2nd Intl Symp on Physics, Technology & Interdisciplinary Research for Sustainable Development

The LHC at CERN smashes proton beams to study the fundamental composition of matter and give the world a picture of masses at the subatomic level. The term hadron refers to subatomic composite particles composed of quarks held together by the strong force. Examples of known hadrons are the baryons such as protons and neutrons; hadrons also include mesons such as the pion and kaon. 

Data generated from high-energy particle experiments suggest which versions of current scientific models are more likely to be correct – in particular to choose between the Standard Model and Higgsless model and to validate their predictions. 

The purpose and goals of this paper are to prove the existence of the Fernandes-186-Photon by its relationship with the 144GeV bump observed in the Atlas experiment at CERN.

Employing ratio and proportion where dimensional homogeneity is maintained on both sides of an empirical equation is the method followed utilizing algebraic computation. Elementary charge and magnetic flux are defined for the Fernandes-186-photon mass.

A Fernandes Ether Model will replace the Standard Model and a Higgsless Model. The aitheron produces measures of mass of subatomic particles and atomic mass, not the Higgs Boson. The Higgs Boson is observed but for a fleeting moment under GeV/TeV high acceleration conditions. The Fernandes-186-photon mass has thus been observed indirectly as evidenced by the empirical math computed in this paper.

A source for free energy is embedded in the Fernandes-186-Photon.

One of the most important objectives of science is to find a unified theory of physics. At present, the most basic level is occupied by the Standard Model, finalised about 1973, which describes 4 fundamental forces and 12 fundamental particles (6 quarks, each in 3 colours, and 6 leptons). A suggested route towards unity, proposed almost as early as the Standard Model, was the idea of Grand Unification, in which the three gauge forces (electric, strong and weak) approach each other at higher energies, finally unifying at an energy close to the Planck mass, a scale associated with the fourth force, gravity. Though earlier indications looked promising, problems quickly arose and solutions have not been found. There is, however, another option which has been little explored but which has not been ruled out by experiment. That is, to use the original coloured quark theory of 1965, an idea which has acquired new meaning with the 1983 discovery of the fractional quantum Hall effect. When this is used as the source of the electroweak combination, the result appears to be exact unification at the Planck mass, without further assumptions.

As a result of the Russia-Ukraine war, the global natural gas market has suffered from the last two years to present, a major imbalance. The dependence of some major European countries on natural gas is almost total (Germany has been cut off the North Stream 1-2 gas pipelines) and this makes us understand the concern of the stakeholders, of the policymakers but above all of the European citizens, especially the Italian ones. Before the start of the Russia-Ukraine war and until June 2022, Italy was 40% dependent on Russian gas, with an import rate that was stable in line with previous years. Since June 2022, Italian imports have dropped by an annualized value of 8 Gscm, going from 74 to 66, against a further drop in Russian supplies of around 4 [Gscm/y]. This has led to a series of imbalances both from an energy and an economic point of view with energy-intensive industries mainly dependent on gas, forced to decrease their production. Starting from the second half of the year 2022, the government has implemented a strategy of strong diversification of gas supply sources managing to organize a stable import network through pipelines from Azerbaijan, Algeria, northern Europe, Libya and through LNG tankers from the United States. However, the unstable geopolitical situation in which we find ourselves nowadays, places governments in front of the need to develop energy strategies capable of diversifying the sources of electricity production as much as possible, so as not to go into crisis if the main source fails.

In the Italian case, most of the electricity production comes from gas-fired thermoelectric plants, which means that situations similar to those that occurred with Russia in the summer of 2022, could recur in the future. The drop in Russian gas imports that occurred between May and June 2022 (about 11% less gas needed annually for Italian consumption) would be equivalent, in a scenario of a sudden drop in imports not supported by a diversified energy policy, to a lack of annual electricity calculated to be equal to approximately 17.33 TWh.

In this study, purely energy analyses were conducted - relating to two possible gas replacement scenarios following the closure of some Italian gas-fired power plants, caused by lack of gas supplies.

The first scenario, i.e. the complete repowering of the on-shore wind turbines added to the implementation of solar farms in the Italian SIN sites (National Interest Sites), manages to fill the predicted energy deficit. However, the uncertainty of renewable sources and problems of management of the electricity grid must be faced.

The second scenario, i.e. the reopening of coal-fired plants with the implementation of post-combustion carbon capture systems (CCS-PC) added to the conversion of existing coal-fired plants using CCS-PC technology, does not allow bridging the predicted energy gap. However, in the medium-long term, by adopting a policy of replacing gas-fired plants with coal-fired plants converted using CCS-PC technology, three advantages can be achieved simultaneously: i) significant reduction in emissions compared to natural gas-fired plants; ii) constant coverage of the base load; iii) better diversification of supply of primary energy sources.

In Orthodox Quantum Mechanics (OQM) spontaneous processes are ruled by the deterministic Schrödinger Equation and measurement processes are governed by Born’s Postulate and the Projection Postulate. Conservation laws hold in spontaneous processes, but may be violated in individual measurement processes. In this latter case, however, conservation laws are maintained in a statistical sense [1]. 

Time Dependent Perturbation Theory (TDPT) accounts for every process involving time [2]. Since TDPT implies measurements (which require observers and/or measuring devices), billions of unnoticed observers and/or measuring devices would be required everywhere, at each small corner of the Universe where processes such as absorption and emission of radiation, radioactive decay and chemical reactions occur [3]. The lack of evidence to their existence seems unnoticed.

Assuming that two kinds of spontaneous processes irreducible to one another occur in Nature, collapses resulting from measurements in the framework of OQM can be replaced by real spontaneous projections, induced by a tendency of the system to jump to the eigenstates of operators representing conserved quantities. These processes must be in compliance with the statistical sense of conservation laws [4]. The purpose of the present study is to show, step by step, how this replacement can take place. Several examples are given, in particular those involving transitions between stationary states induced by a time dependent perturbation. 

We end up with a version of quantum mechanics very close to OQM but compatible with Philosophical Realism. Neither observers nor measurements appear in its axioms, as demanded by John Bell [5]. Some differences between OQM experimental predictions and those resulting from the theory here proposed could be tested by experiment. 

To enhance the lifetime of mechanical system such as automobile, new reliability methodology – parametric Accelerated Life Testing (ALT) – suggests to produce the reliability quantitative (RQ) specifications—mission cycle—for identifying the design defects and modifying them. It incorporates: (1) a parametric ALT plan formed on system BX lifetime that will be X percent of the cumulated failure, (2) a load examination for ALT, (3) a customized parametric ALTs with the design alternatives, and (4) an assessment if the system design(s) fulfil the objective BX lifetime. So we suggest a BX life concept, life-stress (LS) model with a new effort idea, accelerated factor, and sample size equation. This new parametric ALT should help an engineer to discover the missing design parameters of the mechanical system influencing reliability in the design process. As the improper designs are experimentally identified, the mechanical system can recognize the reliability as computed by the growth in lifetime, LB, and the decrease in failure rate. Consequently, companies can escape recalls due to the product failures from the marketplace. As an experiment instance, two cases were investigated: 1) problematic reciprocating compressors in the French-door refrigerators returned from the marketplace and 2) the redesign of hinge kit system (HKS) in a domestic refrigerator. After a customized parametric ALT, the mechanical systems such as compressor and HKS with design alternatives were anticipated to fulfil the lifetime – B1 life 10 year.

Nanoscience (NS) and nanotechnology (NT) are innovative research fields that have achieved a lot over the last decades since Nobel Prize Winner Richard Feynman introduced the concept of "nano" in 1959. These fields of knowledge deal with materials and devices with nanometer dimensions. Nanotechnology, often shortened to "nanotech," is the use of matter at atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scales for industrial purposes. It refers to a branch of science and engineering dedicated to the design, production, and use of structures, devices, and systems by manipulating atoms and molecules on a nanoscale, that is, to have one or more dimensions with the order of 100 nanometers (100 millionths of a millimeter) or less. A nanometer (nm) is an extremely small unit of length—a billionth (10^-9) of a meter. On the other hand, sustainable development (SD) is an organizing principle that aims to achieve human development while also enabling natural systems to provide necessary natural resources and ecosystem services to humans. The Sustainable Development Goals, developed by the United Nations (UN’s SDGs), are a set of seventeen interrelated goals designed to serve as “a common blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and in the future, or simply the blueprint for achieving a future that is better and more sustainable for everyone. This paper attempts to investigate how NS and NT are currently used to serve SD and UN’s SDGs. Nowadays, NT and NS have many applications in various fields that serve humans, ecosystems, the environment, and nature in general. Some of these applications are medicine, pharmaceutical industry, wastewater treatment, agriculture, and others. This paper aims to investigate the relationship between NS, NT, SD, and UN’s SDGs in terms of some successful applications.

KEYWORDS: Nanoscience (NS) and Nanotechnology (NT); Sustainable Development (SD) and United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN’s SDG); Some Applications of NS and NT to Serve SD and UN’s SDGs. 

A controlled rotation of magnetic moments' orientation by means of an applied electrical field has been demonstrated in tetragonal CuMnAs [1]. This effect originates from spin-orbit torque and allows for a creation of a unique non-volatile memory device faster than flash memory and robust against magnetic field. Furthermore, it can be used to construct micron-size bit cells acting as a multi-level memory-counter [2] with potential applications in nanoelectronics. However, bulk CuMnAs natively crystallizes in the orthorhombic phase, which has different interesting properties. Tetragonal CuMnAs phase has been achieved in epitaxially deposited samples or by inserting lattice defects linked to non-stoichiometry in CuMnAs [3].

Electronic, magnetic, and transport properties of the antiferromagnetic (AFM) CuMnAs alloy with both tetragonal and orthorombic structure are studied here from first principles using the total energy calculations [4]. We have estimated the stability of different phases and calculate formation energies of possible defects in the alloy [3]. Antisites and vacancies on Mn or Cu sublattices were identified as most probable defects in CuMnAs. We have found that the interactions of the growing thin film with the substrate and with vacuum are important for the phase stability of real samples prepared as a thin film on the appropriate substrate. We estimated also the in-plane resistivity of CuMnAs with defects of low formation energies. Our numerical simulations fitted experiment very well if we assumed concentrations of 3.5-5% antisites [4]. Finally, we have determined the exchange interactions and estimate the Néel temperature of the ideal and disordered AFM-CuMnAs alloy using the Monte Carlo approach. The decrease of the Néel temperature in the presence of antisites and vacancies has been evaluated as well [5]. A good agreement of the calculated resistivity and Néel temperature with experimental data makes it possible to estimate the structure and composition of real CuMnAs samples.

The discovery of high temperature superconducting (HTS) material in 1986 attracted considerable investments in material survey and its new application development. In particular, materials with a critical temperature higher than the liquid nitrogen boiling point encouraged HTS application in power transmission cables. In addition, successful trials using the test cable in a part of a civil power grid have been reported. However, the cost of using HTS cable is not yet competitive with that corresponding to conventional copper cables, and efforts to find HTS materials with better performance are ongoing. Nevertheless, studies on novel applications of HTS cable have been conducted, such as use of cables that can pass high electric current and generate magnetic field in its environment. Utilizing the information obtained in HTS power transmission projects, a large coil magnet set in a field with a free-form-design is still expected to encounter many new challenges, such as interference among assembled HTS conductor elements, electromagnetic force to be imposed on HTS conductors in the cable, cooling of HTS conductors in the long cable via refrigeration flow, and cost of HTS conductors. Considering these aspects, this study aims to present a concept of a seabed HTS coil for ship deperming.

Smart farming pertains to using technology and data analysis to improve agricultural practices, efficiency, and sustainability of farming operations. The use of advanced seed technologies has a significant influence on crop yields and farm productivity. Smart farming and seed technologies are closely linked, with advances in one area often driving innovation in the other. By utilizing technology and data analysis, farmers can make more informed decisions about their work, enhancing productivity, sustainability, and profitability. Seed technologies also significantly influence sustainable development, as these can help increase crop yields, improve the resilience of crops to changing environmental circumstances and reduce losses due to disease and pests. Adopting smart farming and seed technologies can contribute to sustainable development via efficient resource use, environmental impact reduction, and the resilience and productivity enhancement of agricultural systems. This article reports the state of the art in smart farming and seed technologies along with their future perspective. 

During the past decade and a half there has been significant publications and discussion on the subjects of “Sustainability”, “Renewability” and “Sustainable Development”. That we must not deplete and or pollute the ecosystem to the extent that the ability of future generations to meet their need is compromised. This has drawn attention to “Sustainable Development”. Recent unprecedented and untimely rainfalls and fires have resulted into widespread recognition the effects of global warming. Most often global warming has been discussed in terms of greenhouse effect in the atmosphere. This paper argues that there is not only atmosphere but there are hydrosphere, geosphere and biosphere. The four spheres interact with each other. The paper presents the need to study the interaction of the four spheres. Through examples paper points out the factors that impact on the interaction of the spheres and recommends a more comprehensive approach to global warming and related environmental issues and sustainable development. Sustainable solutions to protect ecosystem can vary from country to country and are influenced by the economics, social and interaction of the four spheres.

“There is a most profound and beautiful question associated with the observed coupling constant, e - the amplitude for a real electron to emit or absorb a real photon. It is a simple number that has been experimentally determined to be close to 0.08542455. (My physicist friends won't recognize this number, because they like to remember it as the inverse of its square: about 137.03597 with about an uncertainty of about 2 in the last decimal place. It has been a mystery ever since it was discovered more than fifty years ago, and all good theoretical physicists put this number up on their wall and worry about it.) Immediately you would like to know where this number for a coupling comes from: is it related to pi or perhaps to the base of natural logarithms? Nobody knows. It's one of the greatest damn mysteries of physics: a magic number that comes to us with no understanding by man. You might say the "hand of God" wrote that number, and "we don't know how He pushed his pencil." We know what kind of a dance to do experimentally to measure this number very accurately, but we don't know what kind of dance to do on the computer to make this number come out, without putting it in secretly!” Richard Feynman, QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter.

Planck stated in his paper about the Planck mass and length to the Prussian Academy of Sciences, "These necessarily retain their meaning for all times and for all civilizations, even extraterrestrial and non-human ones, and can therefore be designated as 'natural units.” 

The Ether I conceived of should have to be a pre-existent material out of which spacetime’s heavenly bodies are engendered. In stark conceptual contrast to the notion of a field “called into being” by what we know of as ponderable matter, this super massive ether would be basic to light as electromagnetism, basic to the atom, and so:—fundamental to the gravitational force in which bodies float suspended, and in which we all share existence within this “sea of ether”.—All this would signify that our ponderable world measured at any scale would have to be far less dense than the etheric sea:—the “invisible sea” and web of life into which we are born and have our being. 

Employing ratio and proportion where dimensional homogeneity is maintained on both sides of an empirical equation, I present this Fernandes Ether Model utilizing algebraic computation. The ratio of the Fernandes-186 Ether radius to the Planck length is by a factor of 1/137.036.

The significance of this logical approach is a complete theory on the etheric fabric of space that produces every known measurement in terms of electromagnetism, force, field and gravitational acceleration. A toroid comprised of 186-Ether allows for the measure of wavelength and frequency of light. Experimental evidence utilizing NIST data is provided. At the heart of motion and hence every phenomenon is 137.036. A solution to the energy crisis is thus in sight.

On 8 October 2013, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded jointly to theorists François Englert and Peter Higgs "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider". By studying the production and decay of the Higgs boson, ATLAS physicists confirmed that the Higgs boson interacts with both bosons and fermions (the latter being particles that make up matter), confirming the prediction by the Standard Model that elementary particles acquire mass via the all-pervasive Higgs field.

In stark contrast, I state as a scientific law that the measure of mass of particles such as an electron, proton, photon or an atom is that of aitheron frequency.

A photon, electron, proton or atom is made up of a basic unit herein called an aitheron. The aitheron is defined as a mass of 7.372496364 x 10^-51 kg, or “737” for short. Its energy is equal in magnitude to Planck’s constant, h under the condition of one second. The 737 mass multiplied by frequency, f, is equal in magnitude to   measurements of mass of say an electron, proton, photon or an atom.

The purpose and goals of the paper are to define mass – Virtual and Real. In doing so the source of lightspeed c and speed of light squared will be explained. I had predicted the graviton mass to be at 10e-58Kg now detected by the LIGO experiment.

Employing ratio and proportion where dimensional homogeneity is maintained on both sides of an empirical equation is the method followed utilizing algebraic computation.

There are important conclusions to be gleaned from experimental evidence provided. Importantly, speed of light is circular motion. Moreover, speed of light squared is the product of two component velocities and not c x c. Wavelength is derived from the radius of an ether toroid. Significantly, I have empirically shown that the frequency of an aitheron to be responsible for the measure of mass with NIST data. The foundation for a structural model of the invisible fabric of space is now created and so several outcomes in technology applications are made possible especially in transmutation, electrochemistry and photochemistry.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the defects optical and gas sensing properties of  ZnO nanorods. ZnO nanorods have a high surface-to-volume ratio, making them ideal for sensing applications in addition to their well-known physical and optical features. The unique morphology and structure of the nanorods, which are impacted by the seed layer features, provide enhanced sensing capabilities. In this study an vertically oriented zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods array were hydrothermally produced at 60°C, on thin seed layer of ZnO which was fabricated using 2-methoxy ethanol and zinc acetate as a precursor mixture, and ethanolamine as a stabilizing. A basic simple inexpensive technique, sol-gel drop cast method was used for ZnO thin film that was deposited on glass substrate that was used as seed layer for nanorods using precursor mentioned. The precursors for nanorod were zinc sulphate (2 M aqueous solution) and ammonium chloride, with adjusted pH (~11) by using sodium hydroxide. Ammonium chloride functions as a catalyst in the mixture, facilitating the anisotropic development of ZnO nanorods. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and sensing properties of nanorods measured by the fabricating a MSM structure using hard mask. Energy band gap of the nanorods where studied by using the UV method and theoretically using DFT theory run on Quantum Espresso software. The experimental and theoretical results were in agreement.