includes two steps, which the precursors containing the shell of vanadium and core of carbon powders are formed and then the precursors are reduced and nitrided in the N₂ atmosphere to obtain VN.

However, carbon powders are difficult to disperse in the solution uniformly owing to the huge surface tension and adsorption properties, and the precursors prepared subsequently are agglomerate. This is the main reason that the reaction is insufficient during the nitrogen reduction process, which affects the quality of VN. 

In response to the above issue, Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and the other two dispersants are used to optimize the structure of the precursors in order to prepare high quality VN. Under optimum condition of 1150 °C, the VN with nitrogen content of 17.94% is prepared by adding 5% PVP. When the reaction temperature exceeds 400 °C, the precursors of adding 5% PVP are easily converted to V₇O₁₃, V₃O₅, V₂O₃ and VN at the same temperature. The precursors of adding 5% PVP have lower E_a during reduction and nitration process, which are easier to be reduced and nitridated. In comparison with the process without adding dispersants, the addition of carbon powders is reduced by 9% and the nitriding time is decreased by 75%, which reduce CO₂ emission, the energy consumption for generation and the production cost.

Judicial systems around the world may be divided in two major groups: common and civil law system. Common Law systems are mainly used in UK, USA, Canada and the civil law systems are used in Europe and other countries. There are also countries or states/provinces that have mix systems like Quebec where criminal matters use mainly common law system and civil matters use civil law systems and in manty cases both methods of both systems are used interchangeably. A somewhat indirect product of the systems is the way that the judges are appointed or elected. In this paper a comparative analysis of both systems and their elected or appointed judges is carried out with all his advantaged and disadvantages.

Medical malpractice cases are inherently difficult for many reasons. First, the attorney that handles the case is not trained to analyze medical data, practices and procedures. Hiring a doctor to review a complex case is cost prohibitive and may prove unproductive for a number of reasons such as professional curtesy, looking at the case from the doctor’s prospective biases the opinion and findings of the doctor, and due to similar training and practices sees nothing wrong with the quality of treatment (i.e., every doctor has to see 50 patients a day to make extra money so we cut corners, we all do it so I can’t blame Joe).

A data scientist with a background in biology and working on medical applications becoming familiar with HIPAA, SOAP Notes, etc. can provide the technical background necessary to make the necessary findings and develop a case while not having any of the bad habits and ties to the profession. Also, a data scientist is trained to examine the all the data and find the relationships. In many ways the training makes them perfect for this specific kind of analysis. Data scientists also are trained to be methodical and detailed.

In the case of the wonderful Ms. Migen Dibra, having a data science background makes one well trained to analyze and assess all of the medical studies given to the FDA for the drug “label” approvals, which can be most revealing.

This lecture will cover these important subjects as well as go through the case of Ms. Migen Dibra who died prematurely.

In developed countries, medical care should not only provide standard treatment but should also take the patient's condition and needs into full consideration. This presentation will clarify the basic human rights of patients and their rights when receiving medical care, and make it clear that the attending physician should be held accountable when those rights are violated.

1. Second opinion

There is a standard treatment for malignant diseases in each country, but there are generally no significant differences among developed countries. The treatment of malignant diseases is constantly evolving, and there are effective treatment options that are not selected for standard treatment. If a patient requests a second opinion from a third-party institution, the attending physician is obligated to provide the necessary data. Conversely, if a patient obtains a second opinion from a third-party institution, the attending physician is obligated to respect and accept the second opinion. It is normal for the attending physician to consult with the patient regarding the difference in treatment and efficacy between the patient's treatment and that of the attending physician.

2. The right to optimal treatment of malignant diseases

Chemotherapy and immunotherapy for advanced malignant diseases may cause regression of the malignant disease itself, but when administered systemically, they also have significant side effects on other normal organs. Particularly in cases where malignant disease has invaded or metastasized to other organs, careful attention must be paid to the side effects. If the side effects are judged to be greater than the therapeutic effect, it is necessary to choose a treatment method with fewer side effects than chemotherapy or immunotherapy. In other words, patients have the right to receive a treatment that has fewer side effects and prolongs life.

As an oncological surgeon, I had worked at Kindai University Hospital (Osaka Japan) for 25 years. Ms. Migan requested me providing various examinations in Japan and treatment proposals for her malignant disease since August 2022. I found in medical record that there had been the fatal error in monitoring the disease, ignored second opinion, and the administration of the wrong chemotherapy / immunotherapy in November 2023 and February 2024. These were real evidence that violation of patient’s right. A monitoring system to ensure proper medical treatment for patients is needed in the medical community. Future legislation protecting the rights and interests of patients is also needed in the legal field as well.

To facilitate the sharing of medical and health information across jurisdictions, harmonizing related practices appears to be essential. It is highly likely that governments and legal professionals will consider establishing international treaties or agreements for this purpose. However, it remains questionable whether they can effectively harmonize the actual practices of medical and healthcare professionals.

A more practical and swift approach, suitable for jurisdictions with diverse personal information protection laws, would involve implementing measures that ensure the collection of evidence demonstrating prior and express informed consent, and the ability for patients and other data subjects to withdraw consent. These measures should also aim to minimize the burden on both medical and healthcare service providers and the data subjects. Furthermore, if these measures become de facto standards—and ideally evolve into de jure standards—they would help domestic courts recognize practices compliant with these standards as lawful.

To design measures that face less resistance across various jurisdictions, efforts should be made to minimize conflicts with existing personal information protection legislation. A key aspect of this involves maintaining a straightforward informed consent process. Typically, this process includes disclosing the scope and purpose of using certain personal information and securing either implied or express consent from the data subject. The author suggests reforms in the practice of obtaining informed consent for sharing medical and health data, recommending the use of a common ITC platform to provide information and secure informed consent.

Interestingly, there are many unresolved mysteries. Thus, if the result of a pharmacological effect cannot be explained, it is most convenient to declare this fact as a “placebo effect”! In Germany a comprehensive Acupuncture study showed to be effective [1], however, skeptical scientists [2] pretend that these Acupuncture results have fallen under the “placebo effect”. This statement is irrelevant to those that have been healed. It is important to strengthen the “Placebo Effect” instead of using opioids [3]! The focus of this contribution is to develop different hypotheses to explain the mystery of the placebo effect! Is the placebo effect a physical resonance effect of the human body with the drug substance if both systems can be described by an Einstein - Debye model of harmonic oscillators? Is the cause of the Placebo effect the human propensity of self-healing which can be triggered by methods such as Tai Chi, the Nishino Breathing Method, by Qi Gong and by other methods such pleasant music, vibrations, pleasant figures, shapes, pleasant environment such as healthy power spots at sacred sites i.e. places of worship such as monasteries, temples etc. Interestingly, such power spots can be detected by experienced and talented dowsers. In this context, dowsing and the search for water, applied kinesiology [4] also is considered as pseudoscience, and part of alternative medicine. However, it is difficult to explain why sensitive dowsers and practitioners in kinesiology using “muscle testing” instead of a “pendulum” as instrument for dowsing usually agree in testing the positive effect of supplements, drugs or food. Hahnemann realized that the more he diluted a substance dissolved in water the pharmacological effect became more pronounced, even in the case that due to the continuous dilution statistically no molecule of the active ingredient is present. This incredible phenomenon leads to the conclusion that homoeopathy [5] is a pseudoscientific system. However, five reasons are mentioned, why homeopathic preparations were reported to be successful: 1)  placebo effect; The therapeutic effect of consultation; Unassisted natural healing [5]; Unrecognized treatments; Regression towards the mean [5]. This long list leads to the tentative conclusion that homeopathy seems to be effective.  Modern advocates of homeopathy have proposed the concept of “water memory”, according to which water "remembers" the substances mixed and transmits the effect when consumed. In 1988, Jacques Benveniste published a paper in the journal Nature while working at INSERM supporting the idea of Hahnemann. However, he was forced to withdraw his paper against his will. Interestingly, Nobel Laureate Luc Montagnier, who was credited with identifying the AIDS virus, subsequently took up Benveniste's work on water memory.  He and several other scientists claimed to have successfully replicated Benveniste's experiments. Thus, additional research is needed so that Hahnemann’s work is officially recognized. Hypnotic medicine describes the use of hypnosis in psychotherapy. Unfortunately, the efficacy of hypnotherapy is not well supported by scientific evidence. Hypnotherapy was used to sedate a patient before surgery. Interestingly, there is evidence of hypnosis in ancient cultures. Galenic Pharmacy was originally describing Pharmaceutical Technology according to Galen (born in 131, in Pergamon, Greece. Galen was a physician, pharmacist, natural scientist, nutritional scientist and philosopher. The remedies of Galen did not consist of a single substance but of a combination of different herbs and other products like the contemporary Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). The efficacy of the Galen recipes included remedies against human poisons since the emperors were interested in their chance of surviving poisoning. TCM also is considered as alternative medicine. Humanity needs to realize that there is a close correlation between a healthy and a peaceful society. Nations at war lead to a sick society and to collateral damage. The World Health Organization, WHO, takes care of a sustainable global/planetary health system. In this context, it makes sense that WHO also takes care of a sustainable peaceful world. Ideally such a peace initiative should be proposed by the 2024 SIPS summit and supported by Nobel Laureates attending this SIPS summit in Crete. Will computational science and Artificial Intelligence close the gap between the exact natural sciences, the technological sciences and the humanities/social sciences and lead us to appreciate the knowledge of ancient cultures? Can we stimulate open mindedness, transdisciplinary sciences, love for peace and tolerance under the umbrella of a strict ethical Codex?

It was not easy to find detailed information on the life of Nicolas of Flue such as the book¹ “Brother Klaus, Man of Two Worlds” by Christina Yates. She was educated at a Quaker co-educational Boarding school in Somerset, England. In Geneva, Switzerland, she worked from 1926-1927 at the Friends International Centre established during the early years of the League of Nations, today: United Nations. Quakers² were known to refuse to participate in war, to swear oaths and were opposed to slavery. Anabaptists also refused to participate in a war being prosecuted by Catholic and Protestant authorities. In this context, the father of Niklaus Leuenberger³, head of the peasant revolt in 1653, was also an Anabaptist. 

In 1947, in recognition of their dedication to peace, Quakers¹ were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Quakers² introduced the Bill of Rights to the U.S. Constitution, trial by jury, equal rights for men and women, and public education. From 1953 - 1970 Christina Yates was teaching English at the Ecole d’Humanite following Paul Geheeb’s educational principles⁴ in the Bernese Oberland. During this time, she spent several years studying extensive French and German literature on the life of Nicolas of Flue. Her book consists of 4 parts, describing his “Life” (I), citing “Eyewitnesses” (II), describing “The Other Dimension” (III) and “Brother Klaus Today” (IV). Part III is related to the Man of the Two worlds: Klaus, he has experienced war, -brutal hand to hand combat with pike and lance - as brave soldier being promoted to the rank of a captain, he also sat on the bench with magistrates accepting bribes. Knowing the deficiencies of his own community, he suffered from depression until he retired as hermit in a wooden shack in the Ranft close to his former home. Brother Klaus had several visions triggering the curiosity¹ of C.G. Jung (Carl Jung - Wikipedia). Christina describes the controversy regarding the incrediblefasting of Brother Klaus, since the local people wondered if he was receiving food secretly. Albrecht von Bonstetten, a nobleman, describes Brother Klaus as of “low birth” since he had no higher education. Thus, Klaus needed the support of Brother Ulrich¹ for writing letters to authorities. Ulrich was an educated man, who established in an “arrow shot” distance¹ his own hermit cell. Thus, Brother Klaus was happy that his youngest son enrolled as student at the University of Basel. 

The differentiation between noble families and free people evolved only later, since the noble family “von Schweinsberg - Attinghausen” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweinsberg_Castle) of the  Canton of Uri and Bern sided with the free farmers playing an important role in the foundation of Switzerland. The birth of the concept of the “armed political Swiss neutrality” can be summarized with the following statements¹ by Brother Klaus: “O dear friends, don’t make your fence too wide, the better to remain in peace, calm and unity in your honorable and hard-won liberty. Don’t burden yourselves with foreign affairs, don’t join up with foreign rulers, guard against dissension and self-seeking. Protect your fatherland and cleave it to it. Do not foster intentional love of fighting, but if anyone attacks you, then fight bravely for freedom and fatherland”. Edgar Bonjour‘s extensive work consists of nine volumes on the history of the Swiss neutrality⁵. A sustainable healthy world only can be realized in the case of peace. Thus, the author of this abstract supports the idea of Prof Marcel Tanner that the World Health Organization (WHO) also addresses a peaceful planet thanks to the creation of the WHO Peace Initiative by using the tools of the International Council of Harmonization by establishing a special ICH-EPC team⁷ with the goal of Easing and Preventing Conflicts (EPC).

There are more and more approaches to try and understand the world of feeling such as love, hate, fear, anger and so on plus consciousness in general, sub- and un-consciousness via quantum concepts. A standard drawback to such attempts seems to result from the old problem that our current quantum theory is not of metric origin or – in other words – does not appear to be fully compatible with Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity [1]. This lack of a true Quantum Gravity Theory does seem to be the major obstacle for all our attempts to understand consciousness. After all, it well could be that our feelings and consciousness in general, potentially embedding both quantum and cosmic scales, require a truly scale invariant and thus, metric theory. 

In order to overcome these difficulties, we explicitly tried to avoid to “push” any existing theory into the comprehension of the human mind and all its derivatives but, instead, started our consideration with the assumption that everything, including consciousness, may consist of attributes or properties. Subjecting these properties to a general Hamilton extremal principle, thereby using the Riemann theory and Hilbert techniques, we – most surprisingly – ended up in generalized Einstein-Field-Equations [2, 3, 4]. These equations do not only contain the full Theory of General Relativity [1], but – lo and behold – also include all main quantum equations, be it for bosonic or fermionic entities. The whole ensemble undoubtedly has the characteristics of a Quantum Gravity Theory and the best part of it is, that it was already there for about 109 years [5]. 

In this talk, we are going to apply our approach onto the interesting field of love and the topic of feelings in general [3, 6]. Thereby, we will not only consider the aspect of feelings of an individual but also investigate phenomena coming into play where ensembles of human beings entangle. This reaches from observations of so-called mass formations to the simple question whether an economic entity - a company - can be good [4]?

There are more and more approaches to try and understand the world of feeling such as love, hate, fear, anger and so on plus consciousness in general, sub- and un-consciousness via quantum concepts. A standard drawback to such attempts seems to result from the old problem that our current quantum theory is not of metric origin or – in other words – does not appear to be fully compatible with Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity [1]. This lack of a true Quantum Gravity Theory does seem to be the major obstacle for all our attempts to understand consciousness. After all, it well could be that our feelings and consciousness in general, potentially embedding both quantum and cosmic scales, require a truly scale invariant and thus, metric theory. 

In order to overcome these difficulties, we explicitly tried to avoid to “push” any existing theory into the comprehension of the human mind and all its derivatives but, instead, started our consideration with the assumption that everything, including consciousness, may consist of attributes or properties. Subjecting these properties to a general Hamilton extremal principle, thereby using the Riemann theory and Hilbert techniques, we – most surprisingly – ended up in generalized Einstein-Field-Equations [2, 3, 4]. These equations do not only contain the full Theory of General Relativity [1], but – lo and behold – also include all main quantum equations, be it for bosonic or fermionic entities. The whole ensemble undoubtedly has the characteristics of a Quantum Gravity Theory and the best part of it is, that it was already there for about 109 years [5]. 

In this talk, we are going to apply our approach onto the interesting field of love and the topic of feelings in general [3, 6]. Thereby, we will not only consider the aspect of feelings of an individual but also investigate phenomena coming into play where ensembles of human beings entangle. This reaches from observations of so-called mass formations to the simple question whether an economic entity - a company - can be good [4]?

Businesses, governments, and individuals have significant immigration needs in the global economy.  But they have competing interests.  Businesses are desperate to find the most talented human resources and most lucrative markets, and individuals are desperate to find the most rewarding employment and environments for themselves and their families.  Governments desire to attract the greatest talents and increase economic activity while also protecting its local workforce. Is it possible to balance their interests and have everyone’s core needs met?  Is it possible to achieve justice for all?

Foreign entrepreneurs and international businesses must have routes to establish and operate businesses in new global markets, generating revenue and offering employment opportunities locally and globally.  Individuals need feasible ways to obtain visas in a timely manner to accept global employment assignments and to establish themselves in new settings.  Countries must develop realistic and reliable paths for foreign experts and workers to establish and build businesses in order to drive research and innovation, and to solidify their strength and place in the global economy.  

This session will explore the competing interests and encourage a lively discussion regarding paths to meet the needs of all those involved.  
 

Therapeutic Jurisprudence (“TJ”) is an approach to law which highlights “wellbeing” as an important component of the legal system [1]. Inspired by an excellent article by Harmony Decosimo at Suffolk University[2], the aim of this paper is to prove that applying law in a TJ manner is a simple and “ready to use” tool to fulfill the revised ABA Standards for the development of a professional identity in the legal profession [3] that state that: “Professional identity focuses on what it means to be a lawyer and the special obligations lawyers have to their clients and society and that the development of a professional identity should involve an intentional exploration of the values, guiding principles, and well-being practices considered foundational to successful legal practice”.  To this purpose we will present a set of TJ legal values creating the “lens” through which professionals can apply the law in a “better and more fulfilling way” and a collection of examples of different legal roles that can give tangible ideas of professional identity formation.

The concept of sustainability has been somehow politized in terms of unilaterally extracting it from its core basis. Following the definition of FLOGEN Sustainability Framework the 3 criteria of sustainability that must be reached simultaneously are economic growth, environmental protection, and social development. As per this definition there are 3 factors that can help or hinder sustainability: Science and Technology, Governance and Management and education of civil society. In this paper a depoliticized sensible approach to a balance in environment and energy considerations of sustainability will be presented, depoliticizing its concept.

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As the global community grapples with the escalating challenges posed by climate change, the imperative to mitigate carbon emissions becomes increasingly urgent. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology stands at the forefront of climate solutions, offering a transformative approach to reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from industrial processes and energy production. This paper delves into the multifaceted world of CCS, exploring its pivotal role in addressing climate change and fostering clean energy transitions, integrating hydrogen technology as well.

The global push for reducing carbon emissions has highlighted CCS as a key technology. Greece, with its commitment to sustainable development, is making significant strides in this area. This paper aims to examine Greece's contributions and initiatives in advancing CCS technology, focusing on technical challenges, legal frameworks, policy recommendations, economic and regulatory incentives, and innovations in CCS technology. The study employs a comprehensive review of technical advancements, legal documents, policy papers, and economic analyses. It also incorporates interviews with experts and case studies of successful CCS projects in Greece.

By investigating Greece’s role in advancing CCS and its collaborations on the European stage, this paper underscores the significance of CCS as a critical tool in combating climate change. Greece’s proactive engagement with experts, alignment with EU directives, and establishment of a robust legal framework position it as a leader in CCS advancements within Europe and on the global stage. As CCS technology continues to evolve, it remains a beacon of hope in the collective efforts to secure a sustainable and greener world.

This paper explores how disputes are being channelled, gradually with the support of technology, to a menu of dispute resolution options, which for civil cases often favour non-binding processes that enable an amicable settlement prior to exploring a more costly, confrontational, and formal adjudicative process. Accordingly, this paper first examines how Dispute System Design seeks to identify the most suitable dispute resolution option, contributing to a greater variety of process pluralism and improving dispute prevention to avoid unnecessary escalation. Secondly, it examines how (English) courts and Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) processes steer disputants towards informal settlement options. Thirdly, the paper discusses how dispute resolution providers are leveraging data and technology to increase access and provide greater efficiency in the dispute resolution process. Lastly, the paper argues that as the number of litigants in person increases, there is a growing risk of alienating those who need the most protection from the civil justice system, thus adequate safeguards ought to be incorporated to prevent weaker parties from receiving second-class justice.

This paper reviews the largest marketplaces from the Dark Web, which have become a haven for illegal activities—ranging from drug sales to cybercrime—and unearths their dispute avoidance and resolution mechanisms that aim to increase trust in these dark markets. Illegal trading on the Dark Web owes its success from the enhanced security and transparency as well as for effective dispute resolution processes, which are unreviewable by traditional courts. The dispute system design of these processes include anonymity, informality, user-support, community involvement in decisions, adherence to transaction terms and dark market rules, encrypted communications, and blockchain-based enforcement. While these processes lack due process guarantees and are often skewed towards experienced vendors, they are very effective, transparent, and incentivise parties to settle. The paper discusses the adaptability of civil justice principles in these unregulated digital spaces, which ironically undermine the rule of law by fostering trust in illegal transactions and offers insights into how these innovative processes can inform the development of more robust online dispute resolution systems within the legal system.

The lack of Ethics in the academic world is a serious problem. The criticism of Jonathan Swift in Gulliver Travels (1726), is still valid [1]. In this sense, we remain in middle age. This is not the only obsolete thing nowadays: In the year 2000, The Roman Right of Roman Emperors is still used. Arminius revolt [2] was against the Roman code of laws, essentially. Maybe what makes the Roman ridiculous is the punishment system: jail for everything. The time of jail varies since 1-2 days to entire life. Also signing a confession (even if innocent) may result in condemnation.

Criticizing the authorities is always a risky task: Galileu Galilei was incarcerated for defending that the Earth orbits the Sun (and not the inverse). To avoid trouble, Copernicus asked to have his book published after his death. Criticizing “authorities” always is a risky task, because then “authorities” are no longer “authorities” and lose their political power, money and other assets.

In the 20^th Century Cecilia Payne was forced to change her conclusions in her PHD Thesis [3]. No Nobel Prize to her! By another hand, influential people are able to publish wrong papers. Everett was advised by John Weller [4], a very influential figure in the politics of Physics. Thus, the Many World hypothesis [4] was published (but it obviously violates the principle of conservation of energy!). Such absurd papers are published and can receive large number of citations. By another hand, Oliver Heaviside also almost was banned from scientific life [5]. No Nobel Prize for him!

There are Lobby for some authors. Thus, be careful about “invited papers”, which may even admit completely wrong ideas! The two more relevant corrupt issues are the “networking” and the Ponzi scheme. Correct papers are rejected, whereas wrong papers are accepted and even published several times. Editors and Referees are “rigorous” with some authors, and lenient with others. The Ponzi (or pyramid) scheme makes that the PHD candidate always have to confirm the thesis of the advisor. 

Here it is discussed on how we can escape from such corrupt system. The Fourier series were presented in 1807, but Poisson, Legendre and others denied its publication [6]. Soon after Fourier published a book (by his own) in 1822, Fourier was elected for the Royal Society [7]  (but 15 years were missed)! Conclusion: The soapbox oratory is the ultimate solution [8].

Climate change has a major impact on human rights and is a global pressing issue. Yet, several gaps remain as to the obligations of states and other stakeholders in light of the climate crisis. It is thus unsurprising to observe the current trend to turn to international and regional tribunals to interpret or clarify the scope and content of rights and obligations in relation to climate change. The interconnection between human rights principles and climate change are clear,  from ensuring accountability and an effective remedy, to preventing the negative impact of climate change on the enjoyment of human rights. Against this background, this presentation will explore the diverse links between human rights and climate change, specifically in relation to mitigation, adaptation and remedying climate change harms. First, the paper will focus on exploring the impact of human rights on climate action. It twill then dwell upon exploring the initiatives in the international scene, from regional courts to United Nations bodies, which clarify the rights and obligations relating to human rights and the climate emergency. Finally, the paper will analyse the right to an effective remedy in relation to harms caused by climate change.

The following personnels will give a welcoming speech to Anastassakis International Symposium: 

1. Prof. Dr. Ioannis Chatjigeorgiou, Rector of National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Greece
2. Dr. Peter Tzeferis, Mineral Raw Materials General Directorate, Greek Ministry of Environment and Energy, on behalf of: Ms ALEXANDRA SDOUKOU, Deputy Minister of Greek Ministry of Environment and Energy
3. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Spyridon Papaefthymiou, Deputy Dean, School of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering NTUA, Greece 
4. Mr. Ioannis Michalakis, M.Sc., Head of the Regional Branch of Crete, Hellenic Survey of Geology and Mineral Exploration H.S.G.M.E.
5. Mr. Christos Kavalopoulos, General Director of Greek Mining Enterprises Association

Following a brief description of the background, a life timeline of industrial and scientific activity for 35 years will be presented. First, there will be presented the scientific work done, experiences gained and memories of working for 2 years as engineer in LARCO GMM SA Ferronickel Company. 

The scientific activity at National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) will follow along with the scientific achievements, the experience gained as visiting researcher in Columbia University, evaluator of the Research Excellence Center of MiMer, member of Scientific Bodies and Committees in the field of Mineral Processing, etc.

The establishment during thirty-five years as professor, researcher and Scientist of many collaborations with the best universities and professors in the world and lifetime lessons will be presented.

Global competition for resources will become fierce in the coming decade. Dependence on mineral raw materials may soon replace today's dependence on oil.  The EU's ambition to become the first climate-neutral economy by 2050, and its ability to sustain the green and digital transition and achieve strategic autonomy, all rely heavily on reliable, secure, and resilient access to raw materials. The European Commission defined strategic and critical raw materials based on objective criteria including their economic importance and their supply risk (CRMs). In an important move to secure the supply of essential raw materials, the European Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA) entered into force on 23 May 2024, introducing the concept of strategic raw materials (SRMs), which are key for some strategic technologies and vulnerable to shortages and setting specific ambitious benchmarks for extraction, processing, recycling, and supply diversification through strategic partnerships with mineral rich countries for 2030. Greece is a EU country with a significant mineral resources in terms of quality, quantity and variety of ores, minerals and aggregates. Also, there is satisfactory legislation framework, funding opportunities and a political support to start and implement investments in the sector. Greece’s mineral potential is largely contained in State-owned areas and includes resources with CRMs. Our strategic goal is to unlock the existing mineral potential and reform the Greek mining industry. The national steps for raw materials sector according to MOEE΄s action plan 2024 and EU CRMA are described in detail.

Based on recent studies, the Greek Mining Industry has an important contribution to the Greek Gross Product, providing a competitive advantage for the Greek economy, and supplying raw materials that are key prerequisites for important economic-industrial activities as well as raw materials necessary to the EU economy and international market.

It possesses a remarkable share to the reduction of the dependence of EU economy from imported raw materials and an important role to the country’s exports. The contribution of the Greek Extractive Industry to the employment, especially in the province is a noteworthy fact. 

Some of the ores and minerals produced in Greece are highly ranked at international level. Just to mention some:

Magnesite: larger exporter in Europe

Perlite: 1^st world wide

Bauxite: largest producer in Europe, key for the remarkable national aluminum industry 

Bentonite: 1^st in Europe, 2^nd world wide

Marble: Global leader, famous for its quality 

Concerning the future:

Greek Extractive Industry has the potential to increase its share to the Greek GDP from 3% today to 7%, thanks to the variety of ores and minerals existing in the country and their significant reserves.

Additionally, the existing potential of Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA) is expected to provide the country with a comparative advantage and economic benefits. As a proof:

• Four (4) CRMs (15% of the CRMA list) and one (1) strategic is in production now
• Four (4) are at the position to be extracted
• Five (5) are in the level of geological research to ensure the receivable deposits (Antimony, copper, gallium, germanium, graphite).

Finally, concerning the green transition, specific exploration research is on progress aiming at the discovery of suitable geological formations to ensure appropriate Carbon Capture Utilization System (CCUS) installation.

This study presents the primary results from field campaigns conducted in the Messara Basin, Crete, emphasizing the hydrogeological conditions and sustainability challenges in the region (Pictures 4-14). Geological maps at scales of 1:50,000 and 1:200,000 (Pictures 1-2) were foundational in understanding the basin’s geological framework and were used for hydrolithological classification, providing a detailed analysis of the hydrolithological characteristics linked to the region's geological features. Groundwater levels in the basin exhibit significant seasonal variations, largely due to over-exploitation for irrigation, raising critical sustainability concerns. Effective groundwater management requires systematic data collection and precise utilization of primary data (Picture 3). Despite the involvement of various authorities in localized groundwater management, the absence of a comprehensive, large-scale framework hinders the creation of a detailed master plan. Addressing this gap necessitates systematic fieldwork aimed at delineating the boundaries of groundwater systems.

The lack of a detailed hydrogeological map complicates the management of the region’s essential groundwater resources, which are crucial for irrigation. Changes in groundwater head were studied, identifying areas of generalized groundwater depressions, with maximum changes analyzed from May 2021 to October 2023 (Pictures 6-10). Additionally, data from the European Ground Motion Service (EGMS) were analyzed to detect induced land subsidence in the basin (Pictures 11-12). These findings were combined with areas of groundwater depressions for further investigation. The recent poor hydrological conditions over the past four years have exacerbated the sustainability crisis, posing significant economic and social challenges to the future of the Messara Basin.

The world is couming bulimically raw materials and the demand for metals skyrockets. Securing raw materials, processing industrial minerals, enabling higher recycling rates targeting zero residuals production, utilizing advanced manufacturing techniques together with established mass production and forming methods, tailoring materials and alloys to service conditions, mastering extreme environments set the prerequisites for the ongoing shift, both digital and green. Hence, raw materials, recycling, metals and alloys tailored to even the most extreme conditions underline today’s importance in the geopolitical chess board. At the same time, the 4^th industrial revolution affects also the minerals industry value chain. All these challenges bring the School of Mining & Metallurgical Engineering (SMME) again at the epicenter of academia and industry. Dedicated to actively addressing societal needs through the lens of sustainability, responsible resource management, and a profound respect for local communities, the SMME adapts to these challenges and prepares future leaders in the field.

Xanthates is a family of highly efficient collectors, widely used in the industry of sulphide minerals flotation, which, however is considered toxic and hazardous to the environment, and can pose significant risks to aquatic life and human health. The need for its replacement by other more environmental friendly reagents is of vital importance towards a more sustainable extractive industry.

Organosolv lignin  is natural, biodegradable material that possesses a low carbon footprint compared to the conventional reagents. The study investigates the potentiality of the use of organosolv lignin as collector in the flotation of metalic sulphide minerals (sphalerite, pyrite/arsenopyrite) from greek mixed sulphides. Critical parameters under investigation was the collector dosage and composition, while the efficiency of the collector formula was evaluated according to the achieved selectivity, grade and recovery. To simulate and evaluate the performance of the optimum formula under realistic operating conditions, locked cycle flotation tests were carried out and the results are discussed.

The generation of WEEE in Europe has been increasing steadily over the last decades and is expected to reach 14 million tonnes by 2021. Its composition, although highly dependent on the type of equipment treated, consists of a significant amount of plastics, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, and a small but relevant amount of precious metals and so-called rare earths. The recovery of valuable materials from WEEE is of particular interest due to the different legislation in place and the high concentration of WEEE, which is, in many cases, higher than that of primary ores. WEEE treatment and recovery lines start with manual sorting of easily identifiable equipment or components, followed by a shredding process to reduce the particle size and release the components. This is followed by physical concentration processes focused on the recovery of materials, the by-product is a plastic material with heterogeneous granulometry. The finest fraction of this plastic by-product contains relevant concentrations of different metals, whose concentration depends on the efficiency of the treatment plant. In the case of the treatment plan studied, these concentrations were approximately 33.0 g/kg of aluminium and 28.8 g/kg of copper.

The present study raised the possibility of generating a secondary treatment line, based on densimetric and gravimetric treatments to achieve the recovery of these valuable metals under the following perspectives: the generation of a dense product of metal concentrate and the obtaining of a light plastic waste that can be used as a by-product.

The first approach developed for this treatment was based on the direct use of a wet shaking table as a simple but precise gravimetric treatment. The results obtained after the setting of its operating parameters based on both technical manuals and the equipment operator's own experience showed a metallic concentrate product with aluminum and copper concentrations of 250 g/kg and 360 g/kg respectively and valuable yields of 15% for aluminum and 50% for copper. An intermediate-density product with potential for aluminum recovery (concentration of 100 g/kg and valuable yield of 50 %) was also observed. By the visual study of this treatment, it was observed that a large percentage of the wet shaking table classification surface was focused solely on the classification by density of the plastic fraction, which, in comparison with metals, has very low densities generally not exceeding 2.00 g/cm³. 

Based on this assumption, a preliminary material roughing treatment was proposed that would allow the precise recovery of plastics according to their density and, on the other hand, allow the vibrating table to work with a better quality material for separation. For this roughing process, the LARCODEMS dense media separator was used with two cutting densities, 1.00 g/cm3 (using water) for the precise recovery of light plastics suitable for energy recovery and 1.33 g/cm3 (using a calcium chloride brine) for the separation of the majority of plastics, minimizing the loss of valuable metals that could be encapsulated in the plastic material. After this pre-treatment, the pre-concentrated product would be placed on the vibrating table. The results obtained show that after the two roughing processes, the material to be treated was reduced to 26% of the raw material, obtaining a concentrated metallic product of 315 g/kg aluminum and 490 g/kg copper, with a valuable yield of 37% and 66% respectively. The intermediate density (aluminium-rich) product improved its properties with a concentration of approximately 230 g/kg and a recovery of 44%.

The results obtained show how the roughing process prior to concentration significantly improves the operation of the shaking table. The results obtained after this process show an improvement in the concentration of aluminum and copper of 25 and 35% respectively and their recovery of 145% and 32% respectively. Finally, the material recovered after first roughing, with a density of less than 1.00 g/cm3, can be used for further energy recovery.

Ferrous ores play a remarkable role in the development of human activities, over the decades; iron is of the most common and crucial elements in construction field; from household appliance to automotive and aerospace equipment [1-2]. This statement is highly supported, by the fact that the iron content in ferrous ores has been diminished throughout the years. With that being said, it was considered of high importance to explore new physicochemical methods of separation and recovery of pure iron from hematite ores with significantly low percentages in iron [3].

In this scientific paper, the separation and recovery of fine iron particles from artificial mixtures of hematite and limestone is being studied, as the demand for iron has become more and more imperative. Limestone is met in great percentages in hematite ores as gangue mineral, which led to its usage in the artificial textures. Sodium oleate and dodecylamine are used as collector reagents in the testing procedure. 

The testing procedure includes preliminary tests in single minerals, in order to define the most effective operation points of the aforementioned mixture (pH, collector dosage, conditioning time). Afterwards, hematite and limestone are both subjected to flotation tests separately, in order to determine their behavior, in presence of sodium oleate and dodecylamine, as collector reagents. The results are really promising, as hematite’s recovery is particularly high; 84.5% and 93.5% using sodium oleate and dodecylamine, respectively. On the other hand, limestone in single-minerals tests has remarkable behavior, as the usage of sodium oleate leads to 93.5% recovery; while 98.5% recovery is achieved by using dodecylamine as collector reagent.

Over the last five decades, nearly 6 million tonnes of oil have contaminated our oceans solely from tanker spills, according to Ritchie et al., 2022, posing severe environmental and economic risks. Despite the development of various methods to contain oil spills, even advanced technologies have limitations associated with environmental and economic factors. Conventional cleanup methods face limitations, such as smoke production from in situ burning and dependency on calm seas for booms and skimmers. Oil absorption using industrial minerals, like perlite or bentonite, although cost-effective still poses challenges regarding collection and treatment of the remaining product and byproducts. The proposed innovative solution integrates perlite absorption with bioremediation methods, by utilizing an inorganic carrier acting as a “living sponge”, hosting oil-degrading microorganisms. Perlite’s lightweight and buoyant nature, enhanced by bioremediation functionalities, allows it to float on water and facilitate easy deployment, making it reliable for immediate oil spill response, resulting in non-toxic residues, while supporting global sustainability goals by preserving marine ecosystems and promoting economic competitiveness.

The lead complex of benzohydroxamic (Pb-BHA), as an effective collector, has realized the mixed flotation of wolframite and scheelite to a certain extent. The Pb-BHA complex can be adsorbed on the surface of wolframite and scheelite by bonding with the O on the surface of tungsten minerals through the lead ion in the structure. However, current research cannot explain the detailed difference between wolframite and scheelite in flotation behavior and kinetic, and it is of great significance for the design of corresponding reagents and the development of efficient flotation flowsheets in actual ores. In this paper, the flotation behavior and kinetics of two tungsten minerals under the Pb-BHA system are systematically studied. The flotation rate constant K for scheelite(0.20) is higher than wolframite(0.16), which is the reason why the tungsten minerals lost in the actual tailings are mainly wolframite. Subsequently, the internal reasons for the difference in their flotation behaviors are analyzed through adsorption experiments, solution chemical analysis, and quantum chemical calculation. The quantum chemical calculation showed that the ΔE(|EHOMO(mineral)-ELUMO(Pb-BHA)|) for wolframite is lower than scheelite but the adsorption capacity of Pb-BHA on scheelite surface is higher than wolframite. The contradiction is further explained by the different interaction characteristics between water molecules and mineral surfaces. The pre-hydration degree of two tungsten mineral surfaces affects the adsorption of Pb-BHA, further influencing the hydrophobicity of the two mineral surfaces.

The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the existence of super cycles, i.e. long waves, in global energy production and consumption between 1900 and 2016. The statistical data indicate the presence of long waves in global energy production and consumption between 1956 and 1999. According to the econometric estimates, the peak of the cycle is in 1975, immediately after the 1973 global oil price shock. If the paper's econometric estimates are statistically valid, one might expect another super cycle in global primary energy production and consumption between 2000 and 2043, with the peak of the cycle occurring around 2020. In addition, policy makers and other stakeholders in the energy sector could utilise the results of this paper in forecasting future global energy supply and demand. To generalize the findings of this article, potential avenues for further research include broadening the analyses for specific energy products, most notably coal, oil and natural gas. 

The continuous rapid growth in the use of lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) for electric vehicles (EVs) and portable electronic devices has resulted in even increasing demands for lithium and other metals related to their production. This, in turn, has led to the generation of continuously increasing and alarming number of spent LiBs. [1] Spent LiBs contain heavy metals like cobalt, nickel, and manganese, thereby posing a significant environmental hazard if not managed accordingly [2]. However, these metals along with lithium are considered valuable and their recovery is deemed beneficial. Recycling of spent LiBs helps minimize pollution from their toxic components, while simultaneously recovering the contained valuable metals. [3] This paper provides a comprehensive view on the current state of LiB recycling technologies for recovering valuable metals, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of each approach in terms of efficiency and feasibility. Specifically, pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes, as well as direct recycling [4] are thoroughly discussed and evaluated, addressing problems and challenges. Moreover, the current and future market trends and regulatory landscape will be presented and examined. Additionally, recent advancements and prospects in the field are discussed.

Copper is one of the most demanded minerals by the global industrial sector, with approximately 20 million tons mined worldwide each year. Silver, another important technical and precious metal, sees production around 26 kt/y. The general trend of declining average grades in these deposits has made mining low-grade ores a reality for many mines worldwide. The sensor-based sorting has emerged as a significant pre-concentration solution for these cases. This study investigates the applicability of this technique to copper ore samples from the Cerro do Andrade deposit, located in Caçapava do Sul, southern Brazil. The primary product of interest is copper (Cu), with silver (Ag) as a by-product. Pre-concentration tests are ongoing at the UFRGS Mineral Processing Laboratory (LAPROM) using a dual-energy X-ray transmission (DE-XRT) sensor sorter. Were analyzed 32 ore samples (64-16 mm size fraction). Relative density histograms and false-color images were generated. This data, along with Cu and Ag grades, was assessed in Excel to estimate recoveries (metallurgical and mass), concentration factors, and Cu and Ag grades in tailings fractions. Some scenarios of tailings generation and reuse were also explored. The analyzed samples had an average of 0.83% Cu and 7.31 g/t Ag. Pre-concentration simulations yielded Cu grades in the product ranging from 0.9% to 1.0% and Ag grades of 7.8 to 8.8 g/t in the Range A. Waste grades varied from 0.02-0.20% Cu and 0.7-2.2 g/t Ag. Range B exhibited more stable Cu and Ag grades in the product (around 0.9% Cu and 11 g/t Ag). Mass recoveries ranged from 92-77% in the Range A and reached 70% in the Range B. Metallurgical recoveries remained high: 99-95% Cu in the Range A and above 94% in the Range B. Silver recoveries were also promising (99-93% in Range A, 90% in Range B). Considering a feed of 1,000 kt/y, estimated ROM mass after pre-concentration ranged from 833-675 kt/y of product and 167-325 kt/y of coarse tailings. Currently, these preliminary results hold great promise, demonstrating the potential for achieving significant outcomes through the implementation of sensor-based sorting pre-concentration in the Andrade Project. 

Laterites are valuable European sources to produce the critical battery metals cobalt, nickel, and manganese. In this study the wet-chemical leaching of pyrometallurgically treated laterites from the LARCO Ferronickel Plant in Greece was tested. It was shown that leaching with peroxydisulfate at 50°C allows to almost fully recover residual amounts of Co, Ni, and Mn from the rotary kiln dust and electric arc furnace (EAF) slag. The results of this study shows that EAF treatment followed by leaching the EAF slag is the most promising way. In sum, there were obtained ~ 65% overall yield of Co, ~95% overall yield Ni and ~100 % overall yield of Mn. In addition, up to 37% of chromium were mobilized and 98% of titanium, rendering this approach highly promising in terms of energy and resource efficiency and likewise overall process economy. As the successful development and application of this method in the field can increase the outcome of the plant by nearly ~50 million €/year.

To date, the main problem in the development of the mineral resource base has been the deterioration in the quality and technological properties of processed minerals. This has led to a significant decrease in the efficiency of traditional beneficiation techniques. These techniques are unable to meet industry standards in terms of the content of useful components, processing complexity, and environmental requirements.

The key factors determining the technological complexity of processing strategic raw minerals include: the dispersed connection between minerals of valuable components and waste rock, high complexity and variability in material composition, and the complexity of the morphology and separation of ore bodies involved in the processing. All these aspects significantly affect the efficiency of beneficiation processes and profitability of the final product.

The main directions for solving this problem are improving flotation beneficiation processes. The flexibility and versatility of flotation technologies allows increasing their efficiency through improving reagent regimes and intensification methods with the preceding grinding stage. Confirmation of the effectiveness of these solutions is possible through the use of complex numerical criteria based on experimental and theoretical studies of the physical and chemical properties of raw materials.

For numerical evaluation of the intensifying impacts during the grinding process, a semi-empirical criterion has been proposed, which characterizes the proportionality between the required specific energy for destruction and the relative reduction in the characteristic fineness of the product. This criterion is based on interpreting the Gibbs–Helmholtz equation in terms of the equivalence of energies expended on reducing the fineness and forming a new surface area. In grinding operations, the increase in the newly formed surface area is proportional to the energy spent breaking a certain amount of material, as described by Bond's law.

To establish the influence of variations in grinding and flotation technologies on beneficiation efficiency, a method for characterizing the distribution of materials by flotability has been proposed. This method allows for the numerical characterization of changes in the flotation ability of materials. The method is based on a probabilistic-kinetic approach to studying flotation, and it involves abstractly allocating flotability classes to materials according to their flotation properties. Each fraction of material is assigned a flotability value, which is proportional to the flotation constant rate of that fraction. The flotation index value represents the proportionality between the flotation recovery probability and the constant value of the fraction's flotation rate. Initial data for determining flotability functions are obtained from experimental studies of flotation kinetic enrichment using the γ model. The values of the flotation function characterize the distribution of materials into certain flotation classes and collectively represent a step function with an exponent b.

Thus, the criterion for intensifying the grinding process's efficiency will allow us to justify the most cost-effective ratio of particle size and energy consumption for the proposed ore preparation solutions. Parameters of floatability functions will allow estimating the effectiveness of new reagent regimens on the flotability of various ore components. Establishing correlations between these parameters will enable us to characterize the impact of intensified grinding on the efficiency of flotation processes.

This work was carried out within the grant of the Russian Science Foundation (Project № 23-47-00109).

By cooling a superconductor in a magnetic field the field configuration can be permanently frozen in the material. Offering this field configuration by a continuous magnetic track allows superconducting magnetic levitation along this track. Due to the attracting and repelling forces it is passively stable without any electronic control to suspend a vehicle which can hang under the track or is standing upright. Due to this intrinsic stability, the levitation itself does not consume any energy. These are perfect conditions for a rail-bound system like Hyperloop, an individual transport with cabins for 4 to 5 passengers, requested call by call. Also mass transportation is possible. The vehicles will be levitated without friction or noise over a track constructed of rare-earth permanent magnets. In this presentation we will report on SupraTrans II, a  research and test facility for such a transport system using bulk high-temperature superconductors in the levitation and guidance system, in combination with a permanent magnetic track,  which had originally been set up at IFW Dresden and can now be visited at KIT Karlsruhe. A  vehicle for 2 passengers, equipped with linear drive propulsion, noncontact energy supply, second braking system, and various test and measurement systems is running on an 80 m long oval driveway. In the presentation, the principle of superconducting levitation by flux pinning in bulk high-temperature superconductors will be described. Based on this, an overview of the SupraTrans II research facility and future directions of superconductivity­-based magnetic levitation and bearing for automation technology, transportation, and medical treatment under enhanced gravity will be given. Also the physics behind the “Back to the Future“ superconducting hoverboard, recently presented by Lexus, will be described.

By cooling a superconductor in a magnetic field the field configuration can be permanently frozen in the material. Offering this field configuration by a continuous magnetic track allows superconducting magnetic levitation along this track. Due to the attracting and repelling forces it is passively stable without any electronic control to suspend a vehicle which can hang under the track or is standing upright. Due to this intrinsic stability, the levitation itself does not consume any energy. These are perfect conditions for a rail-bound system like Hyperloop, an individual transport with cabins for 4 to 5 passengers, requested call by call. Also mass transportation is possible. The vehicles will be levitated without friction or noise over a track constructed of rare-earth permanent magnets. In this presentation we will report on SupraTrans II, a  research and test facility for such a transport system using bulk high-temperature superconductors in the levitation and guidance system, in combination with a permanent magnetic track,  which had originally been set up at IFW Dresden and can now be visited at KIT Karlsruhe. A  vehicle for 2 passengers, equipped with linear drive propulsion, noncontact energy supply, second braking system, and various test and measurement systems is running on an 80 m long oval driveway. In the presentation, the principle of superconducting levitation by flux pinning in bulk high-temperature superconductors will be described. Based on this, an overview of the SupraTrans II research facility and future directions of superconductivity­-based magnetic levitation and bearing for automation technology, transportation, and medical treatment under enhanced gravity will be given. Also the physics behind the “Back to the Future“ superconducting hoverboard, recently presented by Lexus, will be described.

Two aspects of magneto-optics are reviewed that have hardly be considered in the past: (i) For Magneto-optical Kerr Effect (MOKE) magnetometry it will be shown that the obtained hysteresis loops need to be interpreted very carefully as they are measured locally, determined by the internal (not applied) magnetic field and by local magnetization processes [1]. MOKE hysteresis loops are therefore in most cases significantly different from integrally measured loops on the same specimen. (ii) For wide-field MOKE microscopy numerous magneto-optical effects will be discussed that lead to intensity-based domain contrasts in the absence of analyser and compensator, which are the main optical components in conventional MOKE microscopy [2]. This includes the Transverse Kerr effect, a novel 45°-dichroic effect (Oppeneer effect), the Magnetic Linear Dichroism effect, and the Dichroic Gradient effect. All these effects require linearly polarized light for illumination. A further effect is the Magnetic Circular Dichroism effect that requires circularly polarised illumination. 

Two aspects of magneto-optics are reviewed that have hardly be considered in the past: (i) For Magneto-optical Kerr Effect (MOKE) magnetometry it will be shown that the obtained hysteresis loops need to be interpreted very carefully as they are measured locally, determined by the internal (not applied) magnetic field and by local magnetization processes [1]. MOKE hysteresis loops are therefore in most cases significantly different from integrally measured loops on the same specimen. (ii) For wide-field MOKE microscopy numerous magneto-optical effects will be discussed that lead to intensity-based domain contrasts in the absence of analyser and compensator, which are the main optical components in conventional MOKE microscopy [2]. This includes the Transverse Kerr effect, a novel 45°-dichroic effect (Oppeneer effect), the Magnetic Linear Dichroism effect, and the Dichroic Gradient effect. All these effects require linearly polarized light for illumination. A further effect is the Magnetic Circular Dichroism effect that requires circularly polarised illumination. 

Amorphous magnetic wires can exhibit unique magnetic properties, such as magnetic bistability [1] and/or Giant Magneto-Impedance, GMI, effect associated with excellent magnetic softness [2]. Additionally, amorphous materials are also characterized by superior mechanical and corrosion properties [3]. Such combination of physical properties makes the amorphous wires attractive for a variety of industrial applications, such as magnetic and magnetoelastic sensors or tunable metamaterials [2,4]. One of the latest trends in the development of amorphous magnetic wires is to reduce their size and expand their functionality through protective coatings. Among the most effective solutions for the production of thin amorphous magnetic wires is the so-called Taylor-Ulitovsky method, allowing the preparation of microwires with rather extended diameters range from 100 nm to 100 µm coated with an insulating, flexible and biocompatible glass coating [4]. The performance of GMI effect based sensors and devices can be significantly improved by using materials with higher GMI effect. Typically, the highest GMI ratio of about 200-300% is observed in Co-rich magnetic wires with vanishing magnetostriction coefficients, λ_s [2]. While, in carefully processed magnetic microwires, GMI ratios of up to 650% have been obtained [4]. However, the reported GMI ratios are still below the theoretically predicted 3000% [2]

Consequently, in this paper we provide our latest attempt on optimization of the magnetic softness and GMI effect in Co-rich glass-coated magnetic microwires.We studied the effect of annealing on the hysteresis loops and the GMI ratio of Co-rich microwires. Surprisingly, after conventional annealing, in most of Co-rich microwires, magnetic hardening and transformation of a linear hysteresis loop into a rectangular one with a higher coercive force are observed. However, stress-annealing allows preventing magnetic hardening and remarkably improve GMI ratio. Properly stress-annealed samples present almost unhysteretic loops with coercivity about 2 A/m and magnetic anisotropy field about 35A/m. A remarkable GMI ratio improvement up to 735% is observed after annealing of Co-rich microwires at appropriate conditions. Observed magnetic softening and GMI ratio improvement have been discussed considering the internal stresses relaxation, induced magnetic anisotropy and a change in the magnetostriction coefficient sign and values with increasing of annealing temperature.

Permanent magnets (PM) are vital components of the green transition. However, the criticality of rare-earth elements (REE) [1] needed for their manufacture makes them of great strategic, geopolitical, and socio-economic importance, making it an urgent need to develop alternative REE-free magnets. The best-performing PMs are based on REEs, while lower-performance PMs use ferrites. [2] Due to the high performance of REE magnets, most modern devices employ them, as they are lighter and lead to better efficiency. Unfortunately, REEs are critical raw materials owing to their supply risk and price volatility, and also their harmful environmental impacts. [3,4] One of the main solutions focuses on improving the performance of alternative rare-earth-free or rare-earth-lean magnets co-designed with motors or generators for greater efficiency.

This study focuses on a consolidation of ferrite-based permanent magnets by means of novel Pressure-less Spark Plasma Sintering Technique (PSPS). PSPS process uses the Joule heating effect to elevate the temperature in the heating die, which is transferred to the sample via thermal radiation. The method allows very high heating rates (up to 900 °/min) and short retention times in a matter of minutes. Thus, the grain growth is suppressed. 

The starting material for the study was recycled Sr-ferrite powder obtained from the injection bonded magnets’ production waste. Processing and consolidation parameters were tailored to achieve dense magnets. The phase composition, microstructural analysis and magnetic properties of starting powders and sintered magnets were evaluated. 

Acknowledgement: This research has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement No. 101003575 (ERA-MIN3, project GENIUS), and Slovenian national research agency (P2-0087, P2-0405, P2-0412). 

Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) have been intensively investigated because of their special mechanical properties as amorphous materials and their unique glass transition state. However, the atomic-scale origins of their behavior have not been unequivocally clarified. To explain their properties, structural models of BMGs and their small-scale deformation behavior have been proposed but not yet confirmed due to the inability of conventional measurement approaches to characterize samples at the relevant scale. For example, local structural analysis of glasses at the atomic scale using methods such as transmission electron microscopy or neutron/x-ray scattering is challenging due to the material’s disordered nature. In contrast, scanning probe microscopes and nanoindenters possess the potential of direct nanometer-scale observation local glass structure and mechanical properties. But even with these approaches, extraction of meaningful data is challenging due to the difficulty to prepare clean, atomically flat surfaces of BMG. This is because a surface roughness of some nanometers, standard with most sample preparation techniques, may alter the results of local testing if the volumes probed are nanometer-sized as well.

In this talk, we will be reviewing our recent progress in developing novel imprinting and fabrication methods of metallic glasses that can produce both atomically flat surfaces with sub-nanometer-scale features and samples with well-defined nanometer- and micron-sized total volumes as well as their subsequent use for the study of their nanometer-scale structural and mechanical properties. Imprinting is realized via thermoplastic forming of BMGs [1,2] and, alternately, by magnetron sputtering of general metallic glasses [3]. The capability of imprinting at an atomic scale enriches the range of applications of BMGs and brings a new way to directly characterize heterogeneity, relaxation, and crystallization in BMGs [4, 5]. It also allows to study onset of yielding and the local plastic flow mechanisms of BMGs in the limit of very small activation volumes (about 1000 atoms). The experiments revealed a much higher yield stress compared to the value obtained by conventional nanoindentation testing, followed by homogeneous plastic flow [6]. These atomic-scale results are contrasted to the larger-scale model that explains plastic deformation of BMG as originating from the finite STZs activation. Finally, current work is aimed at producing large numbers (>1000) of well defined, uniform micron- or nanometer-scaled pillars that can be used to explore the deformation behavior of BMGs under compression as a function of sample volume and compression rate in a statistically relevant manner. 

The scientific and technological exploration of three-dimensional magnetic nanostructures is an emerging research field with exciting novel physical phenomena, originating from the increased complexity in spin textures, topology, and frustration in three dimensions. The concept of chirality which requires three dimensions, is essential to understand e.g., fundamental interactions in cosmology and particle physics, the evolution of life in biology, or molecular chemistry, but has recently also attracted enormous interest in the magnetism community. Tailored three-dimensional nanomagnetic structures, including in artificial spin ice systems or magnonics will enable novel applications in magnetic sensor and information processing technologies with improved energy efficiency, processing speed, functionalities, and miniaturization of future spintronic devices. 

Another approach to explore and harness the full three-dimensional space is to use curvature as a design parameter, where the local curvature impacts physical properties across multiple length scales, ranging from the macroscopic to the nanoscale at interfaces and inhomogeneities in materials with structural, chemical, electronic, and magnetic short-range order. In quantum materials, where correlations, entanglement, and topology dominate, the local curvature opens the path to novel phenomena that have recently emerged and could have a dramatic impact on future fundamental and applied studies of materials. Particularly, magnetic systems hosting non-collinear and topological states and 3D magnetic nanostructures strongly benefit from treating curvature as a new design parameter to explore prospective applications in the magnetic field and stress sensing, micro-robotics, and information processing and storage.

Exploring 3d nanomagnetism requires advances in modelling/theory, synthesis/fabrication, and state-of-the-art nanoscale characterization techniques to understand, realize and control the properties, behavior, and functionalities of these novel magnetic nanostructures.

I will summarize and review the challenges but also the opportunities ahead of us in the future exploration of nanomagnetism in three dimensions. 

This work was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences and Engineering Division under Contract No. DE-AC02-05-CH11231 (NEMM program MSMAG).

Intermetallic compounds of 4f and 3d elements, especially Fe and Co were intensively investigated in the 20^th century, and the roles of crystal structure, exchange and crystal field  were elucidated.  Important consequences were  rational design permanent magnets with strong uniaxial anisotropy using an appropriate light rare earth (SmCo₅, Nd₂Fe₁₄B), uniaxial ferrimagnets with compensation (TbCo₃) and cubic ferrimagnets with strong magnetostriction but no net anisotropy (Tb_0.3Dy_0.7)Fe₂. Analogous compounds with the nonmagnetic rare earth yttrium were invaluable for isolating the 3d contribution to the magnetism.  When high-quality metallic thin films began to be produced by sputtering 1970s, it was found that some 4f-3d binaries could be deposited as amorphous films which exhibited perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Ferrimagnetic Gd-Fe-Co magneto-optic recording media with compensation point writing were an interesting, if commercially limited development [1]. Amorphous alloys with strongly anisotropic rare earth elements tend to have magnetic ground-states where the rare earth moments freeze along randomly-oriented axes, with a net magnetic moment — parallel or antiparallel to that of Fe or Co [2], and a new series of random noncollinear magnetic structures was discovered.

A revival of interest in these materials has been spurred by several developments. One is the reappraisal of transverse magnetotransport  (anomalous, spin and orbital Hall effects) in terms of real- or reciprocal-space Berry curvature. Atomic-scale simulations of atomic and magnetic structures have improved greatly in the past 50 years. Also, the observation in 2013 of ultra-fast single-pulse all-optical toggle switching in thin films of perpendicular ferrimagnetic amorphous Gd_x(FeCo)_1-x with x ≈ 0.25 opened new perspectives for magneto-optic applications, and understanding of the transient collapse of magnetization and anisotropy [3]. Proposals for using these thin films for as magnetic switches modulate an optical signal at frequencies of up 100 GHz raises the possibility of multiplexing the existing  global fibre-optic communication system and increasing its capacity by a factor of five. 

A new study of spin and orbital magnetism and magnetotransport in amorphous R­­_1-x­Co_x will be presented, which allows a reassessment of the noncollinear magnetic structures of amorphous alloys with a heavy rare earth, Th, Dy or Er and its temperature dependence and field dependence in the vicinity of the magnetic compensation point T_comp. The corresponding amorphous yttrium alloys are remarkably soft ferromagnets despite the strong random anisotropy experienced by the cobalt, which is exchange-averaged to vanishing point on account of the exchange field and extrapolated Curie temperatures in excess of 1000 K  for x ≈ 0.9. This makes the amorphous Y_1-x­Co_x alloys ideal materials with which to explore new ideas of orbital electronics, where the orbital polarization of the electrons is the key to magnetoelectronics, via the orbital Hall effect (OHE), rather than the spin polarization as in conventional spintronics [5] and effects may be are much larger. The orbital moment in random close-packed amorphous cobalt may exceed 0.5 Bohr magnetons per atom. The quantities of cobalt and rare earth metals required for the new thin-film functionality are miniscule, of order a milligram for a wafer with a trillion orbital switches.

Intermetallic compounds of 4f and 3d elements, especially Fe and Co were intensively investigated in the 20^th century, and the roles of crystal structure, exchange and crystal field  were elucidated.  Important consequences were  rational design permanent magnets with strong uniaxial anisotropy using an appropriate light rare earth (SmCo₅, Nd₂Fe₁₄B), uniaxial ferrimagnets with compensation (TbCo₃) and cubic ferrimagnets with strong magnetostriction but no net anisotropy (Tb_0.3Dy_0.7)Fe₂. Analogous compounds with the nonmagnetic rare earth yttrium were invaluable for isolating the 3d contribution to the magnetism.  When high-quality metallic thin films began to be produced by sputtering 1970s, it was found that some 4f-3d binaries could be deposited as amorphous films which exhibited perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Ferrimagnetic Gd-Fe-Co magneto-optic recording media with compensation point writing were an interesting, if commercially limited development [1]. Amorphous alloys with strongly anisotropic rare earth elements tend to have magnetic ground-states where the rare earth moments freeze along randomly-oriented axes, with a net magnetic moment — parallel or antiparallel to that of Fe or Co [2], and a new series of random noncollinear magnetic structures was discovered.

A revival of interest in these materials has been spurred by several developments. One is the reappraisal of transverse magnetotransport  (anomalous, spin and orbital Hall effects) in terms of real- or reciprocal-space Berry curvature. Atomic-scale simulations of atomic and magnetic structures have improved greatly in the past 50 years. Also, the observation in 2013 of ultra-fast single-pulse all-optical toggle switching in thin films of perpendicular ferrimagnetic amorphous Gd_x(FeCo)_1-x with x ≈ 0.25 opened new perspectives for magneto-optic applications, and understanding of the transient collapse of magnetization and anisotropy [3]. Proposals for using these thin films for as magnetic switches modulate an optical signal at frequencies of up 100 GHz raises the possibility of multiplexing the existing  global fibre-optic communication system and increasing its capacity by a factor of five. 

A new study of spin and orbital magnetism and magnetotransport in amorphous R­­_1-x­Co_x will be presented, which allows a reassessment of the noncollinear magnetic structures of amorphous alloys with a heavy rare earth, Th, Dy or Er and its temperature dependence and field dependence in the vicinity of the magnetic compensation point T_comp. The corresponding amorphous yttrium alloys are remarkably soft ferromagnets despite the strong random anisotropy experienced by the cobalt, which is exchange-averaged to vanishing point on account of the exchange field and extrapolated Curie temperatures in excess of 1000 K  for x ≈ 0.9. This makes the amorphous Y_1-x­Co_x alloys ideal materials with which to explore new ideas of orbital electronics, where the orbital polarization of the electrons is the key to magnetoelectronics, via the orbital Hall effect (OHE), rather than the spin polarization as in conventional spintronics [5] and effects may be are much larger. The orbital moment in random close-packed amorphous cobalt may exceed 0.5 Bohr magnetons per atom. The quantities of cobalt and rare earth metals required for the new thin-film functionality are miniscule, of order a milligram for a wafer with a trillion orbital switches.

Rare Earths (RE) permanent magnets are essential components for Europe's successful green and digital transition However, the entire value chain of RE magnetic materials depends on imports, which are highly vulnerable in current global supply chain models. 

To mitigate this situation, EU Regulation plans that at least 25% of the EU's annual consumption of permanent magnets should be covered by recycling capacities by 2030. Researchers in the EU H2020 project SUSMAGPRO consortium have shown that hydrogen can be used as a very efficient recycling method to extract NdFeB magnet powder from various EOL Components in the IP protected Hydrogen-based Processing of Magnet Scrap (HPMS). 

On exposure to hydrogen the sintered NdFeB magnets break down into a friable, demagnetised, hydrogenated powder containing an interstitial hydride of Nd₂Fe₁₄BH_X (10 microns) and smaller particles (< 1 micron) from the grain-boundary phase NdH_2.7. This process delivers a sustainable source of magnetic material for the production of sintered, polymer bonded and metal-injection moulded magnets [1]. 

The talk will present numerous results along the whole value chain of magnet recycling, including automatic dismantling of magnet containing products, magnets extraction, HPMS recycling, production of recycled magnets and demonstrator testing [1-5]. 

It will also discuss best practices and bottlenecks of the processes as an outlook for successful design-for-recycling of future applications. 

Rare Earths (RE) permanent magnets are essential components for Europe's successful green and digital transition However, the entire value chain of RE magnetic materials depends on imports, which are highly vulnerable in current global supply chain models. 

To mitigate this situation, EU Regulation plans that at least 25% of the EU's annual consumption of permanent magnets should be covered by recycling capacities by 2030. Researchers in the EU H2020 project SUSMAGPRO consortium have shown that hydrogen can be used as a very efficient recycling method to extract NdFeB magnet powder from various EOL Components in the IP protected Hydrogen-based Processing of Magnet Scrap (HPMS). 

On exposure to hydrogen the sintered NdFeB magnets break down into a friable, demagnetised, hydrogenated powder containing an interstitial hydride of Nd₂Fe₁₄BH_X (10 microns) and smaller particles (< 1 micron) from the grain-boundary phase NdH_2.7. This process delivers a sustainable source of magnetic material for the production of sintered, polymer bonded and metal-injection moulded magnets [1]. 

The talk will present numerous results along the whole value chain of magnet recycling, including automatic dismantling of magnet containing products, magnets extraction, HPMS recycling, production of recycled magnets and demonstrator testing [1-5]. 

It will also discuss best practices and bottlenecks of the processes as an outlook for successful design-for-recycling of future applications. 

So-called “nanoglasses” are considered as non-crystalline solids which exhibit a glass-like atomic structure and contain a considerable number of internal interfaces. This metastable state of matter can be synthesized by RF magnetron thin film sputter deposition as an alternative to other methods including inert gas condensation and chemical decomposition on a nanoscale. Using sputtering targets of VIT105 and Au-based BMG as well as Fe-Sc the resulting nanostructures can be varied from monolithic amorphous to nanoglass and to columnar amorphous nanostructures at varying Argon base pressure. Remarkably, the BMG based nanoglass specimen clearly exhibit an anomaly of the specific heat typical for the glassy state. While generally glassy structures lack ductility, the nanoglass state exhibits superior mechanical properties achieving a remarkable level of plastic deformation in nanoindentation experiments. Further details, also in relation to a recent theoretical approach as well as measurements of electrical and magnetic properties will be presented and discussed.

So-called “nanoglasses” are considered as non-crystalline solids which exhibit a glass-like atomic structure and contain a considerable number of internal interfaces. This metastable state of matter can be synthesized by RF magnetron thin film sputter deposition as an alternative to other methods including inert gas condensation and chemical decomposition on a nanoscale. Using sputtering targets of VIT105 and Au-based BMG as well as Fe-Sc the resulting nanostructures can be varied from monolithic amorphous to nanoglass and to columnar amorphous nanostructures at varying Argon base pressure. Remarkably, the BMG based nanoglass specimen clearly exhibit an anomaly of the specific heat typical for the glassy state. While generally glassy structures lack ductility, the nanoglass state exhibits superior mechanical properties achieving a remarkable level of plastic deformation in nanoindentation experiments. Further details, also in relation to a recent theoretical approach as well as measurements of electrical and magnetic properties will be presented and discussed.

This symposium honors Prof. Mercouri Kanatzidis for his transformative contributions to inorganic chemistry and materials science. As a Professor of Chemistry at Northwestern University and Senior Scientist at Argonne National Laboratory, he has mentored hundreds of students and fellows worldwide. Kanatzidis is recognized for pioneering breakthroughs in chalcogenide materials, thermoelectrics, and halide perovskites. His development of chemical sorbents for radioactive waste, nanostructuring strategies in thermoelectrics, and the introduction of halide perovskites in solar cells have revolutionized these fields. With over 1,500 publications, 200,000 citations, 60 patents, and numerous prestigious awards, including induction into the National Academy of Sciences and the naming of the mineral "kanatzidisite" in his honor, his work continues to shape the future of advanced materials and energy technologies.

When producing a multi-layer photoelectrode for solar fuel production, selecting appropriate bulk materials to use as a semiconductor, a catalyst, and a protection layer is important. However, optimizing the surface of each component and the interfaces between the components is just as critical to maximize the overall performance of the photoelectrode. Our research team has been at the forefront of demonstrating and elucidating the impact of the photoelectrode surfaces and interfaces on the overall performance of the photoelectrodes. For example, our team has shown that when a ternary oxide containing two different metal ions, such as BiVO₄, is used as a photoanode, the surface metal composition (i.e., the surface Bi:V ratio) may not necessarily be the same as the bulk metal composition (Bi:V = 1:1) and it can also be intentionally modified. We showed that changes in the surface composition while using the same underlying bulk photoelectrode can have an immense impact on the band edge positions and work function, which have a direct impact on electron-hole separation and photocurrent generation, even for the same facet exposed on the surface.[1] This observation made us wonder how varying the surface composition of the same photoelectrode can impact the photoelectrode/catalyst junction when the same catalyst layer is deposited on the photoelectrode. In order to explicitly demonstrate and investigate how the detailed features of the photoanode/OEC interface affect interfacial charge transfer and photocurrent generation for water oxidation, we prepared two BiVO₄(010)/FeOOH photoanodes with different Bi:V ratios at the outermost layer of the BiVO₄ interface (close to stoichiometric vs Bi-rich) while keeping all other factors in the bulk BiVO₄ and FeOOH layers identical. The resulting two photoanodes show striking differences in the photocurrent onset potential and the photocurrent density for water oxidation.[2] In this presentation, we explain the atomic origin of the experimentally observed difference by revealing the impact of the surface Bi:V ratio on the hydration of the BiVO₄surface and bonding with the FeOOH layer, which in turn affect the band alignments between BiVO₄ and FeOOH. 

 2D multilayered perovskites introduced by Calabrese (JACS 1991) share similarities with 3D perovskites including direct electronic band gap, sizeable optical absorption, small effective masses, Rashba-like effects. Calabrese’s Ruddlesden-Popper phases were completed more recently by "Alternative cations in the interlayer" (Soe, JACS 2017) and Dion-Jacobson (Mao, JACS 2018) phases, leading to a consistent classification of multilayered perovskites in relation with the chemistry of the compounds or the crystallographic order along the stacking axis (Blancon, Nature Nano 2020). 2D multilayered thus afford extensive chemical engineering possibilities, and exhibit other features related to tuneable quantum and dielectric confinements, strong lattice anisotropy, strong exciton interactions, more complex combinations of atomic orbitals and lattice dynamics.
Exploring the potential of 2D perovskites for PV and the association of 2D and 3D perovskites in solar cell architectures is a long-term joint project with colleagues in US (Prof. A. Mohite, LANL then Rice Univ., Prof. M. Kanatzidis Northwestern Univ.) that we started years ago including the first breakthrough on 2D perovskite for PV (Tsai Nature 2016). This approach is in line with Snaith’s recent viewpoint (Science 2024) about perovskite solar cell architecture trends: “a growing consensus is forming about the requirements for an ideal perovskite interface: the elimination or repair of surface interface defects, the design of a rational energy landscape to satisfy selective carrier collection, the minimization of strain and stress, and the improvement of physical robustness and adhesion”. 
This will be illustrated by recent combined experimental and theoretical studies on excitons, formation of edge states, hot carrier effects and carrier localization (Blancon Science 2017, Blancon Nature Comm. 2018, Li. Nature Nano 2022, Zhang Nature Phys. 2023).  2D multilayered perovskites have exhibited very early improved device stability under operation. More, combined in 2D/3D bilayer structures using new versatile growth methods, excellent solar cell device stability can be achieved (Sidhik, Science 2022). Band alignment calculations nicely explain the difference of performances for ni-p or p-i-n devices. Our lattice mismatch concept (Kepenekian, Nanoletters 2018) shall provide further guidance for the choice of the proper 2D/3D combinations, leading to enhanced stability for 3D-based solar cells (Sidhik, Science 2024).
 

Development of thermoelectric (TE) materials & devices is important, for energy saving via waste heat power generation and IoT power sources [1]. There are a variety of device forms which can be envisioned to be useful. I will present several high-performance materials systems we have been developing such as Mg₃Sb₂-type materials, skutterudites, Heusler alloys, magnetic chalcogenides, etc., and mainly on the development of various TE modules. An initial realistic 8 pair bulk module of our doped Mg-Sb materials exhibited an efficiency of 7.3%@320^oC, with estimated efficiency from the actual materials being ~11%, and a variant exhibited high performance room temperature power generation and cooling [2]. Recently, a modified single element device of Mg₃Sb₂ was able to achieve a TE efficiency ~12% [3]. Design and construction of two different design thin film TEG devices [4] and hybrid flexible TEGs will also be presented. It is also critical to have accurate evaluation of TEGs and we have recently laid out some best practices thereof [5].

Characterization and analysis by scanning transmission and transmission electron microscopy (S/TEM) is pervasive in modern materials research. The ongoing work in our group is inspired by innovations in high throughout assays and related automation from biotech. It combines novel design and nanofabrication of in-situ stages with smart imaging to utilize electron exposure in a commensurate manner. It is tailored to “ration” both electrons and time, spatially and temporally, utilizing AI/ML methods. 

  The presentation will cover emerging opportunities in advanced microscopy. In addition to typical static observations of structures and defect phenomena in functional materials (thermoelectrics, energy storage, photovoltaics etc.), it will cover innovative nanofabricated ultra-thin (UT) window fluidic cells for nanoscale discrimination of reactants and products in catalysis with spectroscopy. The presentation will also explore the feasibility of AI/ML-enabled data acquisition approach for rapid and high throughput materials discovery, as well as monitoring of in-situ phenomena in the temporal domain. 

  The presentation will show role of microscopy for energy, environment and sustainability research and innovations for broader societal good. 

Thermoelectric energy converters are mostly investigated to recover waste heat from sources such as power plants, factories, vehicles or even transform heat from human bodies into electric power. Besides the energy efficiency of these devices, the selection of materials and processes are also important towards the high-priority pathway of environmentally friendly, earth-abundant, and low-cost materials. Therefore, systems such as silicides attract much attention since they exhibit very promising thermoelectric properties meeting at the same time relative environmental priorities. Furthermore, the proper use of materials as well as the possible reuse/recycling of expensive lost materials from several industries are also main priorities. PV industry is a typical example where high purity Si is required and, at the same time, large amount is wasted as kerf during wafer cutting. 

In this work, our efforts to synthesize thermoelectric silicides based on recycled Si-kerf are presented. n-type and p-type Mg₂Si- based materials as well as p-type Higher Manganese Silicides were prepared using commercial and recyclable Si. The materials were fully characterized in terms of structure and thermoelectric properties and selected compositions were used for prototype module fabrication. 

The traditional understanding in materials science considers single crystals nearly perfect in their ordered structures, represented by a unit cell that informs their mechanical and electronic properties. Our studies challenge this paradigm by demonstrating large deviations from the predictions made by the unit cell model to materials properties in systems such as halide perovskites, ion conductors, and organic semiconductors. 

Utilizing Raman spectroscopy, our efforts focus on the detailed examination of thermal motions and their implications on single crystals. The discrepancies between experimental observations and theoretical predictions are explored, particularly emphasizing the interaction between vibrational modes and their impact on material properties.

 A significant aspect of this research is detailed in our recent publication, where we propose a new model for second-order Raman scattering to account for the nonmonotonic temperature dependence observed in perovskite single crystals. This model, supported by numerical simulations, identifies low-frequency anharmonic features as key players in light scattering processes, highlighting a transition between two minima of a double-well potential surface. Our findings provide a more accurate understanding of the structural dynamics within disordered crystals and suggest broader applications for designing materials with enhanced electronic and optical functionalities.

Inorganic fluorine-based compounds are found today as nano-components in many applications, including energy storage and conversion, photonics, electronics, medicinal chemistry, and more [1]. The strategic importance of nano-fluorinated materials can be illustrated by several examples drawn from various scientific fields. In the field of energy storage, fluorinated carbon nanoparticles (F-CNPs) are tested as active materials in primary lithium batteries, while 3d-transition metal fluorides and oxyfluorides, mainly iron-, cobalt- and titanium- based have been proposed as electrodes in secondary batterie(reversible) s. In all-solid-state batteries, materials derived from fluorite- (CaF₂) or tysonite- (LaF₃) structural types can be used as solid electrolytes, provided the F- anions are highly mobile. Nanocrystalline rare-earth fluorides are currently used for their photoluminescent properties at the micro- or nanoscale.

Functionalized nanoparticles and nanostructured compounds based on solid-state inorganic fluorides are used in many other advanced fields, including fluorinated graphene quantum dots (FGQDs), solar cells (DSSC, QDSSC), transparent conducting films (TCF), solid state lasers, nonlinear optics (NLO), UV absorbers, etc.
Their role is also decisive in medicine and biotechnologies [2], where doped rare-earth fluoride nanocrystals serve as luminescent biomarkers thanks to their up- and down-conversion properties, allow fluorine labeling of nanoparticles and in-vivo 19F NMR. Relevant nanotherapeutics include photodynamic therapy (PDT), luminescent thermometry, radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET), theranostic nano-agents that incorporate both imaging probes and therapeutic media, and are therefore capable of carrying out both diagnosis and therapy within the same nano-object.
 

Two most imminent scientific and technological problems that mankind is facing now are energy and climate. The energy production and utilization in modern society is mostly based on the combustion of carbonaceous fuels like coal, petroleum and natural gas the combustion of which produces CO₂, which alters earth’s carbon cycle. 30 billion of tons of CO₂ per year get emitted globally as waste from the carbonaceous fuel burning and industrial sector, which if converted to valuable chemicals have the potential to change the economy of the world. We, in our lab, are trying to address both issues and are keen upon translating our innovative technologies from the lab to the industrial and commercial scale. In this talk, I will discuss about our recent discoveries of materials based on intermetallics, chalcogenides, oxides, organic-inorganic hybrids, etc as efficient catalysts for the conversion of CO₂ to chemicals/fuels.^[1-15] We are capturing CO₂ from industrial flue stream and converting it to value added chemicals/fuels such as methanol, CO, methane, dimethyl ether, C2-C5 & C5-C11 gasoline hydrocarbons. I will also cover our activities to produce green hydrogen via electrochemical pathway.^[16] The utilization of hydrogen and other fuels like methanol/ethanol through fuel cells also will be discussed.^[17] Catalyst design is at the heart of all these technologies, and we have developed customized catalyst systems for targeted product conversions as per the need of different industries. Development of these catalyst via various methods, the driving force behind the enhancement in activity and the mechanistic pathways will be explained with the support of various in-situ (DRIFTS, IR, XAFS), ex-situ (XPS, XRD, IR, XAFS) and theoretical (DFT calculation) studies. The talk also will cover the industrial viability of these catalysts. 

Fundamental understanding of the nature of chemical bonding and its influence on the electronic structure is paramount to chemistry, solid state physics and materials science. CuBiI₄ has a fascinating structure where Cu and Bi are surrounded by a tetrahedral and octahedral halogen framework respectively. From fundamental inorganic chemistry concepts, it is expected to have symmetry-allowed d-p overlap in the tetrahedral co-ordination and we see here strong Cu (d)- I (p) strong interaction. This rare interaction generates an antibonding state in the valence band just below the Fermi energy in the electronic structure. Electrons filling up the antibonding band  weaken the bond and subsequently the crystal lattice becomes soft and anharmonic giving rise to ultra-low thermal conductivity.¹ In the latter part of my talk, I will be talking about achieving an ultralow value and unusual glass-like temperature dependence of lattice thermal conductivity  in a large single crystal of layered halide perovskite Cs₃Bi₂I₆Cl₃.² Here, Bi-Cl interaction also forms a s-p antibonding state below the Fermi level which renders a soft lattice. While strong anharmonicity originates from the low energy and localized rattling-like vibration of Cs atoms, synchrotron X-ray pair-distribution function analysis further evidences the presence of local structural distortions in the Bi-halide octahedra. We propose that hierarchical chemical bonding, presence of antibonding states near Fermi level and low energy vibrations from selective sublattice in crystalline inorganic halide perovskites open an intriguing avenue for thermal transport research with their unfathomed lattice dynamics and potential applications.^{3, 4} 

The performance of thermoelectric materials is mainly governed by the materials’ electrical and thermal conductivity properties and a number of new materials and structures have been exploited in order to optimize the energy conversion efficiency. Especially, nanostructure engineering via dopants, precipitates or phase/twin/grain boundaries is found to be effective in increasing the conversion efficiency by reducing the thermal conductivity. However, a direct correlation of these nanostructures to the material’s property is yet to be elucidated. Nowadays, with the rapid development of aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the resolution of electron microscopes takes a leap forward to sub-angstrom and sub-eV, which allows a direct access to a material’s structure and chemical composition at an atomic scale.

 The presentation will start with a brief and realistic coverage of the emerging and maturing themes in the context of energy sources, efficiency, charge storage and distribution. It will illustrate GeTe as one example of emerging excitements in nanostructured materials and systems for thermoelectric materials. It will highlight the role of advanced and classical electron microscopy in unravelling the hierarchical architecture of the constituents and their intimate interplay in governing key phenomena in thermoelectric materials.

Birefringent crystals serve as crucial elements in optical devices, as they exhibit anisotropic refractive indices along different crystal directions. This optical anisotropy stems from the anisotropies of both structural geometry and spatial electron distribution. Consequently, the planar structural building units are excellent choices for constructing birefringent crystals. However, achieving an anisotropic crystal structure (especially a coplanar geometry) poses a significant challenge. Herein, we propose a novel hydrogen bond-click reaction concept to unravel the giant birefringence in (C₅H₆ON)⁺(NO₃)^–, (4HPN) for the first time. We demonstrate that the interactions between the planar hydrogen bond donor (4-hydroxypyridinium, C₅H₆ON⁺ cation) and planar hydrogen bond acceptor (NO₃^– anion) ensure the coplanarity during the crystal packing, generating the desired optical anisotropy. At 546 nm, several as-obtained (001)-single crystal wafers (#1–4) measure varying from 0.331 to 0.358; and two manually cut chips (#5,6) read = 0.469, 0.494, respectively. These values are smaller than the DFT calculated maximal value ( = n_Y – n_X = 0.593 at 546 nm). Since 4HPN has heavy (001)-growth habit, the maximal ∆n has not been observed yet. Nevertheless, the observed ∆n values on 4HPN with an E_g = 3.70 eV already surpass that of the commercialized benchmark crystals, e.g., YVO₄ ( = 0.232, = 3.1 eV) and CaCO₃ (∆n^obv = 0.174, = 5.4 eV), commonly used in the UV to visible and near IR spectral range. 4HPN also exhibits a strong second harmonic generation (SHG = 9.55 × KDP measured at 1064 nm). This unique concept offers a promising avenue for the design and development of birefringent crystals with potential applications in optical communication, sensing and signal processing devices.

Research on solution-processable semiconductors has achieved significant fundamental and technological advancements over the last decade, in large part due to improvements in characterization techniques to understand these materials at different length scales. Notable example include hybrid perovskites and organic semiconductors, which have garnered interest for a wider energy paradigm and sustainability. Recent upserge in the solar-to-enelectrical energy conversion further expands the application space for these materials. Hoever, some fundamental questions regarding to the solar cell efficiencies of are related to morphology, defects, local disorder and interfaces between the semiconductor thin films and charge transport layers. To this end, understanding structure-stability-property relationships in emerging photovoltaics brings new opportunities and challenges to characterization techniques. Synergy between length and timescales of characterization techniques is particularly important.^[1,2] We will present how local structures/morphology and interactions can be resolved by state-of-the-art magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging techniques at high fields.^[3-4] Specifically, recent in situ and ex situ capabilities for examining thin films at micron-to-submicron thicknesses will be discussed. Gaining access to the local interfacial structures enables a number of questions to be addressed including a better picture of stacked semiconductor layers in electronic devices, diffusion of electrodes into photo-active layers, and film formation kinetics and molecules aggregation, surfaces/bulk passivation, and instability and degradation reactions and kinetics.^[5-7]

The development of highly active earth-abundant catalysts for solar water splitting is critical for the innovation of noncarbon-based renewable fuels [1]. It is therefore important to determine the mechanisms of these water oxidation catalysts, such as nickel-iron layered double hydroxides ([NiFe]-LDHs), which exhibit low overpotentials, excellent long-term stability, and high current densities and Faradaic efficiencies [2]. In principle, mechanistic insight can pave the way for the development of new materials with enhanced activity.

We have developed a new, magnetic resonance-based technique to monitor the reaction kinetics of [NiFe]-LDH relative to other well-studied catalysts. This technique allows for nanomolar detection of oxygen isotopes and yields important information about the mechanism of these catalysts. Membrane inlet mass spectrometry and differential electrochemical mass spectrometry were instrumental in determining electrochemical properties in situ; however, they are indeed limited in their collection efficiency and quantification of oxygen on the minute timescale [4,5]. Results were paired with computational and kinetic modeling in order to differentiate key O–O bond-forming steps. Nickel-iron-based catalysts were shown to operate by a novel oxo-oxo coupling mechanism, distinct from hydroxide attack proposed for other systems—consistent with previous findings [3]. We present our initial findings and share our efforts at incorporating pulsed EPR experiments for these systems.

Solid oxide cells (SOCs) are efficient electrochemical systems for electrical power generation in fuel cell mode (SOFC) and hydrogen production in electrolysis mode (SOEC). One solution to increase the lifetime consists of decreasing the operating temperature to 650-750 °C but the electrode reaction kinetics become relatively insufficient [1]. One of the main challenges is to improve the oxygen electrode efficiency by enhancing the oxygen reduction/evolution reaction (ORR/OER). To tackle this issue, it is important to choose suitable materials with adequate physicochemical properties and to optimize the microstructure and architecture to further increase the electrochemical performances [2].

This work aims to design novel optimized oxygen electrodes with improved mixed ionic-electronic properties to be used as more efficient oxygen electrodes in SOCs. Indeed, it is of high importance to control the electrode microstructure and composition to obtain large surface areas. These properties are essential to increase the number of active sites for the ORR/OER and to enhance the ionic transfer at the electrode/electrolyte interface.

Here, we report recent advances in the design of the state-of-the-art La_0.6Sr_0.4Co_0.2Fe_0.8O_3−δ (LSCF) [3, 4], La_2-xPr_xNiO_4+δ (LPNO), [5, 6] with 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, and Pr₆O₁₁ [7] oxygen electrodes with grain size and porosity at the nanometre length scales. These active functional layers are fabricated using electrostatic spray deposition (ESD), a unique bottom-up method capable of depositing films with original morphologies by a nano-texturing approach. 

This talk will show our latest electrochemical performance results of these innovative oxygen electrodes investigating the role of the nanostructure and the electrode/electrolyte interface. The correlation between microstructure, composition, grain size, interfaces, and electrochemical properties is discussed in detail for the different investigated oxygen electrodes.

Our investigations suggest that the ESD process is a suitable low-cost method to manufacture unique optimized porous and nanostructured oxygen electrodes with reproducibility. Three MIEC oxygen electrodes have shown one of the lowest values of polarization resistances in the literature and excellent performances in single-cell tests. To conclude, the suitability of these mixed ionic and electronic conductors (MIEC) with innovative and controlled microstructure as durable air electrodes for SOECs has been proven to be promising.

Direct exposure to solar irradiation (ultraviolet, visible, and infrared) is correlated with several harmful implications, such as biological damage in humans and material adulteration [1]. A wide variety of products, especially pharmaceutically active compounds, food, and soft drinks are sensitive to UV light and visible light exposure. Products exposed to sunlight may suffer from ramifications such as the increase in temperature, which results in the deterioration of their quality. Appropriate packaging materials have been developed to protect products from light exposure during transportation or storage [2]. 

Sensor-based logistics (SBL) uses various sensors to offer real-time data about different environmental conditions such as temperature, light exposure, relative humidity, and barometric pressure. The accumulative dose of light exposure can be defined with optoelectronic devices or with chemical probes that undergo various physicochemical transformations (oxidation/reduction, decomposition, photocleavage, dimerization, polymerization, etc.) upon exposure to UV irradiation [3]. This approach has been extensively followed to detect the exposure level of human skin to UV irradiation of solar light.

This work unveils a novel application of a common packing material, “bubble wraps” (Aeroplast), as a tool to measure visible sunlight exposure [4]. We have synthesized and meticulously characterized a layered metal selenide photocatalyst with the general formula (DMAH)_2xMn_xSn_3–xSe₆ (DMSe-1) (x= 1.3-1.7; DMAH⁺=dimethylammonium), featuring a narrow band gap of 0.76 eV. Subsequently, a photochemically sensitive probe based on this new catalyst, an indicator dye, and a reducing agent was prepared to assess exposure to visible light directly. The probe is introduced into air-filled bubble wrap compartments, where it undergoes photocatalytic degradation to provide a chromatic response to sunlight exposure. The probe's sensitivity to variable irradiation dose is customizable by adjusting the amount of the photocatalyst, while the color intensity is directly proportional to the absorbed irradiation dose. 

The results from the new photoactive material show a strong correlation with those from standard sunlight pyranometers (r = 0.98, p=0.05), proving that bubble wraps, in addition to their protective function, can effectively serve as a visible light sensor with an average error of <15%. Furthermore, the study's findings mark a significant step forward in the use of metal chalcogenides as visible light sensors, offering promising prospects for the development of new light-sensitive materials.

Following a brief description of personal background, a timeline of academic, administrative and scientific activities during 60 years will be presented. Initially, as a graduate student, contributing to the creation of the Master and Doctoral Program in Metallurgical Engineering at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, COPPE/UFRJ. Following a post doctorate at the University of Stuttgart, Germany, assumed administrative positions as Head of Department, Coordinator of COPPE, Under-Rector for Research of UFRJ and Under-Secretary of the Ministry of Education in Brasilia, Brazil. Since MSc and PhD graduate period, at the Department of Materials Science and Engineering of the University of Florida, has published more than 2,300 articles associated with more than 20,000 citations and a H index of 72 (Google Scholar). Received several awards, including ASM Fellowship, Brazilian Army Medal as well as several TMS distinctions. Consultant of the main Brazilian R&D agencies and Executive Editor of Elsevier’s Journal of Materials Research and Technology. Finally life-learned lessons will be described.

Pollution has profound impacts on human health, the environment, and Earth's systems, including climate regulation. Its reach is global, affecting our well-being through contaminated food, water, and air. Material engineers and scientists play a crucial role in addressing these challenges through innovative materials and manufacturing techniques. One promising sustainable solution involves utilizing eco-friendly materials sourced from nature.

In this presentation, we delve into natural fibers, exploring their fundamentals to practical applications for engineering. Natural fibers are more environmentally conscious and sustainably produced. These fibers and their composites offer a sustainable alternative, being both environmentally conscious and responsibly manufactured. They can be transformed into functional materials suitable for various uses, displaying their versatility and potential.

Most of the fibers have been used for centuries by ancient communities, forming a fascinating field known as cultural materials research. It will focused on fibers sourced from the Andes Mountains and the Amazon River region, in the traditional uses, microstructure, properties, and their potential applications in modern materials engineering. 

Plastics are a necessity in today’s economy, being present in all the industrial and domestic sectors. The worldwide production of plastics about 200 million tons in 2000, 400 million tons in 2022 with an annual growth rate of 11% per annum. Basically, they are produced from petrol products and the disposal of pervasive plastic waste is a growing worldwide concern, and these materials generates large amounts of greenhouse emission which contributes to global pollution. This study examined the combined effects of coupling agent developed locally and Pineapple Leaf Fiber (PALF) different % loading on the mechanical and thermal characteristics of recycling polypropylene (r-PP) which was produced using twin screw extruder melt compounding. The PP grafted with maleic anhydride (MA) (PP -g-MA) was used as a coupling agent to improve the interfacial adhesion between recycling PP with PALF. The extent of grafting level was confirmed with FTIR. The results demonstrated the dependence of thermal stability and tensile properties on the grafting level of PP-g-MA, and weight percentage of PALF. Thus, it could be deduced that combination of PALF at high weight percentage (5, 10 and 15wt%) and PP-g-MA with high grafting level can significantly improve the thermal stability of recycling PP. The morphological analysis indicated better adhesion between PALF and recycling PP, in composites containing PP-g-MA with high grafting level. Overall, Recycling PP/PALF/PP-g-MA composites with improved interfacial adhesion and thermal stability and young’s modulus were successfully prepared, in the presence of PP-g-MA with high grafting level.

The processing of solid wood generates a large amount of waste, which alternatively to disposal and burning in the open air, these can be used in the manufacture of wood products. Among the various stages of production of particleboards, the homogenization process requires consumption of energy, time and labor, and its eventual suppression would certainly result in a reduction in the cost of manufacturing these materials. As there are several properties resulting from the characterization of panels, obtained in equipment generally available in large research centers and branch companies, the relation of properties through mathematical models makes it possible to reduce the volume of tests, as recommended by the Brazilian standard [1]. This research aimed, with the use of a mix of wood shavings (fine particle formed in processes such as planing and thinning wood) in the integral form (without dimensional classification) of Pinus elliottii and Pinus taeda woods (12% moisture content) and of the urea-formaldehyde adhesive, to evaluate the feasibility of producing medium and high density particleboards, the influence of density (medium and high) of composites on the physical and mechanical properties as well as evaluating the possibility of estimating properties as a function of others by linear regression models, also considering colorimetric parameters. Six medium and six high density particleboards were produced considering the use of 15% adhesive content, with the proper use of only 11% adhesive. The physical and mechanical properties were obtained according to the assumptions and calculation methods of the Brazilian standard [2], with the requirements being evaluated based on this and some international standards. In general, the density of the panels was significant in practically 50% of the determined properties. The particleboards can be classified as P2 by the Brazilian standard [2], it should be noted that in some properties the values exceeded the P7 class. The results of thermal conductivity show the potential for application of the panels in buildings. The surface roughness was considered intermediate (class N7 of Brazilian standard [3]). From the regression models, only four of the twenty generated had a coefficient of determination close to 70%, however, because they are all considered significant, a greater number of samples and experimental conditions should be considered for more robust conclusions, should be the objective of future research.

This research summarizes results regarding a vegetable natural fiber from Colombia, produced in the leaves of the fique plant, a species from the genus Furcraea andina. Fique is a strong natural fiber used for centuries for local indigenous peoples in Colombia, and later used for farmers and locals to produce crafts, clothes, shoes, and bags, among other traditional objects. Recently, fique has been used in combination with clays and cements as a construction material, and also as a reinforcement in polymer matrix composite in a strong collaboration between Colombia and Brazil, particularly for ballistic protection and other dynamic applications. Tensile tests and scanning electron microscopy characterization is presented here, with a discussion of possibilities for fique in engineering.

Polymeric materials are essentially insulating, but they have unique properties such as low density, high resistance to corrosion, ease of processing and lower cost compared to metallic and ceramic materials. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), a polymer commercially known as acrylic, is known as a low-cost material with very interesting properties to be applied in engineering, such as transparency, mechanical resistance, electrical insulation and good thermal stability [1] [2]. Since the discovery of graphene, polymeric composite materials based on graphene and its derivatives have been explored in both academic and industrial research, due to the possible dispersion of carbon in the polymeric material, offering thermal and electrical properties to the polymer. The structure of graphene is made up of a two-dimensional sheet with a network of hexagons, formed by carbon atoms with sp^2 hybridization [3]. Graphene oxide can be obtained by functionalizing graphene through its exfoliation, presenting intercalated regions with sp^2 and sp^3 hybridized carbons, as well as hydroxyl and epoxy functional groups on its basal planes, which increase its interaction with the polymer matrix. This interaction improves the mechanical fit at the interface between the filler and the matrix, and its two-dimensional geometry may be responsible for increasing the stiffness of the composite [4].

Therefore, microcomposite films of PMMA and rGO with different concentrations were produced. The physicochemical changes were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The morphological characteristics were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

The DSC test showed that the addition of filler to the polymer made the material (microcomposite) more thermally stable and indicated greater rigidity of the PMMA macromolecules in the microcomposites as the concentration of rGO increased.  FT-IR analysis revealed the characteristic groupings of both PMMA and rGO, indicating that the matrix interacted with the filler, as was also observed in the topography of the material by SEM. These factors indicate that the higher the concentration of rGO, the greater the chance that PMMA, being an insulating material, will be transformed into a semiconductor/conductor material.

The genus Sporobolus (Poaceae Chloridoideae) consists of approximately 160 species of tropical and subtropical grasses. In Brazil, this genus is represented by 28 species, among which Sporobolus indicus stands out, a perennial species, made up of two varieties (indicus and pyramidalis), distributed throughout the national territory. In a 1979 botanical survey, in degraded pastures, in the northeast (Paragominas) and south (Santana do Araguaia) of the state of Pará, Brazil, Sporobolus indicus is not listed as a frequent species, although it is present in Santana do Araguaia. That said, this work aims to present a study on a polyester composite reinforced by Sporobolus indicus fibers. The composites were manufactured with fiber in different lengths, 5, 10 and 15 mm, added discontinuously. A tensile test was carried out following the ASTM D 638M standard. A composite of the same matrix was also manufactured with the aforementioned fiber, unidirectionally aligned. The tensile test was carried out according to the ASTM D 3039 standard, in order to compare results. It was possible to notice the behavior of the composite by varying the length of the reinforcement introduced into the matrix. The mechanical resistance showed growth proportional to the growth of the fibers, with the values found for the composite reinforced with discontinuous fibers being 11.33, 12.10 and 14.95 MPa, respectively, in increasing order according to the size of the fibers, while the results for the specimens reinforced with unidirectionally aligned fibers were 18.84 MPa. This occurs due to the alignment of the reinforcement within the mold, where in a length of 5 mm, many fibers were arranged transversely to the direction of application of the load on the specimen, not cooperating with the resistance and causing failure mechanisms. At a length of 15 mm, the fibers were distributed longitudinally in the center of the specimen, coinciding with the direction of load application and enabling greater tensile strength.

Due to the development of novel technologies, there emerges a demand in the industrial sector for new materials with enhanced properties. In this context, new applications are being explored for structural composites, typically involving continuous fibers characterized by low density, high strength, and high elasticity modulus, such as carbon fibers, extensively utilized in industries such as automotive, food, aerospace, household goods, and others. However, environmental concerns are also on the rise, prompting the substitution of synthetic fibers with lignocellulosic fibers (LF) like jute fibers, sugarcane bagasse, coconut, banana, among others. The use of natural fibers instead of synthetic fibers brings about various benefits to the industrial sector. Apart from being a renewable source, LF is biodegradable and cost-effective, given their common discard and lack of market value. Within the realm of many fibers scrutinized in composite materials, one finds the fibers extracted from the açaí palm stem (FEFAPS). According to Embrapa (Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation), Brazil stands as the leading producer, consumer, and exporter of açaí globally, with consumption primarily concentrated in the northern regions of the country. A study conducted by Embrapa indicates a 675% increase in the planted area of açaí cultivars (Euterpe oleracea) for upland regions developed through agricultural research in the past 12 years. Within this backdrop, this study aims at producing polymeric composites with polyester matrix reinforced with FEFAPS at varying weight concentrations (0, 10, 20, and 30%). Tensile tests were conducted following ASTM D3039 standards, alongside impact energy assessment via Charpy testing based on ASTM D6110-18 norms, and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) under inert N2 atmosphere, ranging from 30°C to 600°C with a heating rate of 10°C/min. For morphological evaluation, the fracture surfaces post-tensile tests were scrutinized utilizing Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The tensile test results depict a linear increase in maximum tensile strength of composites with FFSAPT addition, reaching up to 48 MPa. Regarding Charpy impact tests, a progressive rise in absorbed energy until rupture was observed, with 30% composites exhibiting growth of up to 2301% compared to pure polyester. Thermal analysis demonstrated no alteration in thermal resistance with FEFAPS inclusion, with degradation onset temperatures hovering around 300°C. Lastly, SEM micrographs exhibited weak interaction between fibers and the matrix, a characteristic trait of lignocellulosic fiber-reinforced composites. In conclusion, this study establishes the successful application of FEFAPS in polymeric composites, ushering in a new perspective for their utilization and the valorization of residues generated during açaí ice cream production, commonly employed in Brazil.

This study explores the importance of simulations conducted with MCNP5 and the modifications implemented in 316 steel to optimize energy efficiency in nuclear power production. Molybdenum (Mo) is investigated as a promising additive due to its low absorption cross-section for thermal neutrons, which enhances neutron participation in fission and heat generation. Using the MCNP5 code, simulations were performed to analyze a hypothetical UO2 fuel element with different enrichment zones to evaluate its performance[1-3]. The results indicate that incorporating molybdenum into the fuel cladding alloy significantly impacts neutron production, suggesting that this addition might affect energy generation efficiency. In summary, this study highlights the potential of molybdenum as an additive to improve nuclear fuel performance[4-8], promoting safer, more efficient, and sustainable nuclear energy. The comparison of the results from the two simulations allowed for the assessment of the impact of molybdenum inclusion on the criticality of the simulated fuel. Conversely, if the inclusion of molybdenum does not positively influence or even reduce the fuel's criticality, this suggests that such a strategy is not viable for optimizing nuclear fuel performance. Therefore, the results of this analysis have significant implications for the development of more efficient and environmentally sustainable nuclear fuels. The effective multiplication factor (keff) obtained for the clad rod under study was keff=1.12086 ± 0.00064, while the reference value without doping was keff=1.04355 ± 0.00076, resulting in a relative percentage deviation of approximately 6.897%. Doping 316 steel with molybdenum nanoparticles presented a significant alteration in neutron production, suggesting that this addition may compromise energy generation efficiency.

The advancement of materials research for the nuclear industry is growing as energy demand increases [1],[2]. As a result, new materials are being explored to improve the efficiency of nuclear applications. Molybdenum has been studied for decades as an alloying element due to its low thermal neutron absorption cross-section and high strength under nuclear reactor temperature conditions [3],[4]. A critical reactor condition is understanding how fuel rods behave during the fission reaction of UO2 pellets [5],[6] and, consequently, how heat transfer occurs in this process. To understand these key characteristics, a study was conducted on the criticality of a fuel rod clad with Zircaloy doped with molybdenum nanoparticles [7],[8] using MCNP code simulations. Simulations of the fuel element were performed with a 3.2%, 2.5%, and 1.9% UO2 enrichment distribution based on a hypothetical PWR reactor model [6]. A hypothetical fuel element for a hypothetical PWR reactor was simulated using the MCNP5 software. The element consisted of 25 fuel rods with UO2 pellets with three enrichment zones (3.2%, 2.5%, and 1.9%), as shown in Figure 1, and a height of 3.6 m. The kcode was used in the simulation to calculate the criticality of the simulated fuel. 10,000 neutrons per cycle and a total of 100 cycles were used, with 50 of them being passive. To achieve the objective of the work, the first simulation was performed with pure Zircaloy-4, and this result was considered as the reference standard criticality for the fuel element. The second simulation was performed with this alloy doped with 10% molybdenum.The result obtained for the effective multiplication factor (kef f ) with the coated rod under study was equal to kef f = 1.314503 ± 0.0007, which when compared to the reference value without doping kef f = 1.39207 ± 0.00072, a relative percentage deviation of approximately |δ| ≈ 5.57% is obtained. Doping Zircaloy with molybdenum nanoparticles does not significantly alter neutron production. This enables the improvement of the alloy without loss of energy production efficiency. The results of the simulations indicate that the doping of Zircaloy with molybdenum nanoparticles does not significantly alter the neutron production of the fuel rod. This is an important finding, as it suggests that the addition of molybdenum nanoparticles can improve the properties of the Zircaloy alloy without sacrificing its efficiency in terms of energy production. The relative percentage deviation of |δ| ≈ 5.57% between the kef f values for the doped and undoped rods is considered to be small. This suggests that the doping of Zircaloy with molybdenum nanoparticles does not have a significant impact on the criticality of the fuel rod. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the doping of Zircaloy with molybdenum nanoparticles is a promising approach for improving the properties of the alloy without sacrificing its efficiency in terms of energy production. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and to explore the potential benefits of molybdenum doping in more detail.

This study explored the influence of incorporating silicon carbide (SiC) nanoparticles into Stainless Steel 316 on the performance of nuclear fuel using computational simulations with the MCNP5 software[1]. The findings revealed that the introduction of SiC had minimal impact on the effective multiplication factor (keff), suggesting that this modification could be a viable approach to enhancing fuel characteristics without compromising efficacy[2-3]]. Furthermore, the integration of SiC could provide added advantages such as improved thermal stability and resistance to corrosion. These results underscore the potential of SiC as a promising additive for enhancing the safety and efficiency of nuclear fuel elements in reactors, opening avenues for future advancements and research in nuclear energy[4-5]. The results for the effective multiplication factor (keff) with a rod coated and doped with 10% SiC showed keff = 1.12759 ± 0.00064. Compared to the undoped reference value of keff = 1.12086 ± 0.00064, there is a relative increase in criticality of approximately 0.6%. The computational simulation using MCNP5 with kcode provided a detailed analysis of nuclear fuel criticality. The data indicate that doping Stainless Steel 316 with SiC nanoparticles increased the effective multiplication factor (keff) by about 0.6%. This suggests that adding SiC significantly affects neutron production, which is crucial for the safety and efficiency of nuclear reactors[6]. These results point to potential improvements in nuclear fuel performance. Including SiC may offer additional benefits such as greater thermal stability, corrosion resistance, and reduced deformation, contributing to the safety and longevity of fuel elements[7-8]. Moreover, maintaining energy production without compromising neutron efficiency is promising, allowing for advancements in the materials used in nuclear reactor construction. Therefore, the neutron results obtained in this simulation highlight SiC's potential as an effective additive to enhance nuclear fuel properties, paving the way for future research and developments in nuclear energy.

This study explores the significance of simulations performed in MCNP5 and the modifications applied to 316 steel to enhance energy efficiency in nuclear power production. Graphene Nanotubes (GNTs) are examined as promising additives owing to their low absorption cross-section for thermal neutrons, facilitating increased neutron involvement in fission and heat generation. Using the MCNP5 code[1], simulations were carried out to analyze a hypothetical UO2 fuel element with varying enrichment zones to assess its performance[2,3]. The findings underscore the substantial impact of incorporating graphene nanotubes[4] into the fuel cladding alloy on neutron production, implying a potential compromise in energy generation efficiency. The comparison between the results of two simulations allowed us to assess the impact of including graphene nanotubes[5,6] on the criticality of the simulated fuel. If the addition of these nanotubes [7] results in an improvement in criticality, this may indicate superior performance of the nuclear reactor, with higher fuel efficiency and reduced nuclear waste generation. On the other hand, if the inclusion does not positively affect or even reduces criticality, this suggests that this strategy is not viable for optimizing nuclear fuel performance [8]. Therefore, the results of this analysis have significant implications for the development of more efficient and environmentally sustainable nuclear fuels. The result of the effective multiplication factor (keff) for the studied clad rod was keff=1.12086 ± 0.00064, while the reference value without doping was keff=1.13565 ± 0.00076, resulting in a relative percentage deviation of approximately Δ = -1.32%. Doping 316 steel with graphene nanotubes causes a significant alteration in neutron production, which may compromise efficiency in energy generation.

One of the most important applications of material processing has been the protection of humans and their facilities during times of war. With the creation of firearms, there arose a need for the enhancement of this protection, now known as ballistic protection. Materials for ballistic protection and their processing are the focus of research around the world. One of the biggest challenges is to develop materials light enough for personal protection. A promising material for this kind of application is silicon carbide, that absorbs approximately 55% of the energy by breaking upon projectile impact. However, one of the challenges in processing this material lies in the temperature required for sintering. Temperatures above 2000°C and small volume of economically accessible furnaces hinder parameter control and limit the size of the pieces. The additive manufacturing process, that up to now has been successfully applied to produce polymer and metal pieces, is now being studied as a possible processing method for ceramic materials. In this review, we discuss the evolution of additive manufacturing with a focus on the processing of ceramic materials and, primarily, silicon carbide, with the purpose of presenting existing technologies in the market and the stages of the process, as well as a brief comparison between the characteristics of materials submitted to conventional processing and additive manufacturing.

In this research, the relevance of polymers in our daily lives, in the industrial market, in the development of new technologies, and the harmfulness of the waste generated by these polymers to human health and the environment are observed. By applying and analyzing techniques such as thermal analysis, microscopy, spectroscopy, and diffraction, we explore a composite that contains polymers, organic residues, and metallic residues. Thermal analysis, microscopy, spectroscopy, and diffraction highlight essential behaviors of the material for a process focused on sustainability. Understanding the characteristics of this type of material is crucial for developing processes that transform polluting materials into relevant and economically viable products, with the aim of mitigating human health impacts and environmental impacts. This research validates the use of thermal analysis, microscopy, spectroscopy, and diffraction techniques to characterize and understand complex polluting composites and enhance their applications in new processes and consequently in new sustainable products worldwide, respecting and preserving the environment for future generations.

The embira bark fiber is routinely used in Brazil to construct simple structures because of its ease of extraction, flexibility, and considerable strength. It plays an important role, somewhat similar to duct tape, and is commonly used for temporary repairs and tying objects. The flexible bark is removed from the tree by making two cuts into it and manually pulling off the fibrous structure. Three similar but distinct embira bark fibers are characterized structurally and mechanically: embira branca, embira capa bode, and embira chichá.  The bark separates readily into strips with thicknesses between 0.3 and 1 mm, enabling it to be twisted and bent without damage. The structure consists of aligned cellulose fibers bound by lignin and hemicellulose. Thus, it is a natural composite. The tensile strength of the three fibers varies in the range of  25 to 100 MPa, with no clear difference between them. There is structural and strength consistency among them. The mechanical strength of embira branca is measured with other lignocellulosic fibers X-ray diffraction identifies two major components: the monoclinic crystalline structure of cellulose and an amorphous phase; the crystallinity index is approximately 50%.

Nowadays, sustainability and good use of resources and waste are necessary. So, this work seeks to synthesize a ceramic material from natural waste, as well as its characterization and biological evaluation after all the steps that anticipate in vivo application. In this way, brushite, which is a dihydrate dicalcium phosphate mineral that is a calcium phosphate present in the natural mineralization of tissues, can be obtained synthetically from chicken eggshells. It is used as a biomaterial for different applications such as medical treatment, especially orthopedic treatment and bone repair, agrobiological inorganic fertilizers. Brushite has the property of adsorbing ions and changing its active sites with calcium, such as Zn and Ag ions, which can enhance the biocompatible and bactericidal potential of the biomaterial, respectively. In this work, we started with the synthesis of bruxite nanopowders (previously performed) that was characterization by microscopy and physical-chemistry analysis (MEV-topography, MET-nanoscale, FTIR-chemistry-group, XRD Rietveld- material identity). The cytotoxicity was then tested by in vitro microbiological analysis in a nutrient medium using 3 species of bacteria was made ISO-10993-5- ceramic tests. The results shows that was possible to obtain bruxite through the results of chemical-physical characterization and the initial results in vitro indicate that it is a biocompatible nanoceramic. 

Thanks to Faperj 203.409/2023 - SEl-260003/016585/2023 for supporting the research, to CAPES, CNPQ and to the student Ronald Palandi Cardoso for helping with the cultivation of microorganisms and to Prof. Yutao Xing for helping with the MET analysis.

Sergio Leite de Andrade has worked in the steel industry for more than half a century. As a metallurgical engineer, he has been actively involved in the field since his university days. Throughout his professional career at Usiminas, he has held 15 positions, including serving as CEO for six years and later as Chairman of the Board of Directors. He is currently an Advisor of the Board of Directors and Vice-President of Strategic Affairs at Usiminas.

In addition to his roles at Usiminas, Sergio has been actively involved in steel industry institutions since the 20th century. He currently serves as President of the Board of Directors of Instituto Aço Brasil and President of the Board of Directors of the Brazilian Association of Metallurgy, Materials, and Mining (ABM).

With the green hydrogen starting at 4.45  US$/kg, [1] hydrogen usage seems difficult. Not only the green hydrogen is very expensive, even the gray hydrogen is uneconomical. However, hydrogen production is a possibility when there is oversupply of electric energy.

In California, renewables as solar and wind already able to provide almost 100% of the energy, avoiding fossil fuels as coal and natural gas [2]. Both windy days or sunny days offer the possibility of in-excess production of energy [2], which can be employed for cheap hydrogen production.

Usually, DRI – Direct Reduction of Iron – request high quality iron ore [3], offering a possibility for Brazil in this market. Vale is considering a hub for HBI (hot briquetted iron) in Porto do Açu in Brazil [4]. Other possible hubs are planned for Saudi Arabia, Oman and Dubai, due to the possibility of cheap natural gas [5].

This study addresses economic issues of hydrogen usage in steelmaking.

Although the denomination “steelmaking” is much more  common in English, the world “siderurgy”  also exists in English. The name “siderurgy” comes from the old Greek world for iron: sideros. Steelmaking and Ironmaking revolutionized the history of humankind: There are distincts quality of life for the 4 main hystorical ages: stone age, copper age [1], bronze age, and iron age. 

Nowadays it became clear that the Old Egyptians were less advanced in metallurgy - or ironmaking - than their neighbors: The Tut-ankh-amon dagger is  meteoritic (due to high nickel) and, besides, it probably was imported from Mittani or Hittite lands [2], thats is, present day Turkey .

The transition of bronze to iron and steel was very important for quality of life: In the iron age, furniture could be easily  manufactured, and also ships and boats. This revolutionized the commerce. Bronze was very expensive due to the scarce and essential alloying element  tin (11-12% in bronze). Instead, iron ore can be found almost everywhere.

It is reviewed the complex process that gave origin to smelting [3,4], for steel and iron production:  Magnetite maybe the first ore used for reduction. The origin of first smelting techniques are still uncertain [5]. More and more it became clear that Black Sea regions started the iron smelting process, possibly in areas related to the Chalybes [6], near present day Trebzon.

The iron and steel industry contributes about 7 % of the total carbon dioxide emission globally and about 35% of all CO₂ produced in the manufacturing sector[1, 2]. About 1.9 tons of CO₂ is produced per ton of crude steel [3, 4]. Carbon from coke or coal is the primary source of heat energy in blast furnaces and rotary hearth furnaces used worldwide. Carbon in the form of graphite electrodes is also used in electric arc furnaces. Thus, it is easy to comprehend that carbon is used extensively in the entire steel making route, making it a high contributor to global CO₂ production. Using hydrogen gas as a reductant in place of carbonaceous material offers significant advantages like zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, faster reduction at lower temperatures, and the absence of a complicated boudouard (C-O) reaction. Most hydrogen reduction studies have been carried out on commercial-grade iron ores containing more than 65% Fe, and limited studies are available on the hydrogen reduction of low-grade ores containing less than 50% Fe [3, 5]. 

The hydrogen reducibility of pellets made from a low-grade multimetallic magnetite ore (Fe content ~45%) was investigated in the present study. Pellets were reduced in a horizontal tube furnace at temperatures ranging from 973 K to 1173 K for 1 to 60 minutes. Pure Hydrogen (H₂) gas (99.9%) at three flow rates of 0.25 L/min, 0.5 L/min, and 1 L/min were blown during the reduction process. A maximum reduction degree of 93.55%, metallization ratio of 0.925, and H₂ gas utilization of 8.92% were obtained at a temperature and a reduction time of 1173 K and 60 minutes, respectively. In order to optimize the hydrogen utilization, a reduction temperature of 1173 K, a reduction time of 45 minutes, and a gas flow rate of 0.25 L/min were selected, resulting in a reduction degree and metallization ratio of 89% and 0.86, respectively. The cold crushing strength (CCS) of the reduced pellets initially decreased and then increased slightly, exhibiting behavior similar to high-grade ores. SiO₂, Al₂O₃, and MgO are found to control the porosity of the pellets, which directly affected the CCS and reducibility of the pellets.   

The role of mathematical models in improving the technology of blast furnace smelting is shown [1]. Examples of new developments of the Institute of Metallurgy of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the field of digital models of blast furnace production are given, in particular, two-dimensional and three-dimensional mathematical models of the thermal state of various zones of the blast furnace, the condition of the refractory lining and filling of the furnace, the forecast of the silicon content in cast iron [2, 3].

New developments in the field of analysis and control of various thermophysical and physico-chemical phenomena occurring in various zones of the blast furnace allow us to raise the technology and methods of conducting blast furnace melting to a fundamentally new level, allowing us to save fuel and energy resources.

The possibility of using a digital model at a keeping up with the process when using sensor readings through the database management system of the blast furnace shop of the metallurgical enterprise is shown.

The work was performed within the framework of the State Assignment of Institute of Metallurgy UB RAS.

This paper considers the possibility of using and improving the 2-D models of gas dynamics and heat transfer of the blast furnace process, taking into account the injection of synthesis gas (with different amounts of hydrogen in it) [1-2]. The analysis of existing mathematical models of gas dynamics and heat exchange of a blast furnace is carried out and arguments are given justifying the need to take into account the characteristics of synthesis gas in the mathematical model. 

In a blast furnace, additional hydrogen in synthesis gas can be used as a partial replacement for coke, which will reduce the amount of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere and increase the energy efficiency of the process. The use of synthesis gas in a blast furnace has a number of advantages and disadvantages. However, when analyzing the current environmental situation, it should be noted that the technology of using synthesis gas has great prospects.

Calculations using an improved two-dimensional mathematical model have shown a more accurate assessment of the heat transfer characteristics in the blast furnace process using synthesis gas. The results of the study can be used to effectively optimize the parameters of technological processes in blast furnace production.

The work was performed within the framework of the State Assignment of Institute of Metallurgy UB RAS.

The present study investigates the advantages and feasibility of the shaft furnace in direct reduction processes, highlighting its energy efficiency and flexibility in the choice of reducing agents. The complexity of the processes involved within the furnace is addressed, dividing it into four distinct zones. Although mathematical models have been developed to predict direct reduction, their application is limited due to the simplification required in the face of the complexity of the phenomena. The integration of the shaft furnace with partial replacement of the charge by self-reducing pellets is explored, demonstrating a potential increase in process efficiency and reduction in CO₂ emissions. This study proposes a multiphase and multicomponent mathematical model to predict the internal temperature distribution of the furnace, validated by simulations on an industrial scale. The results indicate a significant increase in productivity and metalization when using self-reducing pellets, as well as, a reduction in carbon emissions when partially replacing conventional reducing gas with hydrogen. The findings highlight the importance of optimizing operational parameters to maximize the benefits of the shaft furnace in direct iron production.

This study investigates the potential of combined injection of hydrogen as fuel and pulverized charcoal (PCH) in the operation of blast furnaces, aiming to reduce carbon emissions and increase energy efficiency. Through a detailed computational model, we analyzed various operational scenarios with different rates of PCH and hydrogen injection. The results demonstrate that the partial or total replacement of pulverized coal (PC) with PCH can significantly increase blast furnace productivity, reducing coke consumption and carbon emissions. An improvement in internal material distribution and temperature was also observed, with an acceleration in burden descent and a modification in the temperature pattern in the raceway region. Furthermore, it was found that progressive increases in PCH and hydrogen injection can lead to substantial increases in blast furnace productivity, with additional reductions in coke consumption and carbon emissions. These results highlight the potential of combined hydrogen and PCH injection as a viable strategy to promote sustainability and efficiency in the steel industry, aligned with decarbonization and circular economy objectives.

The development of effective technological methods for controlling non-metallic inclusions is a promising direction for improving the complex of properties and quality characteristics of steels. One of the factors regulating the quantity, morphology and distribution of sulfide inclusions over the metal volume is the sulfur content. To organize the production of steel with low sulfur content (up to 0.003 - 0.005%), the desulfurization process is carried out in ladle-furnace installations with the formation of the main slags of the CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 system and deep deoxidation of steel with aluminum. At the same time, one of the main oxide inclusions in steel deoxidized with aluminum is corundum (Al2O3), which deteriorates the properties of steel and leads to “overgrowth” of the inner surface of the immersion nozzle during continuous casting. This negative effect of corundum in steel can be neutralized by removing it into the main liquid slag formed in the ladle-furnace by reducing the activity of Al2O3. However, in practice, an excessive increase in the basicity of refining slag to reduce the activity of Al2O3 is usually accompanied by heterogenization of the slag, an increase in its melting temperature and a decrease in refining properties. One of the promising directions for reducing the activity coefficient of Al2O3 in basic refining slags may be the use of rare earth metal oxides. The use of REM oxides ensures a decrease in their melting point, an increase in fluid mobility, an increase in the coefficient of interphase distribution of sulfur and a decrease in the coefficient of interphase distribution of REM. The paper presents the results of a study of the influence of cerium oxide in the slags of the CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-CeO2 system on the physicochemical properties. New data were obtained on the influence of temperature, cerium oxide and the basicity of the formed slags on the equilibrium interphase distribution of cerium. 

The research was supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation.

The production of Tyre cord grades requires not only a very good surface quality in the wire rods but also a very high degree of steel cleanliness. The reason is that the application is safety critical and the end use in Tyre demands a very high level of cleanliness.

There is both fine drawing and also patenting involved in the manufacturing process which means that both gas content and the inclusion content need to be extremely low. Achieving lower gas content as well as inclusion levels is a challenge in the tyre cord manufacturing process. Careful inclusion engineering, selective use of synthetic slags, high process reduction ratios in rolling and use of rectangular bloom sections are all critical to Tyre cord manufacturing. This paper discussed all the critical parameters that need to be controlled in the manufacturing of Tyre Cord steel.

Since essentially the Tyre Cord is a high carbon steel, all precautions that are necessary to avoid segregation like low superheat, optimum casting speed, and optimum rolling & soaking parameters as to be maintained. Since Al₂O₃ inclusions have to be as low as possible, the selection of the right synthetic slag and Sulphur control while tapping are key to the success of manufacturing these grades. In case sulfur is not low (<0.01%) in tapping, then external heat metal desulfurization is a must before refining.

India is poised to emerge as a global hub in car manufacturing, which will be requiring huge quantities of Tyre cord steels for the local usage of Tyre. This presents a unique opportunity for Indian special steel makers to not only be part of the global supply chain but also to significantly reduce the carbon footprint of steel by eliminating the emissions in the transportation of steel from Abroad.

This project discusses the potential of producing Tyre cord steel in India and the opportunity to reduce the carbon footprint by manufacturing near to local Markets.

Among the priority tasks for the development of the country's metallurgical complex, the problem of improving the quality and reducing the cost of metal products remains relevant. Improving the quality characteristics of structural steels is carried out at all technological stages of steel production. The thermodynamics of the phosphorus oxidation reaction, macrokinetics of oxidation processes, phase composition, structure and physicochemical properties of multicomponent slags of the CaO-SiO2-FeO-MnO-P2O5-MgO and CaO-SiO2-B2O3-Al2O3 system, including viscosity, equilibrium interphase distribution of sulfur and boron during out-of-furnace processing of steel.

The results of fundamental research form the basis for the development of innovative technological solutions that provide:

- smelting of intermediate steel in oxygen converters and modern EAFs under magnesium slag of rational composition with a guaranteed low phosphorus content and high durability of the refractory lining of steel-smelting units;

-deep desulfurization and direct microalloying of structural steel grades with boron in ladle-furnace installations using environmentally friendly boron-containing slag.

The introduction of developed innovative technological solutions ensured the production of low-carbon boron-containing structural steels of a new generation, sparingly alloyed with manganese, with low phosphorus and sulfur content and a complex of increased mechanical properties, incl. for large-diameter pipes of strength category X80 without heat treatment with the prospect of reaching strength category X100-X120.

The discussion of sustainable development is directly related to the materials sector, in the first instance because materials are essential for socioeconomic development and in the second instance because of the environmental impacts related to the extraction and management of the sector. Everything from buildings and infrastructure to technology and consumer goods relies on materials. Environmental pressures push the industry and the commerce sector to adopt a more eco friendly stance. Companies are rethinking how they operate to be greener. They're looking for ways to use materials that are less harmful to the environment. This might mean using recycled materials or finding alternatives to traditional materials that are more sustainable. This matters because it helps us deal with big issues like pollution and climate change. As a result, the materials sector has been undergoing adjustments to accommodate the new reality. In this sense, the adoption of sustainable practices in the materials sector is a basic condition to combat the social, economic and environmental problems of present and future generations. In view of the theme presented, the work aims to analyze the evolution of materials over the years in the face of market pressures and the green economy. 

The steel industry is responsible for 5% of total energy consumption and contributes 6% of CO₂ emissions worldwide [1]. Brazil produces around 30% of the world's charcoal and a large part of this is used to produce pig iron, ferroalloys and silicon metal. There is a large proportion of artisanal production in the country and pressure for sustainable production systems has led to the development of new clean technologies with higher yields [2]. There are a total of 21 types of carbonization furnaces, of which there are 172 patents with various improvements to the carbonization process [3].

Residues from rice, maize, soy, wheat and other crops such as bambo have high energy potential, and these sources can contribute to increasing electricity generation [4]. The carbonization process has evolved, as has furnace productivity, and making full use of the energy contained in biomass has reached technological limits [5]. With finite natural resources and an industry that is intensive for the development of society, it is necessary to develop alternatives in the direction of the circular economy [6].

This article carries out an analysis of the availability of maize waste and bamboo biomass in Brazil, as well as a review of the optimized carbonization process, where there is use of the gases generated and co-products from the pyrolysis process. The article also evaluates a charcoal generation process that can be adapted to the conditions of biomass availability in the regions of Brazil.

In a submerged electric arc furnace, contact shoes/ clamps/ pads are large copper/ copper alloys components, that are pressed against the electrode casing to conduct electric current into the electrode from the furnace transformer/s connections. Submerged electric arc furnaces normally use Soderberg electrodes in which the solid electrode paste becomes molten and then baked to solid by the increasing heat as the paste moves down inside the electrode casing and passes by the contact shoe area. To bake the paste properly and uniformly across the cross-sectional area of the electrode, the appropriate level of current and its uniform distribution among all the contact shoes of the same electrode, are required, to provide the heating, to solidify the electrode paste at the correct rate. Lower current level at any contact shoe may result in poor baking in the zone of that contact shoe, which may force to reduce the slipping rate to prevent the baked paste level dropping too below the electrode contact shoes or it may result in a green break in extreme case. The contact of the contact shoe with the electrode is not fixed, as the electrode must be supplemented from the top, which continues to get consumed at the bottom; this makes the working conditions of the contact shoes worse. Contact shoes are designed for long and trouble-free operation with optimum electrical contact. Also, to avoid hot spots around the contact shoes or overloading of any contact shoe, the equalization of current in each contact shoe of an electrode is essential. High unequal contact shoe current may indicate poor contact shoe service pressure, over slipping of the electrode so green electrode beneath the contact shoe, furnace zone wise charge mix problem/ under carbon, electrode breakage, issues with the transformer secondary winding, cooling circuit problem of that contact shoe, electrode casing problem, cavitation in the electrode, arcing of contact shoe, double earthing issues etc. This paper focuses and describes the procedure for accurate measurement of individual contact shoe current as well as accurate derivation of electrode-wise current and furnace transformer phase wise current; so that from the recorded trends the above noted problems can be predicted and longer breakdown for defective contact shoe replacement can be substituted with no required replacement / planned maintenance, resulting in higher availability and more efficient operation.

The main challenges in sintering technology within the iron and steel industry involve enhancing productivity and maintaining the quality of sintered ore. Key concerns include uneven heat distribution and high emissions, with sintering and blast furnace processes contributing significantly to overall industry emissions. To address these issues, various methods have been explored, such as double ignition, altering gas compositions, recycling hot flue gases, and using additional gaseous fuels. Among these strategies, modifying the inlet gas conditions is seen as a practical approach. This study examines the effects of oxygen injection during the iron ore sintering process on parameters such as temperature profile, sintering time, yield, and productivity. Lab-scale trials were conducted using a pot sinter setup, with oxygen injected from the top of the sinter bed, while keeping other variables constant. Results showed a significant increase in the duration of high temperatures, which promoted the formation of stronger sinter with improved structural properties. The injection of oxygen also helped maintain the burn-through temperature and increased the mean particle size of the sinter. Thermographic analysis indicated that the flame front expanded upward with oxygen injection, enhancing the efficiency of the sintering process.

In the Renaissance of fifteenth and sixteenth century Europe, nature was conceptualized as a living organism. Like humans, it had a body, soul, and spirit. The body was the earth mother, the planets the soul, and the fixed stars the spirit. Beyond that was God. In the seventeenth century, the metaphor changed to that of a machine made of dead particles controlled according to the laws of momentum and energy. Nature could be predicted and controlled, ultimately leading to the pollution and depletion of resources. However, through conservation and restoration, much of the damage could be undone. I believe that through a new ethic of partnership with nature, we can take, but also give back to the earth. Such an ethic would allow human lives and nature’s life to continue in an ongoing dynamic relationship.

In the Renaissance of fifteenth and sixteenth century Europe, nature was conceptualized as a living organism. Like humans, it had a body, soul, and spirit. The body was the earth mother, the planets the soul, and the fixed stars the spirit. Beyond that was God. In the seventeenth century, the metaphor changed to that of a machine made of dead particles controlled according to the laws of momentum and energy. Nature could be predicted and controlled, ultimately leading to the pollution and depletion of resources. However, through conservation and restoration, much of the damage could be undone. I believe that through a new ethic of partnership with nature, we can take, but also give back to the earth. Such an ethic would allow human lives and nature’s life to continue in an ongoing dynamic relationship.

The rivers and seas are vital ecosystems, in which various forms of life develop. Sediments act as a substrate for pollutants, including microplastics (MP) and heavy metals (HM) and other elements, which can have adverse effects on aquatic organisms and ecosystems. Contamination of river sediments by these pollutants can pose risks to human and animal health via the food chain or direct exposure, thus aggravating ecological imbalances.

The distinctive character of MPs is their small size, defined as particles with a dimension of 0.1 to 5 mm. Heavy metals, widespread contaminants in the environment, continually affect sediments and bodies of water. MPs, due to their non-degradable nature, and heavy metals act as persistent pollutants, and their combined pollution also poses a new threat to our lives.

This work describes an analytical methodology for sampling and analysis of microplastic pollution, including steps such as sample collection, chemical treatment, density separation and filtration[1]. Another objective of this study was also to prepare a protocol for isolating microplastics from organic matter in a river sediment system. Microplastic evaluation was carried out by optical microscopy and FTIR spectroscopy[2].

We used X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) to assess heavy metals and other elements present in sediments prepared as pressed pellets and loose powders, applying two different sets of standards[3]. In this way a comparative study was carried out using two different sets of standards to determine the quantity of heavy metals and other elements.

In 1926, Vito Volterra presented the Pray-Predator model to evalute the effect of time on the population of species [1].

In mathematics, the Lotka-Volterra equations are a couple of first-order, nonlinear, differential equations, which can be used for describing chaotic systems.   Lotka-Volterra equations are typically  used for describing the dynamics of biological systems, when two species interact: one as prey and the other as predator.

The model can be used to evalute the economy. The idea of Adam Smith of the “Invisible hand” [2] is completely wrong.

Unfortunately, Adam Smith reasoning has dominated the economy for centuries, maybe.

Here it is shown that some economic crisis [3], as 1929 [4] and 1987 [ 5], may have been origin on the excess of capital.

The reasoning presented here can be used to understand variations of  price of commodities, as discussed previously [6].

Thus “bubbles” in economy [7] can be predicted, thus mitigating the nephast effect of possible stock market crisis. The Lotke -Volterra equations [8] can be used for the prediction of such “bubbles”.

The leather industry produces footwear, leather textiles, technical leather, and leather for haberdashery. The main auxiliary chemicals are compounds of trivalent and hexavalent chromium. Stabilization of appropriately treated natural hide, as a by-product of slaughterhouses, is carried out with 80% complex compounds of trivalent chromium, which creates strong coordination bonds with peptide groups of the skin protein - collagen, and thus achieves the desired useful properties of stabilized raw hide - leather. However, the use of chromium also carries risks. In relation to the shoes that we wear, it is important that the shoe material contains only trivalent chromium. According to standards, the maximum content of Cr VI in footwear is 3 ppm and 50 ppm Cr III of leachable chromium. Our contribution looks at both valences of chromium, the conditions under which trivalent chromium is oxidized to its toxic hexavalent form, and its relationship to the footwear and to our health.

The beamhouse plays a pivotal role in leather manufacturing. However, the conventional lime-sulfide system (LSS) used in the beamhouse causes significant environmental pollution due to the extensive use of chemical agents. In recent years, most research has focused on biological treatments, with enzymes emerging as a promising environmentally friendly alternative. In this study, we employed the salt-enzyme system (SES) to utilize MgCl₂-assisted neutral protease to streamline processes and reduce pollution in the beamhouse. Additionally, response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to optimize the experimental conditions for enhancing unhairing, fiber opening, and bating efficiency. In terms of environmental benefits, compared to LSS, SES exhibits a significant decrease in COD, NH₃-N, and TS by 9.59%, 26.27%, and 76.94%, respectively, highlighting its efficacy as an environmentally sustainable alternative. The environmental impacts of the beamhouse stage (LCA) approach by comparing two scenarios. The results showed that all the environmental significantly lower than those linked to LSS. The utilization of MgCl₂-assisted neutral protease in a one-step beamhouse aligns with the trend of environmentally friendly and green production for the leather industry.

According to archaeological records, there are a number of well-established dating methods. However, there is a lack of identification of specific type of artifacts, especially collagen-based materials with complex structure. Leather cultural relics, one of representative of collagen-based cultural relics, are precious physical historical materials for the study of ancient social history[1-3]. Leather cultural relic is an important carrier for inheriting human civilization and witnessing historical development. Therefore, the research on the identification and aging mechanism of leather cultural relic is of great significance. In this work, with leathers tanned by tara and quebracho as cultural relics model, the pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of vegetable-tanned leather were investigated by thermogravimetry (TG) analysis at three different heating rates and the pyrolysis products were analyzed by TG coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and mass spectrometry (TG-FTIR-MS) analysis, whose micro-loss characteristic is in line with the particularity of cultural relics. The pyrolysis kinetics of the untanned sheepskin and vegetable-tanned leathers were investigated by using both methods of modified Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (MKAS) and Friedman (FR). The gaseous products mainly consist of CH₄, NH₃, H₂O, CO, HNCO, CO₂, and pyrrole. The results were obtained that the appearance of CO and the intensity changes of CH₄ and NH₃ may provide secure and reliable identification of leather tanned by hydrolyzed and condensed tannins. The leather aging mechanism was revealed, and a new identification method was obtained, which might provide an important theoretical basis for the proper preservation and restoration of collagen-based cultural relics.

Collagen is a naturally occurring polymer with unique triple helical structure, which is the main structural component of leather [1]. The thermal stability of leather has important implications for practical applications and is affected by many factors. In the present work, the effect of re-tanning and fat-liquoring, two important post-tanning operations [2], on thermal degradation behaviors, kinetics and mechanisms of chrome-tanned leather (CTL) was investigated by using thermogravimetry (TG) and TG-Fourier transform infrared (TG-FTIR). The activation energy (Ea) values for the thermal degradation of chrome-tanned, re-tanned and fat-liquored leathers at different conversions were calculated using modified Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (MKAS) method [3]. It was found that the average value of Ea decreased after re-tanning and fat-liquoring operations. The thermal degradation mechanism was predicted and compared based on single-step and multi-step reaction models with the combination of isoconversional and master plots methods. The results suggested that a two-parallel-reaction model could match the An model better than single-step one. TG-FTIR results showed that CO2, H2O, NH3 and pyrrole were main evolved gaseous products during CTL thermal degradation and confirmed an enhancement of gas release after re-tanning and fat-liquoring operations.

There is growing interest on the utilization of animal by-products and wastes based on sustainability and recycling of natural biomaterials. Animal by-products and wastes mainly refer to skin, bones, and tendons that contain proteins and other macromolecules[1]. Animal raw hides represent a remarkable portion of the weight of sheep (11.0–11.7%), which are abundant sources of epithelial tissue that contains a high concentration of collagen[2]. As the primary ingredients to produce leather products, these raw materials undergo trimming to achieve uniform shapes before commencing the tanning process, which may generate considerable proteinaceous waste[3]. Reportedly, one ton of wet salted hides/skins yields approximately 200kg finished leather along with 350 kg non-tanned solid waste, 250 kg tanned solid waste, and 200 kg wastewater loss[4]. Hence, there remains a considerable of lamb trimming wastes of tannery for the collagen recycle. Plant-based enzymes including papain and bromelain have been utilized for extracting gelatin or collagen from un-tanned bovine trimming waste. Given the potential of ficin enzyme for collagen hydrolysis[5], harnessing this enzyme to extract collagen from discarded sheep trimming waste could be beneficial. In addition, with aided ultrasound, entangled collagen fibrils can be opened then separated, contributing to post-treatment with acids or enzymes as well as reduced extraction periods. 

Based on aided ultrasound technology, the aim of this research is to design a sustainable method for extracting collagen from untreated tannery trimming waste using ficin enzyme derived from ficin leaves. The structural and biochemical characteristics of the extracted collagen from this green method and conventional methods (acetic acid) will be fully discussed.

A simple and effective method for the extraction of collagen from untanned tannery trimming waste using acetic acid and ficin enzyme obtained from ficin leaves was developed in this study. Although acetic acid and ficin enzyme both are effective for the extraction of collagen but enzymatic hydrolysis can extract more collagen than the acid hydrolysis method. Collagen obtained from the enzymatic hydrolysis process maintained its predominant triple helix structure and had amorphousness which was confirmed by the FTIR and XRD analysis. However, the collagen obtained from enzymatic hydrolysis was thermally less stable compared to the collagen obtained by acid hydrolysis. Hence, it can be concluded that ficin enzyme- assisted hydrolysis method can aid in the implementation of circular economy approach in the leather industry by extracting collagen from the trimming waste in an environment-friendly way.
 

Leather manufacturing is increasingly prioritizing environmentally friendly processes, emphasizing clean production to reduce environmental impacts [1-3]. The present work was focused to explore the application of an α-amylase/neutral protease system (ANS) in a simplified one-step process for unhairing, fiber opening, and bating to replace the traditional, chemically beamhouse of lime-sulfide system (LSS). With response surface methodology (RSM), a mathematical model was established to optimize operational conditions, with the concentrations of 0.3 wt.% α-amylase and 0.5 wt.% neutral protease at 28.4℃ for 16.6 hours. The effectiveness of the process on unhairing and fiber opening was studied through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the impact on bating was evaluated by the removal rates of carbohydrate and proteoglycan. The leather produced using the optimized ANS exhibited comparable physical properties to those traditionally processed, with higher hydrothermal shrinkage temperature and better softness. Environmentally, the optimized ANS process achieved significant reductions in pollutants, more than 90% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH₃-N, and Cl^-, and 73.91% of total solids (TS) by. An economic analysis further revealed a direct cost savings of 30.98% with the ANS of that with the LSS, alongside indirect benefits of enhanced production efficiency and simplified wastewater treatment. Notably, the one-step enzymatic beamhouse substantially decreases the electricity and water usage, potentially reducing the greenhouse gas emissions by 44.6%. The ANS is proposed to be a sustainable and cost-effective alternative for leather manufacturing with environmentally friendly practices.

The assembly of medium-scale collagen in native tissues promotes excellent performance and multiple functions. The preparation of collagen fibers and fiber bundles from collagen-rich tissues through acid swelling^[1,2] and the utilization of combined chemical and physical treatments have been documented^[3]. Homogenization and grinding were employed to enhance collagen nanofibrillation, albeit with high energy consumption. In this study, two simple and controllable liquid exfoliation methods were used to extract collagen fine structures directly from bovine Achilles tendons. One method utilized a sodium hydroxide (NaOH)/urea water system to extract collagen fibers with diameters ranging from 26~230 nm through freeze-thaw cycles and ultrasound. The other method involved the use of a urea/GuHCl deep eutectic solvent to extract interstitial collagen fibers with diameters ranging from 102~159 nm directly from bovine Achilles tendons. In situ observation under polarized optical microscopy (POM) and molecular dynamics simulations revealed the effects of these two methods on tendon collagen. FTIR results confirmed that these original fibers retained the typical structural characteristics of type I collagen. Subsequently, these extracted collagen fibers were used as building blocks to prepare independent collagen membranes, which exhibited good transparency, strong mechanical properties, excellent barrier performance, and cell compatibility.

The development of natural fibre biodegradable composites are gaining much attention due to lower environmental impact, driven by the issues with synthetic fiber-based polymer composites manufacture, disposal, and recycling. Nowadays, pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) are playing significant role in composites exhibiting superior performance than other cellulose fibres for a variety of uses in the automotive, biomedical, furniture, and packaging industries, among others. This study examined the combined effects of in-house coupling agent production and pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) loading on the mechanical and thermal characteristics of  biodegradable polymers polylactic acid (PLA) and poly(butylene adipate-co-tere-phthalate) (PBAT), which were manufactured by melt compounding. The PLA grafted with maleic anhydride (MA) (PLA-g-MA) was used as a coupling agent to improve the interfacial adhesion between PLA and PBAT with PALF. The results demonstrated the dependence of thermal stability and tensile properties on the grafting level of MA, and also on the concentrations of PALF. Thus, it could be deduced that combination of PALF at high concentrations (5, 10 and 15 wt%) and PLA-g-MA with high grafting level can significantly improve the thermal stability of PLA and PBAT. On the other hand, at high grafting level, there was an improvement in tensile modulus of biocomposite. The morphological analysis indicated better adhesion between PALF and PLA with PBAT, in composites containing PLA-g-MA with high grafting level. Overall, PLA/PBAT/PALF/PLA-g-MA green composites with improved interfacial adhesion, thermal stability and mechanical properties were successfully optimised to replace non-biodegradable conventional plastics with added advantages of biodegradability.   

Mineral exploration generates a significant amount of waste, whose improper disposal can cause adverse environmental impacts. This work investigates the use of mining waste in the manufacture of interlocking paving blocks, with the aim of promoting sustainability in civil construction and reducing environmental liabilities. For this purpose, the waste was processed through gravimetric separation methods, using a shaking table and Humphrey spiral, aiming to separate the sand from the iron contained in the waste. Gravimetric methods are based on the difference in density between minerals to promote separation. The shaking table, a device that uses vibratory movements combined with a water flow, separates particles according to their density and size. In this process, heavier particles, such as iron, are directed to one end, while lighter particles, such as sand, are collected at the other end. The Humphrey spiral, in turn, uses the centrifugal force generated by the spiral flow to separate particles of different densities, with the sand being collected on the outer parts of the spiral. After separation, the resulting sand was analyzed for its granulometry through sieving. This process involves passing the sand through a series of sieves with different openings, classifying the particles according to their size. Adequate granulometry is crucial to ensure the quality of interlocking blocks, directly influencing their strength and durability. The processed sand was then used in the production of interlocking paving blocks, employing a vibratory press. This equipment compacts the mixture of sand, cement, and water, forming high-density, high-strength blocks. Interlocking blocks are a sustainable and efficient alternative for paving, offering ease of installation and maintenance, as well as allowing rainwater drainage. To evaluate the quality of the produced blocks, standard compressive strength tests were carried out. These tests consist of subjecting the blocks to compressive forces until rupture occurs, measuring the maximum strength supported. The interlocking blocks manufactured with the processed waste sand achieved a compressive strength of 25 MPa, meeting the normative requirements for paving. The results demonstrate that it is feasible to use mining waste, properly processed, in the manufacture of interlocking paving blocks, contributing to the reduction of environmental impacts and promoting sustainability in civil construction. The application of gravimetric separation methods proved effective in obtaining sand of adequate quality, and the produced blocks showed satisfactory performance in compressive strength tests. This study reinforces the importance of innovative solutions for the management of mining waste, promoting material recycling and the circular economy. Furthermore, the use of waste in civil construction can represent an economically viable alternative, reducing costs with raw materials and minimizing the environmental liabilities associated with mining.

Mineral exploration generates a significant amount of waste, whose improper disposal can cause adverse environmental impacts. This work investigates the use of mining waste processed by gravimetric separation methods, aiming at the production of sustainable construction materials and the elimination of dams, pits, and dry stacks. The waste was subjected to separation processes using a shaking table and a Humphrey spiral, with the objective of separating the clay, sand, and iron contained in the residual material. 

Gravimetric methods are based on the difference in density between minerals to promote separation. The shaking table uses vibratory movements combined with a water flow to separate particles according to their density and size. In this process, heavier particles, such as iron, are directed to one end, while lighter particles, such as sand and clay, are collected at the other end. The Humphrey spiral, in turn, uses the centrifugal force generated by the spiral flow to separate particles of different densities, collecting the sand in the outer parts of the spiral and the clay in the intermediate areas. 

After separation, the resulting sand was analyzed for its granulometry through sieving. This process involves passing the sand through a series of sieves with different openings, classifying the particles according to their size. Adequate granulometry is crucial to ensure the quality of interlocking blocks, directly influencing their strength and durability. 

The processed sand was then used in the production of interlocking paving blocks, employing a vibratory press. This equipment compacts the mixture of sand, cement, and water, forming high-density and high-strength blocks. Interlocking blocks are a sustainable and efficient alternative for paving, offering ease of installation and maintenance, as well as allowing rainwater drainage. 

To evaluate the quality of the produced blocks, standard compressive strength tests were carried out. These tests consist of subjecting the blocks to compressive forces until rupture occurs, measuring the maximum strength supported. The interlocking blocks manufactured with the processed waste sand achieved a compressive strength of 14,87 MPa, meeting the normative requirements for paving.

In addition to using sand, the separated clay was used in the manufacture of soil-cement blocks for building construction. The clay was mixed with soil and cement, compacted in specific molds, and cured to achieve adequate strength for civil construction. These soilcement blocks offer advantages in terms of sustainability and cost-benefit, contributing to more ecological constructions. 

The iron separated from the waste was pelletized to supply the metallurgical industry. Pelletization involves agglomerating iron fines into pellets, which are then used as raw material in steel production. This process not only adds value to mining waste but also reduces the need for virgin iron ore extraction, promoting sustainability in the metallurgical industry. 

The results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of using processed mining waste in the production of sustainable construction materials and supplying the metallurgical industry. The application of gravimetric separation methods proved effective in obtaining materials of adequate quality, and the manufactured products showed satisfactory performance in strength tests. This study reinforces the importance of innovative solutions for mining waste management, promoting material recycling and the circular economy, eliminating the need for dams, pits, and dry stacks.

The need to transition to a clean energy economy has received significant global attention in recent years. This has led to pledges by different nations to get to net-zero emissions. For example, the United States targets achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. Of the different strategies for meeting the targets, significant emphasis has been placed on the electrification of transportation systems. This requires advancement in two key components: traction drives and batteries in electric vehicles (EVs). Recycling of the critical metals contained in these components is one aspect of the advancement strategies. Despite several years of research in recycling permanent magnets and batteries, there are still hurdles to overcome towards making a significant impact. 

This talk will, therefore, focus on approaches employed in the recycling of critical metals from permanent magnets in EV traction drives and batteries. It will include a discussion of the key limitations and the opportunities to overcome those. Some innovative approaches developed in the Critical Materials Innovation Hub and Ames National Laboratory will be presented. Particularly, we present the novel acid-free dissolution recycling (ADR) approach for recovering rare earth elements from e-waste. We will also present the newly developed Batteries Recycling and Water Splitting (BRAWS) technology that uses water as the only solvent for recycling Li-ion batteries, uses CO₂ as feedstock and produces green hydrogen as a co-product.

Depression and other neuropsychiatric diseases are brain disorders that affect daily life. They are triggered by stress from changes in environment, relationships, finances, chronic illness, and other life obstacles. The number of patients with depression is on the rise worldwide, and in recent years, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there is concern about a further increase. Oxidative stress (OS) plays an important role in depressive disorders in recent studies, including decreased serum antioxidant levels in depressed patients. Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and OS-induced dysfunction are associated with the etiology and progression of depression. However, at present, depression is commonly treated with many antipsychotic drugs, and few therapies have targeted oxidative stress. Twendee X®︎ (TwX), an antioxidant combination supplement with dementia-preventive effects for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in Japanese, provides mitochondrial protection, maintains neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, increases brain autophagy and telomeres, in addition to antioxidant properties that cannot be achieved with a single ingredient. It is composed of eight vitamins, amino acids, and CoQ10, and has passed the same safety standards required of pharmaceuticals. In addition to lowering blood oxidative stress, TwX has been reported to improve quality of life, including defecation status and sleep quality, by acting on the gut microbiota. These various effects suggest that TwX is promising in terms of providing a new treatment option for neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression. Antioxidant therapy using effective antioxidant supplements is promising in terms of diversifying treatment methods in the treatment of depression, even in view of its different positioning from pharmaceuticals.

Free radicals continue to be produced in our body. Free radicals attack lipids and produce lipid hydroperoxide. Aggregated lipid peroxides are known to be a risk factor for developing various diseases such as arteriosclerosis and cancer. Antioxidant enzymes such as SOD and CAT that exist in the body are not sufficient to prevent these problems. Therefore, we consume antioxidants such as vitamins. Therefore, in this study, we reexamined the antioxidant activity of Twendee X, which is commonly sold as a multi-supplement [1]. In this experiment, electron spin resonance (ESR) was used to measure antioxidant activity. ESR is the only measurement method that can directly measure radicals. The results showed that Twendee X has very strong antioxidant activity. The ingredients contained in Twendee X are mainly water-soluble vitamins and amino acids. Despite this, it is surprising that Twendee X has the ability to scavenge hydroxyl radicals and superoxide radicals. This time, we will present a comparison of its antioxidant effect with other antioxidants. As future research progresses, we may be able to discover new combinations of vitamins and amino acids that strongly scavenge many types of radicals. Furthermore, if the relationship between individual radicals and disease and fatigue is clarified, it may become possible to create custom-made supplements.

Vocalization is a complex laryngeal function that involves intricate neuronal networks in the brain. This function depends on vocal fold vibration, which requires adequate subglottic pressure, vocal fold adduction, and tension. However, excessive use of vocal folds can damage the tissue structure of the vocal folds, as well as the laryngeal and respiratory muscles, possibly due to oxidative stress. Therefore, we conducted a study investigating whether vocal loading could lead to functional deterioration of the vocal-related muscles. 

Thus, we achieved an animal model, in which excessive vocal fold use induces hoarseness, produced by repetitive forced vocalization triggered by electrical stimulation of the midbrain periaqueductal grey in guinea pigs.

To examine oxidative stress of the laryngeal and respiratory muscles of vocal-loaded animals, we then compared the formation of malondialdehyde protein adducts of the laryngeal and respiratory muscles for a representative vocal-loaded animal with a control animal. The intralaryngeal and expiratory respiratory muscles showed higher levels of malondialdehyde in a vocal-loaded animal.

While additional experiments are required to substantiate this hypothesis, these results may give a new perspective on evaluating vocal fatigue in individuals who use their voices excessively. They may also help identify potential interventions or treatments for vocal disorders.

After the onset of ischemia in an organ, treatments allow blood to flow back into the organs (reperfusion). Typical reperfusion procedures include thrombotherapy for cerebral infarction and catheterization for myocardial infarction. When blood begins to re-enter an ischemic organ, a large amount of oxidative stress is generated from the damaged area. In the case of cerebral infarction, prolonged oxidative stress causes inflammation of the surrounding normal cranial nerve tissue, leading to functional impairment and vascular dementia. In the case of myocardial infarction, it is known that even if catheterization allows blood to return to the heart, a large amount of oxidative stress is generated from the damaged myocardium, resulting in heart failure and death 5 to 7 days after the infarction.

There are limited methods of anti-oxidant treatment for reperfusion. Although Edaravone (RADICUT BAG I.V. Infusion) is covered by health insurance in Japan for cerebral infarction, it is only allowed to be administered once within 24 hours after the onset of cerebral infarction due to its strong side effects. Antioxidant therapy has been tested in myocardial infarction, but no significant effects have been reported.

We have developed an antioxidant combination supplemental, Twendee X (TwX), and TwX has been reported that it can reduce cerebral infarction damage in a mouse model of cerebral infarction. A small number of cerebral infarction patients have reported the improvements of sequelae and reduction of the severity symptoms at the time of infarction. In myocardial infarction, one patient with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction who had been taking TwX before the onset of the disease was discharged from the hospital on the fifth day without symptoms of heart failure after catheterization. As a safe antioxidant therapy, TwX may be useful in reperfusion disease.

Airway reflexes such as coughing, sneezing, and the expiration reflex are essential in preventing foreign body from staying in the airway. These defensive reflexes should be appropriately activated against foreign bodies entering both the upper and lower airways. However, excessive responses to airway stimulation can lead to further airway distress and result in complications such as an overactive cough reflex and sneezing.

Allergic airway diseases, such as asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR), are typically chronic and are occasionally characterized by excessive and prolonged Th2 responses to inhaled allergens. They are assumed to be linked to oxidative stress. Asthma is associated with decreased antioxidant defenses, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione. Patients with AR have systemically elevated oxidative stress and systemically elevated serum total antioxidant status levels. Concomitant use of nasal steroids and antihistamines significantly decreases total oxidative stress in AR patients. Significant improvement in clinical outcome was observed in subjects who received antioxidants along with intranasal steroid fluticasone furoate. Other treatments that have been reported to improve symptoms of respiratory allergic diseases by enhancing antioxidant status include hydrogen-rich saline, crocin, curcumin, and silymarin. 

Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 are critical cytokines in the induction of the pathogenic Th2 responses. They induce periostin in the airway tract that is highly expressed in chronic inflammatory diseases―asthma, atopic dermatitis, eosinophilc chronic sinusitis/chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp, and allergic conjunctivitis. 

In this presentation, we will briefly review previous studies regarding airway disorders linked to oxidative stress. We will also introduce our recent project regarding airway hyperresponsiveness and the involvement of periostin in respiratory allergic diseases using periostin-knockout mice and respiratory allergic models. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the possibility of anti-oxidative treatment for the hypersensitivity caused by allergic airway inflammation.

This lecture will discuss the data showing that mammals, including the humans, have two major sources of melatonin that exhibit different functions. The best-known source of melatonin, herein referred to as Source #1, is the pineal gland. In this organ, melatonin production is circadian with maximal synthesis and release occurring during the daily dark period [1]. Of the total amount of melatonin produced in mammals, we speculate that less than 5% is produced by the pineal gland [2]. he regulation of the synthesis of pineal melatonin primarily involves the sympathetic innervation of the pinealocytes. Once synthesized, pineal melatonin is released into both the capillaries that perfuse the gland as well as into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the third ventricle, with both of these fluids exhibiting elevated levels of melatonin at night. The amplitude of the nocturnal rise in CSF melatonin is generally an order of magnitude greater than in the blood [3]. These melatonin rhythms have the primary function of influencing the circadian clock at the level of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (the CSF melatonin) and the clockwork in all peripheral organs (the blood melatonin) via receptor-mediated actions. A second source of melatonin (Source # 2) is produced in multiple tissues throughout the body, probably being synthesized in the mitochondria of these cells [4]. This constitutes the bulk of the melatonin produced in mammals and is concerned with metabolic regulation. Although this review emphasizes the action of melatonin from this source in determining redox homeostasis, it has other critical metabolic effects as well. The possible synthesis of melatonin in mitochondria is of particular interest since these organelles are a primary site of free radical generation [5].   Extrapineal melatonin synthesis does not exhibit a circadian rhythm and it is not released into the blood but acts locally in its cell of origin and possibly in a paracrine matter on adjacent cells [6]. The factors that control/influence melatonin synthesis in extrapineal cells have yet to be identified. We propose, however, that the concentration of melatonin in these cells is determined by the subcellular redox state and that it may be inducible under stressful conditions as is well documented in plant cells [7].

The telomere length is suggested and used as a biomarker of human aging simply due to previously telomeres has been suggested to predict longevity. Oxidative stress is presumably one of the major causes of telomere shortening, 

Our findings supported the idea of a possible correlation between the TL and biomarkers of oxidative stress in aging. The study has remarkable scope in medical science as the findings on correlation of TL with biomarkers of oxidative stress in aging are novel and they will help in further research against oxidative stress.

During aging, telomeres shorten classically due to cell turnover. Telomere length is mainly maintained by telomerase. This enzyme is present in the embryonic stem cells in high concentrations and declines with age. It is still unclear to what extent there is telomerase in adult stem cells, but considering these are the founder cells to the cells of all tissues in a body, understanding the telomere dynamics and expression of telomerase in adult stem cells is very important.

Telomere length has been implicated as one of the markers for aging related diseases and neoplastic transformation in both in vivo and in vitro studies. During carcinogenesis telomeres shorten due to high cell turnover and repeats are added by active telomerase or alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT).  This gradual shortening is replication driven and does not necessarily explain the presence of ultra-short telomeres. 

Ultra-short telomeres are observed when there is a sudden shortening in telomeres not related with cell division and may arise from breaks in telomeres due to oxidative damage and replication slippage. Telomeres have important functions but do shorten through-out life, ultimately causing cellular problems. 

Our group has compared different methods that available to evaluate telomere length, with a special focus on the telomere length dynamics in different tissues, both the overall telomere length and telomere length of individual chromosomes in age related disorders. 

Thus, our results showed that telomere profiling may be use as an important clinical parameter and supported the idea of a possible correlation between the ultra-short telomeres as biomarkers of aging. Overall telomere science showed that single or a small group of ultra-short telomeres are more influential in senescence associated disease progression rather than shortening that reflected as average telomere length, therefore it is important to identify the presence and load of ultra-short telomeres in diseases.

Our results suggest the using Universal STELA is an accurate method for evaluation of extreme-short telomeres. Compared to golden standard well known TRF assay, that measures mean telomere length, U-STELA is developed to overcome several problems detecting abrupt telomere shortening in a single chromosome out of 92 chromosome ends same time. The novel approach in U-STELA is to anneal a linker or telorette to the G rich 3’ overhang of the telomere which is a product of restriction digestion after DNA isolation. Telorette enables stable PCR of telomeric regions without template slippage ensuring successful completion of PCR.

At present, the human population is consuming approximately “1.7 earth gross domestic products (earth GDPs)“ per year. It is obvious that this cannot sustain human and planetary life and health. The two major challenges to be met for preserving a healthy human life on a healthy planet are sustainable generation und use of energy and food [1].

Humanity in the Anthropocene faces enormous challenges in terms of: the global population of 8 billion today and 10 billion predicted for 2080; the human impact on biodiversity and climate change; and the need for a more resilient health care system. Yet, humanity also disposes of unprecedented knowledge, technologies, and tools to meet these challenges: the converging and mutually beneficial revolutions in bio- and information technology; and – despite remaining shortcomings – the increasing international cooperation in science, economics, and politics [2]. 

Nutrition and agriculture stand at the center of both the necessities and opportunities to deliver better human, animal, and planetary health by facilitating sustainable global food and feed supply for populations and livestock [3]; personalized and precision nutrition for enhanced individual human health [4]; and unlocking the wealth of natural bioactives [5]. Human nutrition needs to sustain life, enhance health, and help prevent disease. Nutrition should furthermore prolong human health span in view of extended life span, improve individual well-being, and help enhance performance. While doing that, it should sustainably use planetary resources and minimize irreparable impact on environment and climate [2]. 

To meet these seemingly overwhelming and possibly conflicting challenges, nutrition science is advancing towards a translational systems science supporting: a more sustainable food system "from farm to fork" [3]; a more efficient yet affordable health care system; and nutritional and dietary strategies tailored to different ethnicities as well as consumer and patient groups [6]. A more sustainable food system requires first and foremost reduction of food waste. We also need enhanced leverage of the plant kingdom for macronutrients, in particular the typically animal-derived protein, and for micronutrients and other bioactive compounds [5]. Efficient yet affordable health care should include (general, medical, and clinical) nutrition and prevention as a complement to pharmaceutical repair and cure. Tailored nutrition requires translational and comparable clinical studies with deeply phenotyped subjects, representative of population groups [7].

If we use lithium batteries, non-stoichiometry of bonding lithium is clearly evident ((inclusion, or intercalation). Single crystals of silicon, the basis of modern electronics, receive their desired characteristics after successful doping by respective additives, again in non-stoichiometric proportions. Zeolites are the next example and the ‘organic’ option is among the precious, in terms of possible applications, materials known in the chemical literature since 1970ths  

Porous molecules are not a rarity, biological chemistry may serve as the valuable source of this sort of matter, like starch component, amylose, and the products of its enzymatic degradation – cyclodextrins. And in recent decades numerous synthetic molecules possessing internal pores have been reported: calixarenes, cucurbiturils, cavitands, crowns, to mention just a few examples.

The paper will concentrate on physico-chemical characteristic of porous materials, including flexibility of their crystal structures which allows ‘engineering’ of sorption/desorption procedures aimed at optimization of solid materials towards a given practical use. Structural and thermochemical experimental data will be discussed jointly with the examples of practical application: separation of organic mixtures in extraction and chromatographic systems, storage of selected species and stabilization of unstable or reactive species.

The illustration will be selected from two major classes of porous materials: solvates of coordination compounds in the form of inclusion compounds and selected molecular hosts (cyclodextrins) presenting infinite number of possible chemical modifications thus enabling design and control of structure/properties relationships.

Studies of fine structural effects accompanying sorption/desorption processes will be discussed from the above mentioned point of view and as aimed at engineering of materials of desired properties.

Supramolecular hydrates will be mentioned as a special class of porous materials.

There is a full consensus that structure of nano-crystals differs from bulk crystals because the atoms on the surface have fewer bonds than in the volume and, consequently, the interatomic bond lengths on the surface are different from those inside the grain. Despite this common knowledge when it comes to characterize experimentally real nanomaterials it is common to make "tacit assumption" of a periodic atomic network representing the structure of a single nanocrystal ignoring lack of information about its actual structure and poor knowledge of tools which may serve for identification of their internal atomic structure.

Practical application of any material is not determined by in-depth knowledge of its atomic structure. However, it is certain that the lack of this knowledge is a significant limitation in predicting and exploiting the properties of nano-materials that may come from their unique but not well recognized atomic structure.  To open new perspectives for exploring unique nano-properties one needs to create novel tools serving specifically structural studies of nanomaterials: identification of their shape, determination of surface strains, and learning about their internal atomic structure.  Therefore it is worth considering creation of a sub-branch of crystallography dedicated specifically to structural studies of nanomaterials and to name it nano-crystallography.

A review of various crystallographic methods and programs existing for reciprocal and real space analysis of diffraction data to study the atomic structure of nanocrystals will be presented with a focus on accuracy and resolution of diffraction measurements and limitations of numerical methods used to elaborate the experimental diffraction data [1]. 

Application of DFT and molecular dynamics simulations which were used to model the real structure of nanocrystals, to conduct virtual diffraction experiments, and identify the shape and surface structure of a few nm size grains of CdSe, diamond, and SiC [2-4] will be discussed.  Preliminary results of application of Machine Learning to identify the shape and surface structure of nanograins will be presented.

This is quite a paradox that more than a century after introduction of the spherical Independent Atom Model (IAM, 1914 [1]), 99.7% of all ca. 1.5mln known crystal structures have still been refined using IAM which suffers from severe methodological deficiencies. Far better results can be obtained when new approaches of Quantum Crystallography(QCr) utilising aspherical atomic scattering factors are applied. In short, QCr is crystallography beyond IAM. 

In this contribution, I will present details of aspherical Hansen-Coppens [2] pseudoatom refinement of electron density and the main ideas of Hirshfeld Atom refinement.  My lecture will be complemented by several  examples of our  QCr [3-9] studies including: (1) multipole refinement  of electron density in crystals of minerals including minerals under pressure, (2) Hirshfeld Atom Refinement (HAR) of ice structures against X-ray, electron diffraction and neutron diffraction data, (3) HAR refinement of H-atom positions in small molecule organic compounds and hydrides, and, if I still have some time, I will present: (4) Experimental HAR studies of relativistic effects and electron correlation in gold derivatives. 

A century after the Braggs, it is possible to obtain H-atom positions from X-ray diffraction studies which are equally reliable as those from neutron diffraction. It is also possible to get reliable positions of H-atoms in the closest neighborhood  of very heavy atoms, to study tiny redistribution of electron density in minerals under pressure,  or to estimate consequences of relativistic effects using X-ray diffraction data. So users of X-ray crystallography can do far better than just routinely refining poor IAM model against  precise, accurate and very often very dear  diffractometer/synchrotron/ XFEL X-ray data. QCr approaches can also improve quality of macromolecular studies, powder -S-ray diffraction results, PDF, XANES, EXAFS, CryoEM, electron diffraction etc.  In consequence, one can improve scientific results and stimulate progress in all fields of science/technology/medicine which utilize structural and electronic results.

In R-Ni-In system for R=Tb-Tm, the compounds with the stoichiometry near to 2:2:1 crystallize in two different crystal structures:

1. tetragonal one of the Mo₂BFe₂-type (space group P4/mbm for nonstoichiometric   composition R₂Ni_1.78In and
2. an orthorhombic one of the Mn₂AlBe₂-type (space group Cmmm) for stoichiometric R₂Ni₂In.

The both structures consists of the different types of atomic planes perpendicular to the c-axis. One containing only the rare earth atoms and other composed by the Ni and In atoms. The rare earth atoms are located at C₂ point symmetry positions, which have different orientation in the two structures. The C₂ axes in the tetragonal structure are perpendicular to each other, while in orthorhombic one are parallel to each other.

Magnetic and neutron diffraction data indicate that these compounds are antiferromagnet with the different magnetic structures. The  dependence of the Néel temperature on the de Gennes function is fulfilled for nonstoichiometric and not fulfilled for stoichiometric one. The magnetic moments are localized only on the R elements. For nonstoichiometric compounds the magnetic orders are described by the propagation vector k=[k_x,k_x,1/2] for k_x equal ¼ for Tb, Er and Tm and 0.3074 for R=Ho [1]. For stoichiometric magnetic order is described by k=[1/2,1//2,1/2] for R=Tb [2], k=[1/2,0,1/2] for R=[Er and Tm [3] and k=[0.24,1,0.52] for R=Ho [2].  Direction of the magnetic moments are parallel to the c-axis for R=Tb and Ho in both systems and lie in ab plane in nonstoichiometric one and is parallel to the b-axis for stoichiometric one for R=Er and Tm. The change of the direction of the magnetic moments are connected with the change of the sign of the Stevens operator α_J from negative For R=Tb and Ho to positive for Er and Tm. Those confirm influence of the crystal electric field (CEF) in stabilizing of the magnetic structure. In both systems the antiferromagnetic coupling along the short c-axis is observed.

The difference in the magnetic structures observed in (001) plane results from the difference in the distribution in plane the two structural elements: square TbIn ( CsCl- type) and triangle TbNi₂ (AlB₂- type).

For R₂Ni_1.78In the distribution of these elements form the chain along the [110] direction, while for R₂Ni₂In form chain along a-axis and alternating chain from triangles and squares  along b- axis. Competition of two interactions: RKKY and crystal electric field (CEF) lead to complicated magnetic structures [4].

Two task-specific ionic liquids (TSILs) were encapsulated into the framework of a Zeolite imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) to enhance its CO₂ capture capacity and CO₂/N₂ selectivity at post-combustion conditions. 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium amino-acetate {[EMIM][glycine (Gly)]} and 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (S)-2-aminopropionate {[EMIM][alanine (Ala)]} were selected as TSILs. TSIL@ZIF-8 composite sorbents were prepared by varying the loading of TSIL, and properties such as sorbent thermal stability, porous structure and crystal nature of the composite were investigated. The incorporation of TSIL into ZIF-8 led to a dramatic rise in CO₂ uptake particularly at pressures lower than 1.0 bar. At this low-pressure range, CO₂ uptake was greater than in pristine ZIF-8 for all TSIL loadings and TSIL@ZIF-8 composites with 30 wt.% [Emim][Gly] reached a CO₂ uptake capacity of 0.76 mmol·g^-1 solid at 0.1 bar, and 0.88 mmol/g-solid at 0.2 bar at 303 K. These values were 13 and 7 times higher that CO₂ uptake in pristine ZIF-8 at identical conditions. TSIL functionalized composites also exhibited much higher selectivity than pristine ZIF-8 at all pressures. For instance, at 30 wt.% [EMIM][Gly] loading, CO₂/N₂ ideal selectivities at 313 K were 28 and 19 at 0.1 and 0.2 bar, respectively. This synthesized composite sorbent, with significantly high CO₂ uptake, better CO₂/N₂ selectivity at the low-pressure region (<1.0 bar), and low isosteric heat of adsorption (Q_st), confirms that TSIL@ZIF-8 composites can be potential candidates for post-combustion CO₂ capture processes and opens the door for the further development of suitable TSIL@MOF composite sorbent to be deployed in the CO₂ capture process.

Ionic liquids, a novel class of molten salts, exhibit a distinctive array of properties that set them apart from traditional molecular liquids. These properties include negligible vapor pressure, a wide thermal and electrochemical window, non-flammability, high ionic conductivity, and exceptional solvating capabilities for a diverse range of compounds. Their emergence as "organic solvent alternatives" has spurred significant interest in both academic and industrial spheres. The dynamic research landscape surrounding ionic liquids is expanding rapidly, owing to their versatile applicability, which stems from the ease with which their physical properties can be fine-tuned through modifications in cation-anion combinations or attached moieties. This talk will offer an overview of ionic liquids, emphasizing their unique thermophysical attributes crucial for applications such as metal ion extraction, CO₂ capture, fuel desulfurization, and aqueous biphasic systems for extracting value-added products. Furthermore, it will delve into the influence of these thermophysical properties on the efficacy of such applications, while also highlighting current research trajectories exploring ionic liquids as solvents within the chemical industry.

This state-of-the-art review examines the synergistic effects and applications of binary mixtures of ionic liquids (ILs), delineating their potential as versatile solvents in various fields. Binary mixtures of ILs have gathered compelling attention due to their uncommon properties and interactions, offering tailored solutions for various scientific and industrial applications [1].

The review surveys the synthesis and characterization of binary mixtures of ILs, featuring the diverse combinations of anions and cations employed to obtain desired properties. The physicochemical properties of binary mixtures, including conductivity, viscosity, thermal stability, phase behaviour and solvation behaviour, are examined to expound the synergistic effects of mixing different ILs [2]. In addition, the review analyses the thermodynamic aspects of binary mixtures, investigating miscibility, phase transitions, and phase diagrams to comprehend their complex behaviour under changing conditions.

A detailed analysis of the applications of binary mixtures of ILs reveals their versatility in extraction, separation processes, catalysis, green chemistry, and energy storage. In catalysis, binary mixtures of ILs show enhanced selectivity, catalytic activity, and recyclability compared to individual ILs, effectively synthesizing fine chemicals and organic compounds [3]. In separation and extraction processes, binary mixtures of ILs exhibit better performance in the selective recovery of industrial effluents, electronic waste, and metals from ores, contributing to environmental protection and sustainable resource management.

Moreover, binary mixtures of ILs have exhibited promising uses in energy storage, serving as electrolytes in supercapacitor systems and advanced batteries. Their thermal stability, high ionic conductivity, and wide electrochemical stability window make them excellent candidates for enhancing the safety and performance of energy storage devices, promising the development of next-generation energy technologies [4].

The review also discusses the role of binary mixtures of ILs in fostering green chemistry practices by replacing perilous organic solvents in various chemical processes. Their nontoxicity, low volatility, and recyclability help reduce environmental pollution and minimize waste generation, coinciding with sustainable chemistry and technology principles.

Finally, the review pinpoints future research directions and issues in the field of binary mixtures of ILs, highlighting the need for further investigation of their fundamental characteristics, improvement for specific uses, and incorporation in industrial processes [5-6]. In conclusion, this state-of-the-art review provides valuable perceptivity concerning the synergistic effects and applications of binary mixtures of ILs, emphasizing their immense potential as sustainable solvents for diverse scientific and industrial endeavours.

Mineral-, metal- and mine-rich Sweden was a leading powerhouse of Chemistry in the mid- eighteenth to mid-nineteenth centuries with, still most in the world, 20 of the then known elements discovered by Swedes (n = 12), and another telling world record presented by the mineral gadolinite found in 1882 in the village of Ytterby on an island in the Stockholm archipelago, from which eight elements were originally identified; in increasing atom number order, and first isolation in parenthesis, nr 21 Scandium (Nilson 1879), 39 Yttrium (Wöhler 1838), 64 Gadolinium (de Marignac 1880), 65 Terbium (Mosander 1843), 67 Holmium (Cleve 1878), 68 Erbium (Mosander 1843), 69 Thulium (Cleve 1879) and 70 Ytterbium (von Welsbach 1906).

The shining star in this Eldorado was Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1779-1848),  “the father of modern Chemistry”. He was initially trained and worked as a physician, which widened his scope, and from his enormous production here only will be mentioned that he discovered four elements;  determined  all  then known atomic  weights and  innumerable  other chemical properties and conditions; developed the subject of Electrochemistry; coined the terms ”allotrope”, ”catalysis”, ”polymer”, ”isomer”, ”protein” and others; and formulated the still valid distinction between ”organic” and ”inorganic” Chemistry. 

Fundamentally, he also invented the unambiguous system of chemical notation still used today, i.e. the first letter(s) of the Latin name of the atoms with a numerical suffix of the amount of them in the compound, e.g. CaCO₃, calcium carbonate, containing one Calcium, one Carbon and three Oxygen atoms. No other factors are involved, so the consequence would be that the layering between  the atoms is dependent upon their sizes and proportions, i.e. stoichiometric, which was  Berzelius’  main hypothesis. But nobody knew the fabric of an atom, and he also, somewhat prophetically, suggested that electric forces might be involved to bind the atoms together. However, in the mid-19th century, Kekulé in Germany, Frankland in Great Britain and others developed the theory of  "combining power", in which compounds were joined owing to an attraction between positive and negative poles, and from there the ‘valence’ concept has mushroomed to a plethora of localized varieties which have taken over the whole body from the real atoms in a tail-wags-the-dog  way. A “network”, a “skeletal”, a “ball-and-stick” chemical formula is a phantom figure of an artificial structure and reduces the true atom build to a point or a mere intersection. It is high time to return to the stoichiometry of the atoms themselves! 

Since many years I have been studying an alternative to the Standard Model, following the original differential Lie algebra as outlined in his Norwegian Ph.D. Thesis Over en Classe geometriske Transformationer at Christiania (now Oslo) University in 1871.1,2 I could spend days praising the geniality and innovation of this work. However, the main point here is that it has no direct connections with his continuous groups or root space classifications that the Standard Model has been tied up with to annoying near-fit, but that it is a tangential line congruence algebra that together with the Bohr Aufbau system allows a precise reproduction of the periodic table and its molecular combinations.3-5 Regrettably, though, no one understood Lie ́s thesis: it got excellent marks but soon went into oblivion in the faculty archives. 100 years later I went there and got a photo copy of it (now one can get it electronically), and 1984 I together with professor R.M. Santilli translated it into English (internet open access available at hadronicpress.com/lie.pdf ).2

The aim of this communication is to review and discuss the findings from their chemical model and formula implications. Now that we have the natural figures of all atoms the phantom diagrams of their inferred force lines should be replaced by their real structure.

As it is well known, Isaac Newton had to develop the  differential calculus, (jointly with Gottfried Leibniz), with particular reference to the historical definition of velocities as the time derivative of the coordinates, $v = dr/dt$, in order to  write his celebrated equation $m a = F(t, r, v)$, where $a = dv/dt$ is the acceleration and $F(t, r, v)$ is the Newtonian force acting on the mass $m$. Being local, the differential calculus solely admitted the characterization of  massive points. The differential calculus and the notion of massive points were adopted by Galileo Galilei and Albert Einstein for the formulation of their  relativity, thus acquiring a fundamental role in 20th century sciences.

In his  Ph. D. thesis of 1966 at the University of Turin, Italy, the Italian-American scientist Ruggero Maria Santilli pointed out that Newtonian forces  are the most widely known in dynamics, including action-at-a-distance  forces derivable derivable from a potential, thus representable with a Hamiltonian, and other forces that are  not derivable from a potential or a Hamiltonian, since they are contact dissipative and non-conservative forces caused by the motion of the mass $m$ within a physical medium. Santilli pointed out that, due to their lack of dimensions, massive points can solely experience action-at-a-distance Hamiltonian forces.

On this ground, Santilli initiated a long scientific journey for the generalization of Newton's equation into a form permitting the representation of the actual extended character of massive bodies whenever moving within physical media, as a condition to admit non-Hamiltonian forces. Being a theoretical physicist, Santilli had a number of severe physical conditions for the needed representation. One of them was the need for a representation of extended bodies and their non-Hamiltonian forces  to be invariant over time as a condition to predict the same numerical values under the same conditions but at different times.

The resulting new calculus, today known as  Santilli IsoDifferential Calculus, or IDC for short, stimulated a further layer of studies that finally signaled the achievement of mathematical and physical maturity. In particular, we note: the isotopies of Euclidean, Minkowskian, Riemannian and symplectic geometries; the  isotopies of classical Hamiltonian mechanics, today known as the  Hamilton-Santilli isomechanics, and the isotopies of quantum mechanics, today known as the  isotopic branch of Hadronic mechanics.

The main purpose in this lecture  is to represent some recent researches of Santilli iso-mathematics in the area of the plane geometry. This lecture  is devoted to the iso-plane geometry. It summarizes the most recent contributions in this area. 
Straight iso-lines are introduced. Iso-angle between two iso-vectors is defined. They are introduced iso-lines and they are deducted the main equations of iso-lines. They are given criteria for iso-perpendicularity and iso-parallel of iso-lines.  Iso-reflections, iso-rotations, iso-translations and iso-glide iso-reflections are introduced. We define iso-circles and  they are given the iso- parametric iso-representations of the iso-circles. We introduce iso-ellipse, iso-parabola and iso-hyperbola and they are given some of their basic properties. The lecture is provided with suitable examples.

Nonlocal elasticity and strain gradient elasticity theories are challenging generalized continuum theories to model crystals at small scales like the Ångström-scale (see,e.g., [1,2]), where classical elasticity is not valid and leads to unphysical singularities. The theory of first strain gradient elasticity in its modern form dates back to Toupin [3] and Mindlin [4]. A mathematical modeling of the elastic properties of cubic crystals with centrosymmetry at small scales by means of the Toupin-Mindlin anisotropic first strain gradient elasticity theory is presented [2]. In this framework, two constitutive tensors are involved, a constitutive tensor of fourth-rank of the elastic constants and a constitutive tensor of sixth-rank of the gradient-elastic constants. The 3+11 material parameters (3 elastic and 11 gradient-elastic constants), 3 characteristic lengths and 1+6 isotropy conditions are derived. The 11 gradient-elastic constants are given in terms of the 11 gradient-elastic constants in Voigt notation. The numerical values of the obtained quantities are computed for some representative cubic materials using an interatomic potential (MEAM) [2, 5]. Moreover, the isotropy conditions of strain gradient elasticity are given and discussed. A generalization of the Voigt average towards the sixth-rank constitutive tensor of the gradient-elastic constants is given to determine the 5 isotropic gradient-elastic constants [2].

In this work, a nonlocal elasticity model of Klein-Gordon type, characterized by nonlocality in space and time, is developed for the investigation of wave propagation in isotropic elastic media [1, 2]. Nonlocal elasticity theory having a close link to the underlying microstructure has the advantage to capture effects at small scales [3]. Specifically, nonlocal elasticity is valid down to the Ångström-scale and it can be considered as a generalized continuum theory of Ångström-mechanics as it has been shown in [4]. For the first time in the framework of nonlocal elasticity theory, the proposed nonlocal elasticity model of Klein-Gordon type possessing one characteristic internal time scale parameter in addition to the characteristic internal length scale parameter describes spatial and temporal nonlocal effects at small scales. 

The dispersion relations of the considered isotropic nonlocal model of Klein-Gordon type are analytically determined predicting in addition to the acoustic modes (low-frequency modes), optic modes (high-frequency modes) as well as frequency band-gaps between the acoustic and optic modes. The ranges of the frequency band-gaps for longitudinal and transverse waves are determined. Moreover, the phase and group velocities are calculated for the acoustic and optic branches of longitudinal and transverse waves showing that all four modes exhibit normal dispersion with positive group velocity. 

The proposed nonlocal model of Klein-Gordon type possessing only 4 constitutive parameters (2 elastic constants, 1 length scale and 1 time scale) provides an appropriate framework for the modelling of accurate frequency band-gaps and overall physically realistic dispersive wave propagation.

This course is a continuation of the first course that was given in Panama last year at the SIPS 2023 conference. Our primary objective for this year will always remain the same by providing a more transparent solution on the current major limitation of Calculus in terms of not being able to establish some form of a unified theory of analytical integration.

The complete mathematical solution that was presented at the last SIPS Workshop was described in the form of Specialized Differential Forms or SDF for short with some major applications in the field of the Physical Sciences that would include Fluid Dynamics, Mechanics of Material, Quantum Mechanics and even in Cosmology. We will be demonstrating at this Workshop how the unique mathematical properties of SDF would play a major role in the development of more reliable theoretical models of the human body by working only with the general analytical solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations for the Mechanical aspect and the Schrödinger equations for the Chemical aspect of the human body.

Currently there exist no such theoretical models of the human body that would be based entirely on general analytical solutions of PDEs because of the severe limitation of Calculus which if successfully resolved by the method of SDF would become immeasurable in terms of reducing our excessive dependency on the use of experimental models in the Physical and Biological sciences.

This course is a continuation of the first course that was given in Panama last year at the SIPS 2023 conference. Our primary objective for this year will always remain the same by providing a more transparent solution on the current major limitation of Calculus in terms of not being able to establish some form of a unified theory of analytical integration.

The complete mathematical solution that was presented at the last SIPS Workshop was described in the form of Specialized Differential Forms or SDF for short with some major applications in the field of the Physical Sciences that would include Fluid Dynamics, Mechanics of Material, Quantum Mechanics and even in Cosmology. We will be demonstrating at this Workshop how the unique mathematical properties of SDF would play a major role in the development of more reliable theoretical models of the human body by working only with the general analytical solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations for the Mechanical aspect and the Schrödinger equations for the Chemical aspect of the human body.

Currently there exist no such theoretical models of the human body that would be based entirely on general analytical solutions of PDEs because of the severe limitation of Calculus which if successfully resolved by the method of SDF would become immeasurable in terms of reducing our excessive dependency on the use of experimental models in the Physical and Biological sciences.

There is an ongoing debate as to whether our biologic origin is dualistic or monistic. Theoretically, there should be unequivocal scientific evidence for one state or the other being the primary source of the evolutionary origin of serial Symbiogenesis. The essence of this article is that the process of Symbiogenesis- the assimilation of factors in the environment that have posed existential threats as the physiologic basis for consciousness provides that hypothetical evidence. Peter Rowlands’ Rewrite Mathematics is an algorithmic homolog of Epigenetic Inheritance that explains the how and why of mathematics running true to physiology. However, it only accounts for synchronic or ‘real time’ consciousness, not for diachronically emergent nonlocal consciousness. It is how and why Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorems are incomplete….they overlook Gödel’s nonlocal consciousness that was necessary for formulating the formal math.

It has been proposed that life is a Singularity (1). The primary means of sustaining that state biologically is Symbiogenesis, the assimilation of factors in the environment that pose existential threats. But why not just destroy them? Answer: Because then there would be no history to reference in order to evolve effectively. Moreover, given that, Symbiogenesis must have evolved from a Singularity as its reference point, generating a ‘holism’. This hypothetically answers the question as to where mathematics emerged from as follows. Tegmark (“Our Mathematical Universe”) stipulates that math is inherent to the Cosmos; since Symbiogenesis  passively assimilates the math inherent to the Cosmos, incorporating it into physiology as the basis of consciousness, there is a seamless integration of math both physiologically and consciously. For example, Rowlands’ Rewrite Math (“Foundations of Physical Law”) mirrors the mechanism of Epigenetic Inheritance, Rowlands’ zero ‘attractor’ behaving like the cell does, a new datum assessed by the existing data set behaving in the same way as the egg and sperm of the parent, facilitating adaptation to change. Lou Kauffman’s ‘Knot Math’ similarly resembles embryogenesis, the twisting of the circle generating knots, the twisting of the embryo generating the stages of its development. Proof of a true ‘knot’ is the ability to unknot it to re-form the circle; homologously, the cell must undergo meiosis to form the egg or sperm in order to then reproduce. And Soft Logic Math as the family of real numbers and ‘zeroes’ reflects how physiology has evolved as a two-tiered system, the real numbers being the horizontal accumulation of data, the family of zeroes as the vertical generation of physiologic traits ontogenetically and phylogenetically. This  intimate relationship between the Singularity, Symbiogenesis and evolution can also be seen as a Fibonacci sequence, the Singularity (1) + Symbiogenesis (2) = Evolution (3), or 1 + 2 = 3, out of which emerges empathy as a product. These fundamental insights provide for sustainability of life based on the ubiquity of the Fibonacci sequence. 

This review paper examines the status of artificial intelligence (AI) technology in Ethiopian STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) schools and the possibility of implementing AI programs in the future. Many developed and developing countries are using AI to help grow and improve their economies and to leverage their technology and services. The primary use of AI technology in schools is generally to make more creative the teenagers learning in mathematics and science. This article aims to provide alternative directions on implementing artificial intelligence programs in Ethiopian STEM schools, with an emphasis on learning from developed countries and sharing best practices. Primary and secondary data are used: Secondary data are analyzed on theory-based evidence while primary data are analyzed based on structured questionnaires. In order to achieve the goal, select journals, research and other related websites are reviewed. The findings of this review indicate that in STEM schools, there are many teenagers with specific interests and abilities in mathematics and coding. This knowledge is needed for artificial intelligence. The encouragement and reflection on the advantages of basic AI concepts for youths is necessary as it can help to engage talented students in learning. This paper thoroughly analyzes relevant research and interview data to highlight key insights, status, challenges, and future directions for AI implementation in Ethiopian STEM schools.

The application of environmental solutions using the science of BioGeometry in government projects in Switzerland has resulted in a significant reduction of physical and psychological symptoms caused by electromagnetic and chemical pollution. Based on a solid new physics of quality, these results have been sustained for over twenty years. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the possibility of applying BioGeometry to pharmacology to reduce the side-effects of pharmaceutical drugs. The application of BioGeometry design principles to water and feed in chicken farming in Canada have produced healthy chemical-free products for several years. Saltwater planting experiments in Egypt have shown the effect of using BioGeometry design principles for water and §plant containers. BioGeometry-designed bottles have given water and other liquids prolonged freshness with health benefits. Based on a wide range of research, the introduction of the BioGeometry harmonizing energy quality into all kinds of pharmaceutical as well as other products can insure a widespread effect of the BioGeometry benefits with a significant reduction of drug side-effects. This will surely play an important role in this age of pandemics. 

The success of BioGeometry in environmental research projects over the years has prompted us to extend this invitation to do interdisciplinary integrative research that promises to introduce a new era of pharmaceutical products that will greatly enhance human, animal and plant health. 

Water, something that we often take for granted, has a fourth phase [1] that holds mysteries crucial to understanding many natural phenomena. This theory on structured water fourth phase was often met with skepticism and labelled as pseudo-science but recently, finds acceptance as researches advances with more evidences through more sensitive equipment and modern super-computer quantum energy calculations.

The concept of Structured Water (SW) fourth phase between solid and liquid is defined as cluster of water molecules joined by strong H-bonds to form relative stable ringed-structures molecular called Coherent Domains (CD) with characteristics that differs from classical notions of bulk liquid water. Based on the Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) field theory, the two phases, unstructured/non-coherent bulk water and structured/coherent (CD) water, exist together in liquid water at variable proportion depending on water conditions and environment [2-6]. The Coherent Domains (CD) are created when water molecules oscillate between two electronic configurations in phase with a resonating electromagnetic field (EMF) [7-8], which can create a quantum resonating cavity in the Coherent Domain (CD) trapping specific frequencies/waves [9-10]. In other words, bulk water may convert into (SW) water by resonating with and collecting coherent (EMF) fields generated from either in vivo or environmental sources [11]. The trapped non-vanishing (EMF) field doesn’t dissipate and tends to resonate with other CDs coherently. This phenomenon is referred to as Water Memory (WM) by Dr. Luc Montagnier [12]. Similarly, at hydrophilic surfaces, structured water (CD) is formed as dense lattice of hexagonal-ringed molecules expelling contaminates out of those tight H-bonded layers of hexagonal rings, firstly referred to as Exclusion Zone (EZ) by Dr. Gerald Pollack. The honey comb structure forms 60 degree shifted layers up to 1 mm in thickness capable of accommodating helix structure [13-14].

Recent (SW) studies employing Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) to detect and image structured water (CD) in liquid water and on metal surfaces [15-18]. AFM images revealed water supra-molecules of various sizes and shapes potentially comprising millions to billions of clustered H-bonded water molecules with soft, gel-like properties. Each supra-molecules rod-like or spiral-helical structures comprised of much smaller “spheres” resembling pentamers and hexagonal ring structure (CD). The spheres’ (CD) outer shell is electron-dense, indicating that the outer shells are a cloud or cold vortex of quasi-free electrons. These structures remain stable for weeks or months at room temperature and pressure [19]. As CD spheres approach a hydrophilic surface, they flatten out into a liquid crystalline lattice, known as Exclusion Zone (EZ), composed of tight layers of H-bonded, hexagonal-ringed water molecules [20]. The cold vortices of quasi-free electrons in the outer shell of the (CD) sphere are converted into quasi-free electrons within the (EZ) layers that interfaced with the hydrophilic surface [6,7,20]. When the H-bond strength increases to provide more structure to water, it becomes less fluid, with higher viscosity but the pentamers and hexagonal ring structure (CD) spheres or rods is less dense than liquid bulk water (similar to ice). However, the tight lattice structured water at hydrophilic surfaces is more dense than liquid bulk water [21].

In structured coherent domain the molecular electrons fluctuate between being strongly bound (ionization potential 12.60 eV) and an excited configuration (12.06 eV) in which one electron per molecule is “quasi-free”. Additionally, the trapped (EMF) radiation inside the (CD) had an equivalent of (0.26 eV) [19,22]. Even weak energy sources like red light (~680nm) have enough energy (1.8 eV) to bring the quasi-free electrons over the threshold of ionization potential. Infrared and other weak frequencies emitting subtle (EMF) electromagnetic and magnetic fields are able to increase structured water (EZ) [23-24]. However, many studies showed that, microwave frequencies (2.45 GHz) of older cell phones and (20-60 GHz) of newer 5G reduce water structure (EZ) layers since they destroy covalent bonds and disrupt H-bonding dynamics in water [25-27].

(SW) is not just H₂O but rather pentamers or hexagonal ring structure with 3 x ^-eH₃O₂ which bears noticeable negative charge (-100 mV to -200mV) due to losing protons ⁺H to the adjacent bulk water forming positively charged hydronium ions ⁺H₃O, lowering its pH < 7 and serving as energy reservoir [28]. A quantum computational model study of anionic and neutral hexamer structures showed that a set of two hexamer rings could be stacked on top of another with quasi-free electrons in the π orbitals. The computational spectral signature of (SW) hexagonal rings was 271 nm [29], which matched the experimental spectral signature of (EZ) water 270 nm [30-31].

There is a well known but forgotten heat measuring apparatus, an isothermal microcalorimeter (Fast4U Calorimeter built by Calbact AG) that can be used to obtain the dynamic heat-flow produced during a bacterial infection. It allows susceptibility testing to be done in shorter time than with conventional methods.

The result of a heat-flow curve produced e.g. the one produced at the threshold level by 10⁵ CFU one gets what otherwise uses multiple steps.

• Is there a bacterial infection in some bodily fluid? Yes, if heat is produced.
• Can one differentiate between living bacterial and a viral infection? Yes, there is no heat in a viral infection.
• Is there a spread of bacteria into the bloodstream or in the urine (Urinary track infections) or in other body fluids? Yes, if a distinct heat-flow curve is displayed.
• What are the type of bacteria? Heat-flow curves have distinct, bacteria specific shapes.
• Which antibiotic and appropriate Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) is killing the bacteria (antibiogram)? Bacteria in the presence of an antibiotic with the appropriate MIC added to the sample almost eliminates the heat-flow.

The influence of antibiotics on heat-flow curves will be shown. These modifications indicate the effect caused by the resistivity.

Deciding to invest in any company/ business requires that you educate yourself so that you know as much as possible prior to committing your capital and time. 

We will discuss a process to determine if an investment in either an existing pharmaceutical company or start-up is a viable choice based on your time horizon, goals, and expectations. We will discuss the importance of the management’s goals, the company’s financial situation and the time needed to realize your goal for the investment.

The goal of the discussion is to give you some of the tools needed, so that you can determine for yourself if the investment makes sense for your individual situation,

You will be able to decide for yourself whether you want to invest the time to do the research or to hire a professional to research your options. 

The official entry into force of the EU’s AI Act has brought forth a new regulatory reality, for the development and application of Artificial Intelligence technologies, within the jurisdictions of Europe. With a strong focus on the transparent and explainable character of these systems, the AI Act adopts a risk-based approach that categorizes them based on the possibility of harm they may endanger, for persons and for the general public. This new reality creates newfound challenges for businesses, as they are bound to employ all the more AI technologies within their work, regardless of their scale. And these technologies use data as their fuel; this fuel, though, has the abovementioned strong regulatory framework to conform with, in order for the business utilizing these technologies to be able to profit from them in accordance with the law. Therefore, the analysis of the AI Act’s provisions related to business activity, and especially those regarding the correct and safe collection, processing and exchange of data is of paramount importance for businesses to be able to develop in this new era, as well as to guarantee that this deployment doesn’t intervene with the rights guaranteed to natural persons interacting with these businesses within the European legal order(s). It is this hard balancing that creates a new set of issues around the liability of developers, deployers and users of AI systems, that must be thoroughly and punctually assessed within this new framework and its upcoming legal follow-ups centered especially on liability.

On April 8, 2024, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) delivered a landmark decision in Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz and Others v. Switzerland, finding that States have a legal duty to take action to mitigate climate change. Ruling in favor of a Swiss association of over 2,000 Swiss women, the Court found that the Swiss government violated the human rights of its citizens by failing to do enough to combat climate change. 

The original complaint, presented to the Court by four women and a Swiss association Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz, centered around the impact of climate change on their living conditions and health. They argued that the government's inaction on climate change put them at risk of heatwave-related deaths, with their age and gender making them particularly vulnerable. While the Court deemed the four individual applicants inadmissible, stating that they did not meet the victim-status requirements under Article 34 of the Convention, it recognized the right of the applicant association to file a complaint.

Ultimately, the Court determined that the Swiss Confederation had neglected its duty to fulfill its positive obligations under the Convention concerning  the right to respect for private and family life of the Convention, interpreting it as freedom from environmental threats to one's personal life, and a violation of the right to access to the Court. Failure by Switzerland to revise its policies may lead to additional legal actions at the domestic level, potentially resulting in court-imposed financial penalties. 

This presentation will seek to analyze future ramification of the said decision and possible future legal actions by individuals against regarding their right to a healthy environment and how will this translate into positive duties of state to take concrete actions to mitigate the effects of climate change. It will also touch upon the basic articles of the European Convention on Human Rights encroaching actions regarding climate changes. 

The presentation introduces the Homeric oeuvre into the law and literature canon. It argues for a reading of Homer's The Iliad and The Odyssey as primordial narratives on the significance of the rule of law. It delineates moments of correspondence between the transition from myth to tragedy and the gradual transition from a social existence lacking formal law to an institutionalized legal system as practiced in the polis. It suggests the Homeric epics are a significant milestone in the way justice and injustice were conceptualized, and testify to a growing awareness in Homer's time that mechanisms that protect both individuals and the collective from acts of unbridled rage are necessary for the continued existence of communities.

There is a quote goes like that "Your comfort zone will destroy you" but whenever unemployed youths get the opportunity to earn money without any effort except an investment. In return, such unemployed people and youth living in a developing country shall receive double or triple investment benefits through crypto-currencies or tokens i.e. Bitcoin Cash (BCH), Ether (ETH), Binance Coin (BNB), Tether (USDT), Solana (SOL) where the local government banned such transaction of coins. 

Law enforcing agencies cannot take immediate actions as the transaction is made secretly with local money transfer apps and funding from Black Money. People living in a developing country shall always take detrimental life risk to have a safe and secure future with huge money for their successors. Being scammed again and again, those needy people will try to change their present economic status by any means where the laws and regulations don't make any sense to them. 

Unemployment, bribery, lack of standard life, greed for earning speedy money and converting one's black money to white money, all these elements are forcing Bangladeshi people to invest in crypto-currencies.

The application of environmental solutions using the science of BioGeometry in government projects in Switzerland has resulted in a significant reduction of physical and psychological symptoms caused by electromagnetic and chemical pollution. The study done by the Building Biology Information Organisation (x) GIBB and Dr. Med. Yvonne Gilli, Member of Parliament showed that the effects on the emotional and mental level were more significant than those on the physical level which had shown a 60% reduction in symptoms. A new taste for life, the will to undertake activities as well as the significant reduction of aggression in interaction with others were among the many lost traits that were restored. The mayor said on television that peace had had prevailed on the community. A complete reduction of epileptic seizures was very surprising. The frequent buzzing headaches were greatly reduced. Based on a solid new physics of quality, these results have been sustained for over twenty years. Those results led to several post-graduate PhD research on the effect of BioGeometry design on different brain problems like depression (X), hyperactivity and autism (x). The results obtained in more than two decades of research with, were applied in the creation of architecture that played an active part in creating a healing environment for special abilities, the new term used to collectively describe those brain disturbances. In this paper, the stressful effect of different shapes on the brain will be examined (x), and some examples of research in this field will be presented. These promising results have been applied in the design of the new project for the integration of special abilities to be carried out by the Egyptian government’s presidential projects. 

Energized structured water (SW) consists of relative stable h-bonded cyclic rings with quasi-free electron swarm and readily available protons. Structured water (SW) in contact with hydrophilic biological surfaces, like cell or mitochondria membranes, proteins and DNA turns into biological structured water (BSW) or exclusion zone (EZ), adheres to the surface and is the main charge contributor due to its energized quasi-free electrons and adjacent proton ⁺H or hydronium ion ⁺H₃O. Thus, playing a major rule in cell redox reactions, respiratory functions and in maintaining healthy cellular functions [1-5]. Negatively charged (SW) unexpectedly adheres to negatively charged lipid membrane surfaces and forms exclusion zone (EZ) [6]. According to Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) theory, resonance attraction forces (SW) is generated when coherent domains (CD) oscillate in phase with resonant waves emitted from the lipid membranes [7]. 

Aquaporins in cell and mitochondria membranes are more permeable for SW/BSW than liquid bulk water enhancing the functionality of mitochondria and cell [8-10]. Mitochondrial heat energy (53-54°C) equivalent to FIR of 10174 nm [11] is absorbed by BSW, increasing EZ layers and providing additional energized quasi-free electrons for cellular activities, acting like an energy store [12-13]. Near-infrared and red-light wavelengths, directly from the sun or indirectly through Schumann Resonance (SR) frequencies (7.8, 14.1, 20.3, 26.3 and 32.5 Hz) [11,14], has higher energy to penetrate the body and increase (EZ) layers in the cells. Interestingly, Schumann Resonance (SR) frequencies agree with the human brain electroencephalogram (EEG) frequencies. These waves can carry & transmit specific resonating information (EMF) to the coherent domains (CDs) in the hexagonal ring-layers of (BSW) initiating specific cellular functions similar to old radio receivers that use hexagonal silicon quartz crystal [15]. Furthermore, Dr. Luc Montagnier demonstrated that weak EMF at 7.8 Hz for 18 hours could transfer specific DNA (EMF) to SW in another tube, where DNA signals were detectable even at extreme dilutions, referred to as water memory (WM). This water, when exposed to specific DNA (EMF) digital acoustic files, can reproduce the same DNA strain in a PCR reactor, called Water Transduction (WT) [16-17]. Qi or Ki, transmitted by a trained person, through special breathing techniques by Nishino, in near-infrared wavelengths (0.8-2.7 µm), can manipulate muscle contraction and suppress cancer cell growth in vitro [18]. The explanation lies in the influence of NIF on (EZ) water in the cells. Water respiration (WR) energy theory is based on a cascade of redox reactions including reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is considered the main cause for age-related diseases. However, when superconductivity, a characteristic of BSW, is considered, redox reactions in vivo could occur at superconductive speeds without causing detectable (ROS) damages [19-23]. Along with BSW, cells require a four-fold excess of oxygen to prevent ROS accumulation injury [19]. Specific (EMF) wavelengths, such as infrared radiation energize BSW maintaining good O₂ levels within cells.

Neutrophils inactivate pathogens through NADPH oxidase producing Radical Oxygen Species (ROS) in a process called respiratory burst, which increases oxygen consumption by 10-15-fold [19,24-25]. Myeloperoxidase MPO then produces localized small quantities of HOCl as biocide. Studies found that (SW) increases Natural Killer cell activity from 8% to 25% and doubling phagocytic activity [26]. In a close manner, our innovative PLUS biocide, which consist mainly of (SW) water< 99.7% and HOCl with traces of other (ROS) biocides totally equivalent to 250 ppm free chlorine, inactivates pathogens and enhances cell functionality/metabolism. PLUS's physiological effect can’t be solely attributed to 250 ppm free chlorine. Its wide spectrum and fast eliminations of pathogens incl. viruses, Chlorine resistant bacteria and spores > 99,9999% qualifies PLUS as a “chemical sterilant”. Simultaneously, due to its (SW) water, enhance and support cell granulation and speed up damaged area recovery (e.g. wounds & burns), safe on dermatological cells/skin and non-bleach. PLUS is produced in a unique reactor by electrolysis of NaCl salted purified water, producing hydroxylated water with hydronium ions ⁺H₃O and hydroxyl radicals ^•OH. These reform into (SW) water with stronger H-bonds that favor cyclic rings enhancing electrical conductivity and dielectric constant [27-29]. PLUS, generation process involves a combination of synergetic technologies like ionizing energy, electromagnetic field (EMF), resonance, catalytic TiO₂ and ceramics membrane, ozone + hydrogen peroxide reactions to form stable gentle biocide with energized (SW) & HOCl. Plus is stable with pH 7 unlike chemically produced HOCl stable at pH 4-5. Additionally, its UV spectrum differs from chemically produced HOCl with 2 peaks around 240 and 290 nm. Plus, safe and effective regime of disinfection opens doors for new holistic biocide supporting human health and animals’ wellbeing.

Though all industries can harvest low-hanging fruit in terms of sustainability (environmental, economic, social) in various aspects like waste-reduction, material/water/energy-consumption etc., pharma-specific SWOT analysis reveal internal and external obstacles for significant improvement: e.g. regulatory aspects, data handling, implementation of innovation.

Conservative and risk-avoiding internal/external regulatory bodies with different views and foci result in a downward spiral narrowing down the operational window, fostering only applying legacy approaches and create a hindering environment for implementing innovative technologies.

On the other hand, regulatory bodies are right asking for thorough understanding of products and processes (e.g. ICH Q8-10) which comprises the ability to rationally explain formulation and process.

Data, information, knowledge play a major role in creating that knowledge and wisdom around products, the human body and our industry in the widest sense. With vast amount of (unstructured) data available, supercomputing power, NN, AI, KBS are necessary prerequisites for harvesting knowledge. Plus, educating next generation scientists in best practices of (DOE-)data-evaluation, modelling, simulation becomes even more important to achieve next big steps in sustainability.

Nowadays, the number of poorly water soluble drug candidates has increased tremendously. More than 40% of newly discovered drugs are poorly water soluble. It has to be kept in mind that up to now there is no universal science-based formulation design for low water soluble drugs [1]. Co-crystal formation is one of the methods for improving their solubility [2]. This presentation is about the formulation development of SDP-17, a co-crystal drug substance at Shionogi [3]. In the formulation research of this co-crystal, a series of formulation development challenges were found, such as ① crystal transition to a hydrate crystal with low solubility, ② increase in mutagenic impurities, and ③ crystal transition to a metastable form of the co-crystal. By ingenuity in the formulation design and process selection, all of these challenges were overcome and the co-crystal drug substance was successfully formulated. In this presentation, the history of the development of this formulation will be introduced along with some of the challenges and how to address with data.

Smart Cities are being built everywhere in a competitive display of the extravagant possibilities of modern technology. An incomplete understanding of global warming results in making a zero-carbon footprint as the goal of environmental urban planning. The goal is reached by replacing combustion engine cars with electrically driven versions. This limited vision of considering oil as the only culprit in global warming.

The practical experience from applying BioGeometry solutions to areas plagued by a stressful situation resulting from electromagnetic radiation clearly shows the harmful effects on human, animal and plant life. In the research projects done in Hemberg, St. Gallen  (x) and Hirschberg Appenzell IR, Switzerland, in collaboration with the government Authority for Mobile communication and environment and Swisscom the government mobile communication provider, it was clearly shown that by infusing the electromagnetic radiation with BioGeometry life force energy quality (x) a significant improvement in human, animal and plant health was achieved. Electromagnetic radiation causes heat. Tests on mobile phone emission with Infra-Red technology showed a reduction in the raised temperature from the device electromagnetic radiation when infused with BioGeometry Life force solutions. It is widely ignored that electromagnetic radiation from modern technology contributes to global warming. Replacing carbon emission with electricity is not only harmful to living systems in general but will also increase the effect on global warming.

Artificial Intelligence running smart cities will employ sensors on every level from the smallest to the largest and will depend on an information technology that will produce a huge increase in electromagnetic radiation in the environment. Urban settlements in history were always located around water springs, lakes and rivers that carried life force into the agriculture. They were also planned on the energetic patterns of the earth. Roman planning based on life force earth patterns can be found everywhere in Europe. Zurich with its thousand natural water fountains is good example. New Smart cities showcase extravagant shapes with total disregard to the natural life force patterns of the earth, Carbon emissions from all types of life on earth form part of the energetic life forcr exchange in nature. Carbon emissions of modern technology however, do not contain life force and are not absorbed into the natural cycle and stagnate in the atmosphere contributing to global warming. Natural electromagnetic activity of the earth is part of the life force of all living species and contains an inner regulation and optimising of temperature. Electromagnetic radiation from modern technology is disturbing the natural counterpart in nature and causing global warming.

BioGeometry offers a fresh look at climate change by infusing carbon emissions and electromagnetic radiation with life force resulting in their integration in nature an harmonizing their effect on  the temperature of their environment. The high intensity of carbon and electromagnetic will become a healing environment. This is the practical solution that we applied successfully in the Swiss projects.

There are many reports about health symptoms apparently caused by geopathic stress-sometimes collectively known as “sick building syndrome”.
There is often a correlation with active zones detected by dowsers.

This paper aims to describe the story of a society of mostly scientists, founded in 1977, namely known as GFBG, whose aim it was to discover a purely scientific, objective method based on sensors to find a causal relationship between the symptoms and the agent causing them.

Dowsers with a proven record of success in finding sources of water, active zones were able to be localized and corresponding physically known signals (i.e. signals of electromagnetic origin) were analysed.
It was found that, whereas some dowsers could indeed identify sources of electromagnetic signals, the inverse relation was not true: Some dowsers could detect active zones even from within a faraday cage.

Some 30 year after the foundation of the society, it has become clear that the active zones have no clearly identified connection to any person suffering from geopathic stress. To identify such an active zone reliably, a trained dowser is required and can not be replaced by a physical instrument.

Unfortunately, empirically detected results which do not conform with a known scientific model are not easily accepted by many members of the scientific community, due to the prevalence of the physicalist/materialist assumptions.

It is estimated that 17% of the global electricity production is used by a broad array of industrial refrigeration systems, collectively known as the Cold Chain.  This global refrigeration industry encompasses a wide range of disciplines, including the healthcare industry, where refrigeration preserves medicines and pharmaceuticals, including vaccines, and the food sector, where temperature-controlled warehouses, trucks and shipping containers maintain food safety. The need for industrial refrigeration is expected to grow in the coming years due to global warming. 

The pharmaceutical industry, in particular, has very stringent temperature storage requirements, and some of the required storage temperatures can be extremely low, leading to significant refrigeration system power use.  Performance enhancements, reduction in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission, and improved equipment maintenance intervals can be achieved by using physics-based thermodynamic modeling methods [2-5] to develop a digital twin for a range of industrial refrigeration systems. Implementations have been demonstrated for stand-alone, single-loop commercial vapor compression refrigeration systems (refrigerators or commercial cooling units, e.g., vaccine storage units) and for multi-loop, multi-compressor industrial refrigeration systems used in temperature-controlled warehouses up to several hundred thousand square feet in size.  Such digital twins enable real-time performance monitoring by computing mass- and energy-balances using measured data, and the calculated results can be trended and used by machine learning algorithms to identify common equipment failures and alert personnel to operational problems.  

Examples are presented illustrating how the trended calculated results enable root-cause identification of operational inefficiencies as well as reduction in system performance due to equipment degradation and improper hardware selection.

Recyco, part of the Aperam group, built its pyrometallurgical recycling expertise by recovering valuable elements from stainless steel meltshop dusts. Since 2019, a real evolution of the site started, following the receival of an extended environmental permit allowing the treatment of a broader range of wastes, including hazardous ones. This capability expansion goes along with the development of new processes and products, and is now a real asset for the ongoing transformation of Aperam into a climate-neutral stainless steel producer.

The production of high Ni containing alloys from a multitude of different wastes is described in this paper. This case study is an excellent example of cooperation between R&D and operations, supported by internal customers and aided by sourcing, legal and environmental teams. The development started with preliminary design and simulation of the process using thermodynamic simulations [1, 2]. Slag design and reduction equilibria studies were an important part of the fundamental investigation. Lab-scale experiments supported this development, before a step-by-step transfer to operations, following learning cycles and inspired by the minimalist approach [1], was performed. These cycles are closed by the comparison of the experimental and industrial results to the thermodynamic simulations, and the generated knowledge has been used as the basis for an in-house developed process model of our operation. This model now allows us to simulate the behavior of new wastes in our process, reducing the risk of downtime and production being out of speciation. 

The produced alloys are in line with our meltshop specifications replacing primary nickel. As these alloys have a significantly lower CO₂ footprint than primary Ni units normally used, Recyco is transforming into an important player in reducing Aperam’s scope 3 emissions.

A wide variety of metals of considerable relevance to the European high-tech industry, and therefore also for our society, are supplied by the nonferrous metal industry. As the technologies became rapidly more complex in the last decades, the number and kind of metals and alloys utilized were getting more specialized and unique. With this technological innovation, the demand for minor elements increases steadily. Since their primary production, in most cases, can only be achieved economically as a by-product, it is difficult to respond to peaks in demand for minor elements. This, in turn, underlines the great need for recycling to compensate for these gaps. 
In this context, together with the industry partners of the Christian Doppler Laboratory, methods for determining the distribution of metals in the phases and compounds that occur in industrial intermediates, by-products, and residues are developed and applied, and the possibilities of influencing the behavior in hydro- and pyrometallurgical processes are investigated. This subsequently enables the development of extraction methods for selected elements.
Since residual industrial materials can differ significantly in their behaviour, various innovative processes using chemical and physical properties for separation are used. These include, for example, chlorination of valuables or artificial mineral production by targeted crystallization during the cooling of slags. The paper gives an overview of the activities of the Christian Doppler Laboratory and will then focus on the area of artificial mineral growth to enrich chromium in special spinel phases. 

In consideration of the growing production of stainless steel, which averaged at about 6 %/year between 2012 and 2021 and reached 58.3 Mio t/year in 2021, the accumulation of the corresponding residues such as dust increases as well [1]. During the production of stainless steel via electrical arc furnace (EAF), which is the most commonly applied production route, approximately between 10-20 kg of dust accrue per ton of steel [2]. This dust contains a quite significant amount of Cr and Ni. If no recycling of those dusts is carried out, these metals are lost for further operations and potentially interact in a harmful way with the environment in case of present leachable components, such as Cr^VI+. This would lead to economic loss as well as ecological harm. All of todays in industry applied processes to recover valuable metals from such dusts are of pyrometallurgical nature, which are carbon based and quite energy intensive. 

Hydrometallurgical operations for the recovery of metals from Cr-Ni-rich AOD and EAFD have been examined by Aromaa et all. and Stefanova et all. but with the goal to selectively extract Zn [3, 4]. Therefore, after thoroughly charactering the dust including X‑Ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X‑ray (SEM‑EDX), Elemental analysis with inductively coupled plasma‑optical emission spectroscopy (ICP‑OES) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), five different acids (hydrochloric, sulphuric, nitric, vinegar and citric acid) were investigated in their potential to leach Cr and Ni. Out of the five acids used, hydrochloric acid was the most promising candidate to conduct a parameter variation with. In the conducted follow-up experiments, a clear trend of increased extraction rates can be observed for higher temperatures and longer leaching times. To counter specific problems observed in previous experiments, a double walled reaction vessel including a lid with four openings for stirrer, reflux condenser, acid addition and pH‑electrode was used. Through applying these methods, the FeCr₂O₄ and NiFe₂O₄ spinel phases, which contain the metals of interest, were able to be leached in a satisfactory amount. The paper summarizes the results of the characterization in conjunction with the obtained extraction rates and conclusions on the mineralogical phases and their leachabilities under different conditions.

During secondary copper production both internal slags and a final copper slag is produced. In contrast to the final copper slag, which is a process by-product, internal slags are typically recycled to the preceding aggregate. Therefore also the part of copper and other valuable elements like nickel, tin, lead and zinc reporting to the final slag is kept low. On the other hand, other elements which influence the process negatively like aluminium and chromium are also recirculated and lead to an increase of density, melting temperature and therefore also viscosity of the resulting slags. This results in a more complicated slag treatment and influences aggregate capacity, i.e. (black copper smelter and the converter) and copper loss to slag, negatively.

This study is investigating a slag treatment (slag reduction) of high-copper bearing slags from secondary copper production to meet the described challenges by avoiding internal slag recirculation. But besides that, the process results to additional value in that the secondary slag produced through appropriate fluxing (i.e., through slag design) can be easily used for construction purposes. For this investigation an in-depth knowledge about not only the thermodynamics but also kinetics of this process is required.

This study is built on three pillars: Thermodynamical modelling, kinetic investigations and experimental tests in a medium scale. The thermodynamical modelling is conducted using FactSage™ with inclusion of the copper database. An open-system approach is used to model the reduction process by hydrogen. Through that several simulation steps are taken into account, where the hydrogen is added in fractions which are forming a thermochemical equilibrium with the slag and the resulting metal phase. After reaching equilibrium (during each step) the gas phase is removed and a new gas phase is formed by a new addition of hydrogen and the creation of a new thermodynamical equilibrium.

Kinetics investigations were performed by using thermogravimetric methods with the combined analysis of the off-gas stream using mass spectrometry for the achieved ratio of hydrogen to steam. This ratio can be used as a measure for the reduction progress. Firstly, the slag under investigation is mixed with hematite (Fe₂O₃) and silica (SiO₂) to achieve a secondary slag near fayalitic composition (45-50 wt.-% FeO and 35 wt.-% SiO₂). The non-fluxed slag would for be rich in alumina but contains also a non-negligible proportion of chromium(III)-oxide. Both compounds are known for increasing slag viscosity. The chemical composition of the resulting metal phase and the secondary slag is analysed using SEM-EDX.

The experimental trials in medium scale are performed with around 0.5-0.75 kg slag material, depending on the mass of needed fluxes. Here the gas is injected via a lance in the molten slag system at given temperature. Via weighing before and after the experiment the mass loss during reduction, i.e., due to zinc and lead fuming can be estimated. By means of chemical analysis of the achieved metal phase as well as of the resulting secondary slag the reduction degree in this scale can be evaluated. The main goal is to achieve a secondary slag which contains less than 1 wt.-% of copper and other valuable elements and a secondary slag with an iron oxide content and silica content of 45-50 wt.-% and 35 wt.-%, respectively.

It can be seen that the majority of slag reduction is completed within a few minutes and is therefore faster than when using carbon monoxide as a typical reducing agent, as long as diffusion can be neglected. In reality, this is not the case: due to the distance e.g., between the lance tip and the outer diameter of the reaction vessel, the necessary reduction time is extended, as the process is increasingly diffusion-controlled.

With increasing temperature, an accelerated reduction can be observed due to a reduced viscosity of the slag and an improved mobility of the hydrogen, whereby the reduction of the hematite added as an additive can be considered complete even before the reduction of the slag.

The composition of the metal melt plays an important role in the production of high-quality aluminum castings. A melt with high hydrogen content often leads to defects and macro porosity [1]. Gas purging treatment and the use of melting salts for degassing are commonly used to reduce the hydrogen content. However, a consistent solidification of the entire cast part cannot always be realized. In these cases, undesired macro porosity may occur due to hydrogen excess in comparison to the amount of porous seeds in the melt. 

In recent years, the Institute of Nonferrous Metallurgy and Purest Materials has identified two ways of positively influencing this hydrogen porosity. On the one hand, it was found out that it is possible to use a special melt additive to adjust the ratio between the hydrogen dissolved in the melt and the existing pore nuclei so that the hydrogen released during solidification is finely distributed in the casting [2]. On the other hand, it was shown that the use of reactive filter materials can positively influence the precipitation of the atomically dissolved hydrogen and thus generate denser castings [3,4]. Both processes are presented and the efficiency and influence of the respective filter materials and additives is explained. 

Increasingly, scientific and technological developments are moving to a more environmentally friendly direction [1]. Therefore, the necessary adaptation of state-of-the-art processes with modified systems to an overall cleaner and more energy efficient state is imminent and requires a lot of research work, a more detailed look at processes and new test equipment. This is particularly true for the metallurgical industry, where carbon is needed not only as an energy source but also for reduction, and where the transition to greener processes has to work in tandem with the difficulties of recycling new complex multi-metal wastes such as magnets, batteries, e-waste and complex slag systems.

The Institute of Nonferrous Metallurgy and Purest Materials (INEMET) aims to look more closely at utilizing hydrogen as a key challenge for the near future with regard to metallurgical process decarbonization [2]. This is planned as a substitute for fossil fuels, e.g., natural gas for smelting copper cathodes prior to casting; nonetheless the influence of hydrogen on the copper melt, furnace refractory, fluid-dynamics, heat transfer and process control have to be assessed. In addition, the utilization of hydrogen for the molten phase reduction, e.g., in the reduction metal oxides, e,g. SnO2 in the context of a smelting process or of iron ore in the context of fluidized bed gas-solid processes is planned. [3].

The use of atmospheric thermal plasma jets as an alternative to conventional gas burners is also being investigated. The ability to use different gas compositions enables new ways of heating and treating slags, scrap and ores and is identified as a key technology in modern metallurgy [4]. Thermal plasma can be used to form species such as atomic hydrogen or even H⁺, which can reduce any metal oxide, allowing processes that cannot be decarbonized with molecular H₂ to be carried out completely without CO₂ emissions [5]. The fuming behavior of melt components can differ in these systems hence opening further pathways for metal refining.

Various new sensors are being installed and used to improve the measurement capabilities and to combine all the sensor data to gain better process knowledge. For example, new phase-differentiating melt height measurements are being tested with radar sensors. The aim is to identify the height of the slag and metal phases in a smelting unit operation. In addition, acoustic measurements may aid to analyze process fluid-dynamics. To link the different parameters of the experiments, a digital twin (on-line process model receiving experimental data) of the Institute's TSL is being built. Developments realized within the EU-HORIZON Mine.io project will be analyzed in detail.

In order to enable new process designs for industrial use, the key expertise lies in scaling up from laboratory scale to pilot scale experimental campaigns. To this end, new experimental fields are being designed within a newly planned furnace hall.

All in all, the directions for future-oriented pyrometallurgical research have been set and will be realized and carried out hand in hand throughout the university, by undergraduate/ graduate students, technical/ academic staff and industry alike.

The metallurgical industry is continuously seeking sustainable methods for the valorization of materials, such as tin residues, which arise as a byproduct during production processes for example in soldering printed circuit boards. This study focuses on the utilization of green, non-fossil reducing agents, specifically biomasses, for the recovery of tin from industrial residues. These can contain valuable amounts of tin and other valuable metals (e.g. Ag and Cu) that can be recovered and reused, essentially making its valorization not only environmentally imperative, but also economically beneficial. When treated correctly the produced secondary slag can become a valuable base product for cement production. This study aims to prove exemplary pathways for holistic valorization of two distinct tin residues.

Biomasses, abundant and renewable, from agricultural, forestry and other organic sources, are considered carbon-neutral due to the fact that they absorb as much carbon during their “life”, as they release when utilized. This more climate friendly status holds especially true for low-grade byproducts. In pyrometallurgy, the use of biomasses as reducing agents is a rapidly growing field of research, providing greener alternatives to the traditional reducing agents such as coke [1][2][3]. This work, is also aimed to explore the effectiveness of different biomasses in the reduction of tin oxides from the residues to their metallic form [4]. 

With regard to the experimental procedure, various biomass types such as straw, wood, coconut shells etc. were used [5] and compared against traditional coke. The reduction process was carried out in crucible experiments under inert gas in completely molten systems, while optimizing the parameters of temperature, reaction time and tin residue / biomass ratio as well as fluxing, in order to minimize the concentration of impurities in the metallic phases. 

For some residues a prior leaching step is explored and compared against direct pyrometallurgical treatment. Neutral and acidic leaching was investigated with the purpose of decreasing Cl and S amounts which are potentially undesired in the following pyrometallurgical step.

In conclusion, the study demonstrates the feasibility of using biomass reducing agents as greener reducing agents for the valorization of tin residues. The approach aligns with the principles of circular economy and offers a pathway towards more sustainable metallurgical processes. The successful recovery of tin using biomasses could lead to a reduction in the industry’s carbon footprint and contribute to the conservation of natural resources. 

Zinc (Zn) is utilized in many industrial applications, such as batteries, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and metal production. Due to urbanization and the depletion of high-grade ore deposits, efficient resource management is required from both primary and secondary resources. In terms of the latter, the most widely used recycling method of Zn-containing scrap is the Waelz process, particularly for electric arc furnace dust (EAFD). The Waelz process is a pyrometallurgical technique where the Zn scrap is loaded into a rotary kiln with a carbon-containing reducing agent at 1200-1300 ^oC to extract Zn [1]. Zn subsequently vaporizes and oxidizes in the gas stream to form particulate ZnO, which is then collected on bag filters.

In Europe, approximately 250,000 tons/year of Zn is recovered via the Waelz process. However, the process also generates nearly 800,000 tons/year of slag. Utilization of the “Waelz Slag” is hindered due to the lack of environmental compatibility [2], mainly because of the complex chemical and mineralogical composition. As a result, Waelz slag is largely landfilled, even though the iron content exceeds that of high-grade iron ores (~25% iron). 

Numerous studies have investigated the recycling potential of Waelz slag by different methods, such as in a vertical retort [1], in a top-blown rotary converter, and as a charge to an electric arc steelmaking furnace. However, these studies were either theoretical, or in the early stages of development. Nevertheless, the main component of Waelz slag is iron (Fe), followed by Zn, manganese (Mn), and lead (Pb). Of these, Fe and Zn represent the target elements for downstream utilization. 

The project’s primary goals are to generate pig iron, slag (ideal for the building materials sector), and Zn-rich fly ash (for Zn recovery). Information from a number of analytical techniques, including X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), and mineral liberation analysis (MLA), were employed to augment parameters for simulation of one-kilogram experiments conducted in an induction furnace using FactSage 8.2.

The study employs an iterative approach where the result of each experiment serves as a guide for the subsequent experiments. The highest total iron recovery is 83.18%. A combination of the FactSage and Einstein-Roscoe viscosity models was used to determine slag viscosity, implying that viscosity depends more on composition than temperature. Addition of 16% SiO₂ and 3% Al₂O₃ shows a high slag viscosity and delayed Mn reduction, possibly due to insufficient Si dissolved in the metal phase and the system being furnace cooled, giving time for nucleation of Mn-containing phases. The calculated actual oxygen partial pressure on all experiments ranges from 10^-8 to 10^-21. XRD analysis of dust recovery filter paper confirmed the presence of Zn. The slag produced in this study has similar compositions to those studied by Grudinsky et al. that can be used as concrete material to enhance its properties [3]. Overall, the study opens the way for holistic valorization of Waelz slag, resulting in more sustainable Zn resource management.

Tin is one of the earliest metals used in human history. The amount of tin produced and consumed worldwide in the last ten years has been estimated to be between 300,000 - 400,000 tons annually [1]. Not only is tin an essential constituent of tin bronze, it is also a critical component of alloys for making solders, which are essential for the major drivers of green energy transition; electric and autonomous vehicles, solar PV, semiconductors, etc. [2]. Tin from cassiterite, SnO₂ (main source of tin), has over the years been processed via the pyrometallurgical route. Sulfurization and roasting are primary steps in the process, which are carried out to thermally enrich SnO₂ content in case of low-grade concentrates. Afterwards SnO₂ is treated in reactors, where carbon-based reducing agents are used to reduce tin to the metallic form at high temperatures [3], after which the resulting tin produced is further refined to obtain a marketable grade [4]. The carbothermic reduction of cassiterite, has however, seen several drawbacks such as the generation of environmentally harmful waste gases (e.g., CO₂), high energy and equipment costs, as well as low selectivity with regard to impurities contained in the ore which are difficult to be separated at elevated temperatures [5]. 

A hydrometallurgical extraction route is proposed as a potential alternative processing method for tin extraction from cassiterite to achieve a higher degree of sustainability. This is because it ensures the reuse of chemicals in the process loop and allows for a higher metal recovery at a significantly lower energy consumption and greenhouse emissions [6]. Three different acids, (methanesulfonic acid, sulfuric acid, and oxalic acid) were investigated for their potential to leach tin from cassiterite, and they all proved futile, which supports already existing literature regarding the high chemical stability of cassiterite. A pre-treatment step was deemed necessary to render tin water soluble for subsequent hydrometallurgical processes. 

A reduction of cassiterite in a hydrogen-controlled environment to produce SnO slag, from which tin can easily be leached in acid or alkaline media was investigated.  The formation of SnO slag can be accompanied with the production of a tin metal phase depending on the H₂/concentrate ratio used. During experimentation, a high purity tin nugget (99.5 wt.%) was produced at a reduction temperature of 1300 ⁰C at 30 g H₂/ kg concentrate. The slag formed was soluble in sulfuric acid solution, from which tin extraction is being examined. Other pre-treatment options such as soda roasting and alkaline fusion are being investigated with regard to technological, economic and environmental feasibility.

Roasting processes in the pyrometallurgical production of non-ferrous metals are very complex, taking into account the chemical and mineralogical composition of the raw materials, as well as the complexity of the chemical reactions which take place in the roasting aggregate. Laboratory-scale characterization of the initial materials, intermediates, and final products gives researchers the possibility to propose the most likely possible reaction mechanism in order to guide the roasting process towards the desired products. On the other hand, studying the microstructure of materials helps to understand the reasons for the lack of the roasting process efficiency for a certain application case. More recently, the development and application of advanced thermodynamic software additionally helps to predict more accurately the phase distribution and overall dynamics of the roasting process, prior to experimental laboratory tests, thus increasing the probability of successful replication on a larger scale.

This paper presents the results of microstructural investigation of three different materials which are used in non-ferrous metallurgy as primary or secondary raw materials: 1) copper-iron sulphide flotation concentrate (Republic of Serbia), 2) lead and arsenic containing dust from copper smelter (Republic of Kazakhstan), and 3) gold containing residues from gold winning plant (Republic of Uzbekistan).

Samples of sulphide copper concentrate were roasted at 425°C, 675°C and 950°C in an air atmosphere for 1 hour. The experimental characterization included chemical and quantitative microstructural analysis of the initial sample, XRD and SEM/EDS analyses of the initial sample and roasted products. Thermodynamic prediction of the equilibrium compositions and phase distribution at elevated temperatures was done using HSC Chemistry software (ver. 6.1) under the incomplete and complete roasting conditions.

Samples of lead- and arsenic-containing dust from copper smelter were subjected to sulphatising roasting in a pilot-scale fluidised bed furnace at temperatures of 400-550°C for 1 hour.  The data of the initial dust and calcine samples investigation by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray spectral microanalysis (SEM and XRMS) allowed to detect and eliminate the cause of insufficient efficiency of impurity removal into the gas phase. The samples were also studied by chemical analysis and X-Ray diffraction analysis.

In the next example under consideration, the starting material and products of oxidative roasting of sulphide- and carbonaceous-bearing gold plant residues at 500-700°C were investigated. In addition to the methods of chemical analysis, optical studies, X-ray phase analysis and diagnostic leach, the use of the scanning electron microscope study equipped with a dual-detector X-ray microanalysis system provided the most complete information explaining the cause of incomplete gold recovery at the downstream roasting stage of cyanidation.

Application of the scanning electron microscopy method with local X-ray spectral analysis allows not only to establish the percentual content of minerals in the investigated sample, but also to determine the elemental distribution within the mineral, the degree of mineral liberation in individual particles of the sample, as well as to determine the association of the mineral/component of interest with other minerals, the quality of its surface, size and shape. This information helps the scientists and experts to optimise metallurgical processes, particularly, as the results have shown, the roasting process.

Vanadium is a valuable and rare resource widely used in chemical manufacturing, military affairs, aerospace, metallurgical industry and other fields [1], and China is rich in vanadium resources, accounting for 34% of the world's total, ranking first in the world. Vanadium mainly in the form of vanadium-titanium magnetite and vanadium-bearing coal [2]. As a new type of energy storage technology, vanadium redox flow battery has been widely studied due to its advantages of environmental protection, long-life, safety and flexible power design [3]. Vanadium electrolyte is an important component of vanadium batteries, and it is directly related to the performance and cycle life of vanadium batteries [4]. Solvent extraction is widely used for the extraction of vanadium. It can prepare electrolyte from vanadium-containing solution, eliminating the steps of vanadium precipitation, impurity removal and dissolution, which meets the requirements of energy saving and environmental protection. Based on the above, we propose a clean and short process for the preparation of vanadium electrolyte from vanadium shale leaching solution by solvent extraction.

An oxidative stripping system, with the low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite was introduced to facilitate vanadium recovery and further separation of impurities from the leach solution. In order to investigate the mechanism, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy were used to investigate the changes in valence bonding before and after extraction and stripping. The concentration of vanadium and other impurities in the vanadium-rich liquid was investigated by ICP to determine whether it complied with national standards（GB/T 37204-2018）.

After reduction and enrichment, a high purity vanadium electrolyte with low concentration of impurities was prepared. The prepared electrolyte exhibits acceptable electrochemical and charge/discharge properties. The method saves a large amount of preparation cost than the traditional method and does not produce ammonia, nitrogen or harmful gases. The technology is economically reasonable and eco-friendly, and is expected to be applied to large-scale production and promote the development of vanadium redox flow battery and new energy.

 

This study explores a sustainable approach to pyro-metallurgical recovery of metallic raw materials from mixed sulfidic fine-grained waste streams, named as Theisenschlamm [1, 2]. As part of the FINEST project (https://finest-project.de/), Subproject 3 "FINEST Disperse Metals," our focus is on optimizing the secure blending of fine and ultra-fine-grained material flows to recover valuable metals through a multi-stage pyro-metallurgical recycling process. Specifically, we investigate the utilization of calcium- and zinc-rich industrial residues as alternative feeds for the pyro-metallurgical metal recovery process.
Using FactSage™ 8.2 software, we simulate and evaluate the behavior of the slag systems throughout both the oxidation and reduction stages of the process. Ternary phase diagrams are constructed for the key components of the slag systems, providing insights into phase equilibria, solidification behavior, and the stability of various phases under different thermal conditions [3].
A significant aspect of this work involves calculating the viscosity of the slag during the high-temperature processing stages, as this property is critical for ensuring efficient metal separation and refining [4]. Viscosity calculations are performed using the Einstein-Roscoe model, integrated with the Quasi-chemical model from FactSage™ platform, to predict the flow behavior of the slag in relation to its composition and temperature. These findings offer a deeper understanding of the impact of alternative flux materials on slag characteristics, contributing to process optimization.
This detailed modeling-driven approach not only facilitates the refinement of metal recovery processes from complex waste streams but also promotes sustainable circular economy practices by reducing dependence on traditional flux materials and enhancing resource efficiency in pyro-metallurgical recycling [5].

What kind of motoring is both sustainable and resilient? And what specific societal shift will allow us to move into it? Until now, motoring has not been fully considered as a means of environmental resiliency in production. Too often it is seen as a problem rather than the means toward shifting sectors into a more sustainable future. This is a blind spot because motoring is at the heart of production, manufacturing, and economics, and a foundational aspect of our systems of resiliency in wider society. Those systems dependent on motoring are matters of urban planning, infrastructure, policy, food and disaster systems, social and community disaster relief, etc., and yet many advocates of sustainability and resiliency within those sectors assume motoring is an obstacle rather than a portal into the change they desire. This paper examines that assumption and offers a model whereby we can turn this dissonance into collaboration, ultimately arguing that a cognitive shift about what motoring is and can do is necessary across sections if we wish to develop a sustainable future.

Motoring, which is any form of movement powered by energy that is not one’s own, includes internal combustion, diesel, electric, hydrogen, gas, steam, and solar sources, and is a necessary part of our systems of communication, nourishment, and disaster services. It could also become a tool towards resilience rather than its obstacle, though the necessary shift, as this paper argues, will be a cognitive one. For motoring to promote resiliency, we must have a clear understanding of what it means for motoring to be ecological, which means getting beyond the current either/or debate about fuel sources and focusing on use patterns and planetary motoring needs. In that respect, this paper establishes ecological motoring as that which “meets the motoring needs of all within the means of the living planet,” a definition inspired by and modelled upon the Doughnut model of economics by Kate Raworth. To move towards ecological motoring—motoring that is sustainable and resilient—we need to understand these motoring needs from a different cognitive perspective, which means releasing old judgements and debates, and reconfiguring our understanding of the needs and uses of motoring for the planet. Using the opensource tools and workbooks of the Doughnut Economics Action Lab (DEAL) as its methodology, this paper proposes four main quadrants of ecological motoring—system, materials, energy exchange, and scope—which can be understood as motoring’s core components of resiliency at various nested scales among sectors of society. Towards demonstrating these findings, it looks at the case study of Riversimple and shows how we might be able to shift (regardless what the fuel source of our company is) towards a more sustainable and lucrative reality by using these four quadrants.

Developing sustainable processes to minimize greenhouse gases is an ongoing effort in various industries around the world. Wind energy or electrical vehicles are two prominent technologies driving the green transition. Neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) permanent magnets with a rare earth element (REE) content of around 30 wt.% are typically used within electric motors. Large wind turbines can contain more than a ton of rare earths. The above mentioned factors are causing an increasing demand for these metals whilst industrial nations being heavily dependent on producing countries in Asia. Developing new recycling methods to recover REE from scrap materials (termed as long-loop recycling processes) is an internationally growing topic.

A pyrometallurgical recycling process for waste NdFeB permanent magnets named as slag extraction method is discussed in detail here. Recently, it was found that selective oxidation of REE by metal oxides is promising to recover REE in a slag phase while iron, boron, alloying elements (e.g., cobalt) or coating elements (e.g., nickel) are efficiently collected in an iron phase. This efficient separation of impurities leads to a concentration of REE in a single-stage process providing a significant advantage over direct chemical leaching of permanent magnets. Moreover, the remaining iron phase contains >3 wt.% cobalt and can be utilized to further extract other valuable metals.

In this approach boron oxide was added as flux and ferric oxide as oxidant to produce a slag with concentrations >85 wt.% RE₂O₃. Beside sintered also polymer-bonded NdFeB magnets were investigated in this study which are typically not treatable by direct leaching due to high organic content. Different crucible materials such as graphite, clay-graphite or alumina were tested. Experiments were performed at temperatures between 1300 °C and 1500 °C under inert argon atmosphere. High REE extraction rates of >99 % could be achieved at 1400 °C and 2 h dwell time. In the slag phase, the concentration of impurities such as iron, nickel or cobalt were <1 wt.% detected by ICP-OES and SEM-EDX. The use of clay-graphite crucibles leads to Al and Si contaminations in the slag phase which were avoided in pure graphite crucibles. The developed process can be used as pre-concentration step prior to hydrometallurgical refining of REE. To further optimize the process parameters and provide a scalable technology, kinetic studies are currently conducted. 

In this present work, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is devised to study and understand the flow hydrodynamics and chemical reactions occurring between the liquid molten concentrate containing cassiterite and gas phase containing hydrogen. 

This study is motivated by the goal for CO2-neutral production and recovery of valuable non-ferrous metals, e.g. copper, tin and zinc. The metallurgical industry is facing major challenges in transforming existing processes in terms of substitution of fossil fuels, considering costs and safety of plant operation and maintaining product quality. [1] Hydrogen is considered as a promising substituent to fossil fuels as reducing agent in high-temperature metallurgical applications, like smelting in top-submerged-lance (TSL) processes. [2] However, replacing traditional systems with hydrogen has a major influence on the process itself. Hence, numerical models enable a more detailed understanding of hydrodynamics between gas and slag phase as well as thermochemical interactions at the reactive interphase.  

In order to study the effect of hydrogen, a CFD model has been developed according to an experimental setup. [3] In the experiment a lance was introduced into the molten cassiterite though which a mixture of hydrogen and argon is injected into the molten concentrate. A one-fluid approach has been used to understand the interactions and track the interface between the gas and slag phase. Simulations have been carried out to investigate the influence of varying interphase reaction rates and gas flow rates on the flow hydrodynamics and the reduction performance.  

The rare earth elements (REE) play an important role in modern technology due to its wide applicability in various sectors of the world economy. The REE configures a select group of elements with exceptional properties physicochemical, catalytic, electrical, magnetic, and optical attributes [1]. Usually, the REEs are obtained from ore concentrates. However, secondary sources, such as effluents resulting from acid mining drainage (AMD) [2], could be an alternative to the conventional mining and represent an important source of these elements [3]. 

The current work addresses the study of the recovery of rare earth elements (REE) from acid mine drainage (AMD) by using cationic exchange resin. The acid water was obtained from one closed uranium mine at Caldas Municipality (Brazil). The total REE concentration was approx. 0,90 mmol/L, i.e, the sum of the concentrations of lights REE (LREE) and heavies REE (HREE), total impurities 12,9 mmol/L (Al; Ca; Mg; Mn and Zn), sulfate 10 mmol/L, fluoride 5,26 mmol/L, iron <0.09 mmol /L, and the pH around 3.4. 

The loading experiments were carried out in columns at a temperature of 25±1⁰C and the cation exchange resins used were Dowex 50WX8, Lewatit MDS 200H, and Purolite C160. The best results for loading capacity and percentages of efficient removal (%) for total REE and impurities were obtained for the resin Lewatit MDS 200H with 0,566 mmol/g (92%) (LREE = 0,501 + HREE = 0,065) and 1,64 mmol/g (60%), respectively. The selectivity of the resins for the REE can be described as LREE > HREE. Regarding the impurities (Ca, Mn, Mg, Zn, and Al), the resin presents greater loading for calcium and aluminum. The elution experiments with inorganic and organic acids showed that hydrochloric acid and EDTA were more appropriate for the desorption and/or separation of the REE. 

Multicomponent alloys have attracted definitely increasing interest for the last three decades since the first synthesis of multicomponent bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) by copper mold casting in 1990. The multicomponent alloys reported to date are classified to BMGs, BMG composites, high entropy (HE) BMGs and HE alloys. When we focus on engineering applications, the most widely commercialized alloys are BMGs. Their BMGs are roughly classified into nonmagnetic Zr-based and ferromagnetic Fe-based types. The former type is typically composed of Zr-Al-Ni-Cu and Zr-Al-Ni-Cu-(Ti,Nb) systems and the latter type is Fe-Cr-(P,B,C,Si), Fe-(Cr,Nb)-P-B and Fe-(Cr,Nb)-(P,B,Si) systems. The commercialization articles have been usually produced by die casting from liquid for the Zr-based BMGs, while the Fe-based glass-type alloys have been produced by high-pressure gas atomization or ultrahigh water atomization. The former BMGs have been used as various structural materials such as casing, housing, pin spring, hinge, clinic instruments, ratch cover writing tools, precise gears, knives, optical mirrors, sporting goods and ornaments, etc., while the latter glassy powders are used to produce soft magnetic composite (SMC) by mixing with resin et al. The SMCs exhibit unique soft magnetic properties with the features of low core losses, good high-frequency permeability characteristics and high electrical resistivity in high-frequency range from 100 kHz to 5 MHz. High glass-forming ability enables the mass production of good spherical glassy powders over the whole particle size range even by low-cost water atomization process. Owing to their unique production process and good soft magnetic properties, the SMCs have been used as high performance of inductors and reactors with low core losses even in a high frequency range up to 3 MHz in various kinds of fields such as smartphone, smartwatch, tablet-type computer, notebook PC, DC/DC converter, point of load power supply, digital camera, automobile AV equipment, car navigation system and RFID sheet, etc. Thus, Zr- and Fe-based BMGs are expected to increase academic and technological interests as functional materials in recent information communication technology owing to the unique properties that cannot be obtained for ordinary crystalline structural and magnetic materials. 

Multicomponent alloys have attracted definitely increasing interest for the last three decades since the first synthesis of multicomponent bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) by copper mold casting in 1990. The multicomponent alloys reported to date are classified to BMGs, BMG composites, high entropy (HE) BMGs and HE alloys. When we focus on engineering applications, the most widely commercialized alloys are BMGs. Their BMGs are roughly classified into nonmagnetic Zr-based and ferromagnetic Fe-based types. The former type is typically composed of Zr-Al-Ni-Cu and Zr-Al-Ni-Cu-(Ti,Nb) systems and the latter type is Fe-Cr-(P,B,C,Si), Fe-(Cr,Nb)-P-B and Fe-(Cr,Nb)-(P,B,Si) systems. The commercialization articles have been usually produced by die casting from liquid for the Zr-based BMGs, while the Fe-based glass-type alloys have been produced by high-pressure gas atomization or ultrahigh water atomization. The former BMGs have been used as various structural materials such as casing, housing, pin spring, hinge, clinic instruments, ratch cover writing tools, precise gears, knives, optical mirrors, sporting goods and ornaments, etc., while the latter glassy powders are used to produce soft magnetic composite (SMC) by mixing with resin et al. The SMCs exhibit unique soft magnetic properties with the features of low core losses, good high-frequency permeability characteristics and high electrical resistivity in high-frequency range from 100 kHz to 5 MHz. High glass-forming ability enables the mass production of good spherical glassy powders over the whole particle size range even by low-cost water atomization process. Owing to their unique production process and good soft magnetic properties, the SMCs have been used as high performance of inductors and reactors with low core losses even in a high frequency range up to 3 MHz in various kinds of fields such as smartphone, smartwatch, tablet-type computer, notebook PC, DC/DC converter, point of load power supply, digital camera, automobile AV equipment, car navigation system and RFID sheet, etc. Thus, Zr- and Fe-based BMGs are expected to increase academic and technological interests as functional materials in recent information communication technology owing to the unique properties that cannot be obtained for ordinary crystalline structural and magnetic materials. 

Recent studies of glass-forming metallic systems have revealed intriguing complexity, e.g. unusual shifts in radial distribution functions with temperature change or upon mechanical loading in the elastic or plastic regime. Nearest neighbour distances and medium-range order structural arrangements appear to change, e.g. shorten upon heating or become larger with decreasing temperature. Concomitantly, temperature changes as well as static or dynamic mechanical loading within the nominally elastic regime can trigger significant changes in glass properties, which are directly correlated with local non-reversible configurational changes due to non-affine elastic or anelastic displacements. All these findings strongly suggest that the characteristics of the atomic structure decisively determine the properties of the glass and of nanostructured materials derived from glass-forming systems.

Residual stress engineering is widely used in the design of new advanced lightweight materials. For metallic glasses the attention has been on structural changes and rejuvenation processes. High energy scanning x-ray diffraction strain mapping reveals large elastic fluctuations in metallic glasses after deformed under triaxial compression. Transmission electron microscopy proves that structural rejuvenation under room temperature deformation relates to the shear band formation that closely correlates to the underlying distribution of elastic heterogeneities. Micro-indentation hardness mapping hints at an unsymmetrical hardening/softening after compression and further reveals the competing effects of stress and structure modulation. Molecular dynamics simulations provide an atomistic understanding of the correlation between shear banding and fluctuations in the local strain/stress heterogeneity. Thus, stress engineering and elastic heterogeneity together with structure modulation is a promising approach for designing metallic glasses with enhanced ductility and strain hardening ability.

Recent studies of glass-forming metallic systems have revealed intriguing complexity, e.g. unusual shifts in radial distribution functions with temperature change or upon mechanical loading in the elastic or plastic regime. Nearest neighbour distances and medium-range order structural arrangements appear to change, e.g. shorten upon heating or become larger with decreasing temperature. Concomitantly, temperature changes as well as static or dynamic mechanical loading within the nominally elastic regime can trigger significant changes in glass properties, which are directly correlated with local non-reversible configurational changes due to non-affine elastic or anelastic displacements. All these findings strongly suggest that the characteristics of the atomic structure decisively determine the properties of the glass and of nanostructured materials derived from glass-forming systems.

Residual stress engineering is widely used in the design of new advanced lightweight materials. For metallic glasses the attention has been on structural changes and rejuvenation processes. High energy scanning x-ray diffraction strain mapping reveals large elastic fluctuations in metallic glasses after deformed under triaxial compression. Transmission electron microscopy proves that structural rejuvenation under room temperature deformation relates to the shear band formation that closely correlates to the underlying distribution of elastic heterogeneities. Micro-indentation hardness mapping hints at an unsymmetrical hardening/softening after compression and further reveals the competing effects of stress and structure modulation. Molecular dynamics simulations provide an atomistic understanding of the correlation between shear banding and fluctuations in the local strain/stress heterogeneity. Thus, stress engineering and elastic heterogeneity together with structure modulation is a promising approach for designing metallic glasses with enhanced ductility and strain hardening ability.

The European Union has set itself the goal of achieving climate neutrality by 2050, a milestone that depends on the continent's ability to develop and implement clean energy and mobility solutions in a way that is both economically viable and environmentally sustainable. The amount of critical raw materials (CRM) needed to facilitate this energy transition is significant. In addition, industrial and household appliances will need to meet stringent energy efficiency standards to support this transition. The most energy-efficient electric motors and generators contain rare earth permanent magnets. While EU companies are world leaders in the production of electric motors, they are completely dependent on imports for the entire value chain of rare earth magnet materials. (Bernd Schaferet.al, A Report of the Rare Earth Magnets and Motors Cluster, Berlin 2021).

Rare earth elements (REEs) are essential components of these permanent magnets, which are critical for many applications that are vital to Europe's future. It is well known that REEs from China have been the main source for Europe, that supplies are uncertain, and that the Chinese production chain is generally unsustainable. At the same time, the demand for REEs for the production of new PMs is expected to double in 15 years.

In light of this data, our work focuses on the collection of EOL magnets and the sustainable recycling and reprocessing of PM from sources, concentrating on the most common and readily available source of economically recyclable electric motors: domestic appliances. We are developing new dismantling and recovery processes for PM on high-availability scrap and reprocessing lines. In HPMS (Hydrogen Processing of Magnetic Scrap)^1,2 we use an already established method of hydrogenation followed by grinding, degassing, and coating of sensitive powders. The HDDR (Hydrogenation-Disproportionation-Desorption-Regeneration)³ process has been implemented to simplify and minimize the steps in the recycling process.

Initial, ongoing pilot trials for the production of sintered and bonded magnets from recycled magnets confirm the waste-free, economic processing and future independence from unstable REE sources. For the production of sintered magnets, a new sustainable process of rapid consolidation is used, while for bonded magnets the most sensitive part to protect the reactive powders is the coating with a few monolayers of chemically bound coating precursor. In addition to magnetic measurements, various analytical techniques (SEM, HRTEM, XPS) are used to characterize the powders obtained by HPMS and HDDR processes, as well as the final magnets.

*This work is part of the “INSPIRES” project financed by EIT RawMaterials, Proposal Number 20090 (project website: https://eitrawmaterials.eu/project/inspires/).

Magnetic wires have attracted considerable attention due to their rather attractive magnetic properties such as giant magneto-impedance (GMI) effect or magnetic bistability, potentially suitable for several prospective applications (magnetic and magnetoelastic sensors, magnetic memory and logic, electronic surveillance, etc.) [1,2]. Glass-coated magnetic microwires prepared using the Taylor-Ulitovsky technique with thin metallic nucleus (typically with diameters 0.1 to 100 μm) covered by flexible, insulating and biocompatible glass are therefore quite interesting for sensor applications [2]. This technique allows preparation of magnetic wires with amorphous or crystalline structure of metallic nucleus. In the case of glass-coated microwires the magnetoelastic anisotropy contribution becomes relevant since the preparation process involves not only the rapid quenching itself, but also simultaneous solidification of the metallic nucleus surrounded by non-magnetic glass-coating with rather different thermal expansion coefficients [3]. 

The purpose of this paper is present last results on tailoring of soft magnetic properties and GMI effect in glass-coated microwires paying special attention to achievement of high GMI effect and on optimization of domain wall dynamics.

The impact of post-processing on soft magnetic properties and the giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) effect of Fe- and Co-based glass-coated microwires is evaluated. A remarkable improvement of magnetic softness and GMI effect is observed in Fe-rich glass-coated microwires subjected to stress annealing. Annealed and stress-annealed Co-rich microwires present rectangular hysteresis loop and single and fast domain wall propagation. However, Co-based stress-annealed microwires present higher magnetoimpedance ratio. Observed stress-induced anisotropy and related changes of magnetic properties are discussed considering internal stresses relaxation and “back-stresses”. Consequently, stress annealing of ferromagnetic microwires allows achievement of interesting combination of magnetic properties. 

The present situation of the market and applications of rare-earths is reviewed. It is given special attention for discussing the possibility of substitution of  rare-earth magnets by other families of magnets.

Three are the main commercial applications of rare-earths: i) luminescent phosphors, ii) magnets, and iii) catalysis.

For catalysis, the cheap rare-earths as cerium and lanthanum are employed.  Luminescent phosphors are essential in many applications, as lasers and, for example, erbium is used in optical fibers. However, in spite of its relevance, erbium is not expensive as Tb and Dy. 

In LED applications, the rare-earths are used as thin films, and , thus the demand in volume  is not very significant when compared with the demand for magnets. The use of white LED (light emission diode) significantly reduced the demand for europium after 2015, but this application is still relevant. In the 1960s and up the 1980s, Europium was the most expensive rare-earth, due to extreme demand.

The rare-earth market is nowadays driven by Tb, Dy, Nd and Pr, which are employed in rare-earth iron permanent magnets of the RE2Fe14B family (RE=rare earth). For applications in high temperature, dysprosium and terbium are added, and this made the demand and price of Dy and Tb be skyrocketing.

SmCo magnets have the problem of using the expensive element cobalt. Nowadays the demand and price of cobalt increased conbseiderably due to application in rechargeable battteries, and thus, SmCo use in large scale is avoided, but they remain relevant for high temperature applications (above 150oC).

Possible alternatives for rare-earth  permanents magnets are discussed. Among the few options for replacement are the ferrite magnets (BaFe12O19 or SrFe12O19), the Alnico magnes based on shape anisotropy and maybe iron nitrogen. Economic and technical feasibility of these families of magnets are discussed.

Its is given a brief overview about recent mining projects in Brazil, which are focusing on ionic clays, with the objective of extracting the scarce and expensive elements terbium and dysprosium. 

Entire scientific disciplines are governed by the interactions between atoms and molecules. On surfaces, forces extending into the vacuum direct the behavior of many scientifically and technologically important phenomena such as corrosion, adhesion, thin film growth, nanotribology, and surface catalysis. To advance our knowledge of the fundamentals governing these subjects, it would be useful to simultaneously map electron densities and quantify force interactions between the surface of interest and a probe with atomic resolution. When attempting to use scanning probe microscopy (SPM) towards this goal, significant limitations in both imaging and mapping persist despite their ability to image surfaces and map their properties down to the atomic level. Most commonly, SPM qualitatively records only one property at a time and at a fixed distance from the surface. To overcome these limitations, we have integrated significant extensions to existing SPM approaches, which we will shortly summarize in this talk. 

The work started in 2009, when we expanded noncontact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM) with atomic resolution to three dimensions by adding the capability to quantify the tip-sample force fields near a surface with picometer and piconewton resolution [1, 2]. In 2013, we added electronic information through the recording of the tunneling current simultaneously with the force interaction. Using copper oxide as an example of a catalytically active surface, this allowed to study the role of surface defects as active sites [3]. With the goal of yielding information on energy barriers in on-surface chemical reactions, we further extended this approach in 2022 to gain insight into the energetics of molecular motions on surfaces, with benzene and iodobenzene as model systems. And most recently, we introduced the method to study single-molecule chemistry with the example of cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) molecules, which have shown great potential to favorably catalyze the formation of methanol from CO₂ and hydrogen [4, 5]. Thereby, the binding strength of the intermediate CO to the cobalt atom at the center of the CoPcs catalyst molecule has been recognized as a key descriptor affecting catalytic efficiency, with the ideal CO-Co binding strength being neither too strong nor too weak. Using a CO-terminated tip, the CO-CoPc equilibrium distances and potential energies at equilibrium distances were recovered across the molecule [6]. Currently ongoing work aims at systematically changing the substituents/side chains of the CoPc or the substrate the CoPc molecules sit on to clarify the effect of these changes on the CO-Co binding strength and eventually enable a fine tuning of the binding strength, which may open new avenues to optimize the catalytic reaction.