ORALS

SESSION: IronTueAM-R2	Assis International Symposium (9th Intl. Symp. on Advanced Sustainable Iron & Steel Making)
Tue. 28 Nov. 2023 / Room: Dreams 2
Session Chairs: Tateo Usui; Marcos De Campos; Session Monitor: TBA

12:25: [IronTueAM03] OS Keynote
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION AND ITS IMPACT FOR SIDERURGY
Marcos De Campos¹ ; Jose Adilson De Castro² ; ¹UFF - Federal Fluminense U., Volta Redonda, Brazil; ²UFF - Federal Fluminense University, Volta Redonda, Brazil;
Paper Id: 20 [Abstract]

One way for energy storage is hydrogen production of the excess of electric energy. However Hydrogen storage is quite complicated because hydrogen is only liquid at 20 Kelvin. Also, as easily explained by the Carnot cycle, there are losses along the several steps of liquid hydrogen production, as for example, hydrolysis efficiency, compression and liquefaction efficiency, and so on. However, excess electric energy can be transformed into hydrogen and immediately used for metal reduction. Here it is discussed the technical and economic feasibility of using hydrogen for iron reduction. Oil importer countries may turn to hydrogen usage in industry, thus avoiding oil price fluctuation, or also coal price fluctuation. Even with higher prices, the use of hydrogen in metallurgical processes gives alternatives to non-renewable commodities. This detail is relevant for strategic planning of governments.

SESSION: IronWedPM1-R2	Assis International Symposium (9th Intl. Symp. on Advanced Sustainable Iron & Steel Making)
Wed. 29 Nov. 2023 / Room: Dreams 2
Session Chairs: Marcos De Campos; Paulo Assis; Session Monitor: TBA

14:55: [IronWedPM107] OS
RAISE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY - SOLAR AND WIND - AND CONSEQUENCES FOR STEELMAKING
Jose Adilson De Castro¹ ; Marcos De Campos² ; ¹UFF - Federal Fluminense University, Volta Redonda, Brazil; ²UFF - Federal Fluminense U., Volta Redonda, Brazil;
Paper Id: 19 [Abstract]

The big trend nowadays is the replacement of coal plants by wind and solar. This may affect the price of electric energy, enabling processes where the electric energy is relevant, as for example secondary metallurgy where arc furnaces have large applications. Here we will discuss the impact of the new methods of energy generation on the cost of steel production in the next decades. It is forecasted that the price of electric energy will continue high in the next 5-10 years, while the coal energy plants were not completely replaced by wind or solar. Also, energy storage is expensive , and this precludes price energy reduction. The high price of energy storage is a significant bottleneck concerning price reduction of energy. Energy can be exported as a reduced metal, and countries with surplus of electric energy can become exporters of metals for countries with energy deficit. Brazil has one of the best conditions in the world for wind energy production in states near the equator line as Rio Grande do Norte and Ceará. These states are also promising places for production of other reduced metal, as for example aluminum.

SESSION: IronWedPM2-R2	Assis International Symposium (9th Intl. Symp. on Advanced Sustainable Iron & Steel Making)
Wed. 29 Nov. 2023 / Room: Dreams 2
Session Chairs: Paulo Assis; Session Monitor: TBA

16:25: [IronWedPM210] OS
A NUMERICAL STUDY OF SCENARIOS FOR THE SUBSTITUTION OF PULVERIZED COAL INJECTION BY BLAST FURNACE GAS ENRICHED BY HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN
Jose Adilson De Castro¹ ; Giulio Antunes De Medeiros² ; Marcos De Campos³ ; Leonardo Martins Da Silva⁴ ; ¹UFF - Federal Fluminense University, Volta Redonda, Brazil; ²UFF-Programa de Pos Graduação em Engenharia Metalurgica, Volta Redonda, Brazil; ³UFF - Federal Fluminense U., Volta Redonda, Brazil; ⁴Universidade Federal Fluminense, Volta Redonda, Brazil;
Paper Id: 69 [Abstract]

A numerical simulation procedure is proposed for analyzing the partial replacement of pulverized coal injection by hydrogen, oxygen, and blast furnace gas (BFG) injections mixed with pulverized coal (PCI) within the tuyeres of large blast furnaces. The massive use of hydrogen-rich gas is highly attractive to the steelmaking blast furnace in the context of carbon net-zero hot metal production. Likewise, this new approach allows for increasing productivity and decreasing the specific emissions of carbon dioxide toward a net-zero carbon ironmaking technology. Nevertheless, pulverized coal injection gas mixture is a complex technology, in addition to the impact on chemical reactions and energy exchange, the internal temperature and gas flow pattern can also change drastically. With a view to assessing the state of the furnace in this complex operation, a comprehensive mathematical model using the multiphase theory was developed. The model simultaneously handles bulk solids (sinter, small coke, pellets, granular coke, and iron ore), gas, liquid metal and slag, and coal powder phases. The associated conservation equations are formulated for momentum, mass, chemical species, and energy while being discretized and solved using finite volume techniques. The numerical model was validated against the reference operating conditions using 220 kilograms per ton of pig iron (kg/tHM) of pulverized coal. Therefore, the combined injection of different concentrations of fuel hydrogen, blast furnace gas, and oxygen was simulated for replacing 40, 60 and 80 kg/tHM of coal injection. Theoretical analysis showed that the best scenario with stable operation conditions could be achieved with a productivity increase of 20% corresponding to a CO2 reduction of 15% and 60 kg/tHM of PCI replacement

References:
[1] Castro, J.A.; Takano, C.; Yagi, J. A theoretical study using the multiphase numerical simulation technique for effective use of H2 as blast furnaces fuel. J. Mater Res Technol., 2017, 6, 258-270. [2] Adilson de Castro, J.; Medeiros, G.A.d.; Oliveira, E.M.d.; de Campos, M.F.; Nogami, H. The Mini Blast Furnace Process: An Efficient Reactor for Green Pig Iron Production Using Charcoal and Hydrogen-Rich Gas: A Study of Cases. Metals 2020, 10, 1501. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10111501 [3] Castro, J.A. A Multi-Dimensional Transient Mathematical Model of Blast Furnace Based on Multi-Fluid Model. Doctor Thesis, Ph.D.-Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, 2001. [4] Castro, J.A.; Araujo G.M.; Mota I.O.; Sasaki Y.; Yagi J. Analysis of the combined injection of pulverized coal and charcoal into large blast furnaces. J Mater Res Technol., 2013, 2, 308-314.

SESSION: NanomaterialsFriAM2-R3	Echegoyen International Symposium (8th Intl. Symp. on Synthesis & Properties of Nanomaterials for Future Energy Demands)
Fri. 1 Dec. 2023 / Room: Dreams 3
Session Chairs: Yutaka Matsuo; Session Monitor: TBA

10:20: [NanomaterialsFriAM205] OS
REVERSAL OF MAGNETIZATION IN PERMANENT NANOCRYSTALLINE MAGNETS
Marcos De Campos¹ ; Jose Adilson De Castro² ; ¹UFF - Federal Fluminense U., Volta Redonda, Brazil; ²UFF - Federal Fluminense University, Volta Redonda, Brazil;
Paper Id: 293 [Abstract]

Rare-earth permanent magnets have a  broad range of applications, in motors of electric and hybrid cars, in wind turbines, and  in any machine where efficiency is important [1].  Many countries are establishing    rigorous standards for electric motors efficiency, as IE4 and IE5 [1,2].A rotating machine as an  electric motor has two main components: a rotor and a stator.    In essence, by using  a permanent magnet in the rotor, the efficiency of the machine can be increased. This save an energy that would be used to magnetize the rotor. This also makes possible that the motor can be of the brushless type, thus avoiding friction.In the electrical motors, the magnets need to present high resistance against reversal of magnetization. The motor heats during the  motor operation.  As consequence, the magnets embedded in the stator also heats. There is much  research on  increasing motor efficiency [3], especially in the case of electric cars, where automony is an important issue, and where batteries are very expensive.Nanocrystalline magnets display better resistance  against reversal of magnetization. Here this  subject is discussed by considering magnetostatic and  exchange energy terms.    The mechanisms of reversal of magnetization in nanocrystalline permanent magnets are reviewed. Nanocrystalline Rare-earth magnets  can be  used in motors, or also in thin films [4]. Crystallographic texture effects on the coercivity are also discussed [5].

References:
[1] https://commission.europa.eu/news/new-eu-rules-boost-energy-efficiency-electric-motors-2021-06-30_en
[2] https://eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2023/03/motoring-into-the-ie5-era-for-energy-efficiency/
[3] https://fox5sandiego.com/automotive/internet-brands/how-lucid-leaps-past-tesla-with-smaller-motors/amp/
[4] https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13204-023-02931-1
[5] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304885322010046

SESSION: AdvancedMaterialsTuePM2-R5	7th Intl Symposium on New & Advanced Materials and Technologies for Energy, Environment, Health and Sustainable Development
Tue. 28 Nov. 2023 / Room: Heliconia
Session Chairs: Zhen Chen; Wael Zatar; Session Monitor: TBA

16:25: [AdvancedMaterialsTuePM210] OS
ARCHITECTURE OF HIGH EFFICIENCY ELECTRIC MOTORS
Julio Teixeira¹ ; Marcos De Campos² ; ¹UFABC, Santo André , Brazil; ²UFF - Federal Fluminense U., Volta Redonda, Brazil;
Paper Id: 391 [Abstract]

It is given a brief overview of high efficiency motors [1-3] and the materials used in these machines.This subject has attracted big interest because the applications in electric vehiclesInternal Permanent Magnet Synchronous Reluctance Motors have attracted a significante attention because its high efficiency.It is discussed motor designs with or without permanent magnets.Axial flux machines are also discussed, as well as in-wheel motors.It is  also discussed the possibility of using Halbach arrays of magnets.It is shown that, for embedded magnets, the Halbach arrangement is not advantageous.Halbach arrangements usually are surface mounted.It is also discussed the types of magnets used in electric cars. A better design avoids the heating of system, thus allowing the use of magnets with small amount of dysprosium in the phase (NdPrDy)2Fe14BA simple way of improving motor efficiency is by decreasing the thickness of the steel sheets used as soft magnetic core.Segmentation is a possibility for using high permeability materials as for example GO (Grain Oriented) steels

References:
[1] TEIXEIRA, J. C.; CHILLET, C. ; YONNET, J. . Structure Comparison of buried PMSM for flux weakening operation. In: 6 th Inter, conf. on Electrical Machines and Drives, 1993, Manchester. Proceedings of EMD 93, 1993. p. 365-370.
[2] https://www.powerelectronictips.com/gallery-power-electronics-on-display-at-the-ieee-ecce-energy-conversion-congress/
[3] https://hal.science/hal-03304650/document

SESSION: AdvancedMaterialsTuePM2-R5	7th Intl Symposium on New & Advanced Materials and Technologies for Energy, Environment, Health and Sustainable Development
Tue. 28 Nov. 2023 / Room: Heliconia
Session Chairs: Zhen Chen; Wael Zatar; Session Monitor: TBA

16:50: [AdvancedMaterialsTuePM211] OS
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ECOLOGICAL CEMENT USING SANSEVIERIA TRIFASCIATA FIBER AS REINFORCEMENT MATERIAL
Fernanda A Sampaio Da Silva¹ ; Amanda Fonseca¹ ; Bonifácio De Oliveira Fialho² ; Ingrid R De Lima² ; Marcos De Campos³ ; ¹Federal Fluminense University, Volta Redonda , Brazil; ²Federal Fluminense University, Volta Redonda, Brazil; ³UFF - Federal Fluminense U., Volta Redonda, Brazil;
Paper Id: 189 [Abstract]

Vegetable fiber cement is a new compound made from a mixture of cement, inorganic waste (slag) and plant fibers (banana, sisal, coconut, eucalyptus or other plants). Vegetal fiber cement has several advantages over common fiber cement. This material stands out mainly for not offering health risks related to inorganic dust, as occurs with mineral fibers. In addition, reinforcing the cementitious matrix with plant fibers improves the mechanical performance and durability of these materials. Another advantage is related to water absorption. The vegetable fiber cement samples have a relevant waterproofing capacity.The purpose of this work is the development and characterization of a concrete material reinforced with natural fibers. The use of plant fibers in civil construction is sustainable and environmentally friendly. The inorganic residue used was red clay. Vegetal fibers of Sansevieria trifasciata (popularly known as Espada de São Jorge in Brazil) were tested as reinforcement of the cementitious matrix. Sansevieria trifasciata fibers can increase the mechanical strength of the cementitious matrix. The fibers were subjected to an alkaline treatment in order to increase their surface area. In addition, the fiber size was also tested. The fiber size has a direct influence on its dispersion in the matrix. The material was subjected to compression and structural physical tests (absorption index, voids index, specific mass), treatment and characterization of the vegetable fiber, and also the granulometry of the cement mixture. The results indicate that the fiber size and the chemical treatment previously carried out significantly influence the physical properties and ability to withstand compressive load.

SESSION: AdvancedMaterialsTuePM3-R5	7th Intl Symposium on New & Advanced Materials and Technologies for Energy, Environment, Health and Sustainable Development
Tue. 28 Nov. 2023 / Room: Heliconia
Session Chairs: Marcos De Campos; Session Monitor: TBA

17:55: [AdvancedMaterialsTuePM313] OS
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FERROUS NANOPARTICLES FROM MINT EXTRACT
Fernanda A Sampaio Da Silva¹ ; Arthur Coelho Abrantes² ; Ingrid R De Lima² ; Bonifácio De Oliveira Fialho² ; Marcos De Campos³ ; ¹Federal Fluminense University, Volta Redonda , Brazil; ²Federal Fluminense University, Volta Redonda, Brazil; ³UFF - Federal Fluminense U., Volta Redonda, Brazil;
Paper Id: 188 [Abstract]

Water bodies have systematically suffered from pollution caused by urban and industrial activities. Heavy metals are in a category of contaminants of lakes, rivers and seas that are of great concern. The development of environmentally correct alternatives is necessary to neutralize the action of heavy metals. It is worth noting that numerous solutions have already been adopted in order to remove heavy metals from seas and lakes. However, the production of some products to remove contaminants causes environmental pollution. Therefore, it is extremely important to develop an environmentally friendly synthesis route, so that the production process is consistent with the purpose of the final product. The objective of this work is the development of an environmentally friendly route for the synthesis of bifunctional zero valency iron using agro-industry residues with low added value. They have a metallic phase (zero valency iron) to degrade the harmful metals and an organic phase (grape peel biomass) suitable for adsorption pollutants. The particles were produced by a green route using Mentha spicata extract as an iron-reducing agente of Fe3+. The results indicated the presence of ferrous material in the samples. Furthermore, the functionality of the composite was analyzed by spectrophotometry, with a reduction of up to 53% of heavy metal ions (Cr6 +) in contaminated water. Therefore, the biocomposite is functional and has the ability to remove heavy metals.

SESSION: AdvancedMaterialsWedPM1-R5	7th Intl Symposium on New & Advanced Materials and Technologies for Energy, Environment, Health and Sustainable Development
Wed. 29 Nov. 2023 / Room: Heliconia
Session Chairs: Fernand Marquis; Marcos De Campos; Session Monitor: TBA

14:30: [AdvancedMaterialsWedPM106] OS
OBTAINING BIOFUEL FROM WASTE FRYING OILS AND COMMERCIAL LINSEED OIL
Moacyr De Rezende¹ ; Fernanda A Sampaio Da Silva² ; Ingrid R De Lima¹ ; Bonifácio De Oliveira Fialho¹ ; Marcos De Campos³ ; ¹Federal Fluminense University, Volta Redonda, Brazil; ²Federal Fluminense University, Volta Redonda , Brazil; ³UFF - Federal Fluminense U., Volta Redonda, Brazil;
Paper Id: 270 [Abstract]

There is a great worldwide effort in research for the creation of technologies that allow the generation of energy through the use of new renewable biofuels that replace the traditional fuels derived from petroleum. We propose the synthesis of renewable biodiesel that was synthesized via chemical reaction of homogeneous alkaline transesterification and with ethyl route, from mixtures with different organic sources of fatty acids, proportions of composition between residual vegetable oil from frying and commercial linseed vegetable oils. The reaction was carried out in basic medium. The catalyst used (potassium hydroxide) was finely dispersed in infinite dilution condition, in order to ensure an effective nanotechnological condition for optimizing the degree of conversion of the mixture. The objective of these study is to understand the influence on the quality of the biodiesel produced, based on the most up-to-date specifications informed by the ANP. The evaluated parameters were measurement of specific mass; reaction yield of esters by mass; acid index and kinematic viscosity measurement at 40 0C. In addition, the results showed that regardless of the sample composition, the results of the kinematic viscosity measurement at 40 0C are in accordance with the current national biodiesel specifications. In conclusion, the results showed that the rheological classification for all samples consisted of the Newtonian fluid model, or the Power Law model when the power index is equal to unity (n=1).

SESSION: MineralWedPM1-R7	Torem International Symposium (8th Intl. Symp. on Sustainable Mineral Processing)
Wed. 29 Nov. 2023 / Room: Sunflower
Session Chairs: Fernando Jose Gomes; Session Monitor: TBA

14:05: [MineralWedPM105] OS
RARE-EARTH MARKET AND APPLICATIONS: THE RECENT TRENDS
Marcos De Campos¹ ; Amilton Da Silva Jr² ; Jose Adilson De Castro³ ; ¹UFF - Federal Fluminense U., Volta Redonda, Brazil; ²CEFET - RJ, Valença , Brazil; ³UFF - Federal Fluminense University, Volta Redonda, Brazil;
Paper Id: 292 [Abstract]

The market of rare-earths is reviewed.  The rare-earth market is driven by three main applications: permanent magnets, luminescent phosphors and  catalysis. The market is currently driven by  iron based rare-earth magnets.  Luminescent phsophors are a relevant application, but in this case the rare-earth acts as a dopant and  the  demand volume is not so high as  in rare-earth magnets.  Cheaper rare-earths as cerium and lanthanum are  used in catalysis. Lanthanum is used for oil cracking, for stabilizing zeolites . Other applications are also reviewed. Yttrium demand increased recently, probably due  to  increased production of yttria stabilized zirconia.Electrical cars use typically 1-2 kg of permanent magnets of the NdFeB type, based on the NBd2Fe14B, with partial replacement of Nd by Pr, and by Dy and Tb to increase the operation temperature.  In many applications, there is the possibility of replacement of NdFeB magnets by hard ferrites as Sr2Fe12O19 or BaFe12O19. However, for electric cars, NdFeB-type magnets are preferrable  because they increase the machine efficiency. Many rare-earth extraction projects were recently announced in Brazil. One of the main drawbacks is the lack of technology for rare-earth concentration, and also for rare-earth oxide separation. Here, it is discussed the roadmaps to be followed to overcome such problems.  China developed better technology for rare-earth  oxide separation [1], and  this possibly is the reason for the  Chinese leadership in the rare-earth market.Ores  containing  rare-earth are very abundant along the globe. The main problem is  cheap technology for rare-earth concentration and also for rare-earth oxide separation. Brazil has  potential for becoming a significant producer of rare-earths, by using the tailings of niobium and tin mines. However, proper technology has to be developed for using these tailings.  

References:
[1] https://newsen.pku.edu.cn/news_events/news/people/9479.html

SESSION: MineralWedPM1-R7	Torem International Symposium (8th Intl. Symp. on Sustainable Mineral Processing)
Wed. 29 Nov. 2023 / Room: Sunflower
Session Chairs: Fernando Jose Gomes; Session Monitor: TBA

14:55: [MineralWedPM107] OS
ANALYSIS OF SUSTAINABLE IRON ORE SINTERING PROCESS USING MODELING APPROACH
Jose Adilson De Castro¹ ; Marcos De Campos² ; Elizabeth Oliveira³ ; Giulio Antunes De Medeiros⁴ ; Leonardo Martins Da Silva⁵ ; ¹UFF - Federal Fluminense University, Volta Redonda, Brazil; ²UFF - Federal Fluminense U., Volta Redonda, Brazil; ³Center for Technological Education Celso Suckow da Fonseca, Valenca, Brazil; ⁴UFF-Programa de Pos Graduação em Engenharia Metalurgica, Volta Redonda, Brazil; ⁵Universidade Federal Fluminense, Volta Redonda, Brazil;
Paper Id: 71 [Abstract]

The decreasing of CO2 emissions on the ironmaking industries is a challenging issue. The massive use of granulated biomass and biogas in the iron ore sintering process are promising technological solutions to mitigate the environmental impacts on the steel plant. We focused on the development of a computational tool to analyze and suggest new practices for the sintering process using an integrated modeling approach by applying the multiphase and multicomponent theory. New phases, chemical species and rate equations are included. The model predictions were confronted with industrial data showing good adherence. New scenarios for utilizing the combined technologies of granulated biomass and biogas injection are investigated. The model predictions indicated that the high performance of the process with suitable sinter quality could be achieved. The sintering process fully operating with renewable energy sources is demonstrated.

References:
[1] J. A. Castro, E. M. Oliveira, M. F. Campos, C. Takano and J. Yagi: Journal of Cleaner Production 198(2018), 654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.082 [2] J. A. Castro, N. Nath, A. B. França, V. S. Guilherme and Y. Sasaki: Ironmaking & Steelmaking 39(2012), 605. [3] J. A. Castro, C. J. L. Pereira, V. S. Guilherme, E. P. Rocha and A. B. França: J. Mater Res Technol, 2 (2013), 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2013.06.002.