ORALS

SESSION: NanomaterialsWedPM1-R3	Echegoyen International Symposium (8th Intl. Symp. on Synthesis & Properties of Nanomaterials for Future Energy Demands)
Wed. 29 Nov. 2023 / Room: Dreams 3
Session Chairs: Fernand Marquis; David Gonzalez Rodriguez; Session Monitor: TBA

14:55: [NanomaterialsWedPM107] OS
NANO AND NANO HYBRID MATERIALS SYSTEMS FOR MULTIFUNCTIONAL APPLICATIONS
Fernand Marquis¹ ; ¹Integrated Materials Technologies and Systems (IMTS), , United States;
Paper Id: 341 [Abstract]

Carbon nanotubes and graphene are almost perfect molecules with truly amazing combinations of thermal, electrical, and structural properties. However, to harvest their full potential they need to be fully integrated as hybrid materials in all sorts of matrices. Full integration requires their development beyond conventional composites so that the level of the non-nano material is designed to integrate fully with the molecules of carbon nanotubes and graphene. Here the nano materials are part of the matrix rather than a differing component, as in the case of conventional composites. To advance the development of multifunctional materials integrating nanotubes and graphene, this research is focused on the simultaneous control of the nano architecture, structural properties, the thermal and the electrical conductivity of fully integrated nano hybrid materials systems. These hybrid materials systems are designed to surpass the limits of rule of mixtures in conventional composite design. The goals are to implement multifunctional designs to fully mimic the properties of carbon nanotubes and graphene on larger scales, from the nano, to the meso, to the micro and to the macro scales, and to enhance the thermal and electrical the management, in addition to the control of other properties such as mechanical strength and fracture toughness. These new approaches involve exfoliation, functionalization, dispersion, stabilization, alignment, polymerization, reaction bonding and coating, designed to achieve full integration. Typical examples of structural applications of polymeric and ceramic matrices and applications in energy systems such as capacitors and batteries as well as other material systems are presented and discussed.

References:
[1] Marquis, F.D.S. “Carbon Nanotube Nanostructured Hybrid Materials Systems for Renewable Energy Applications” JOM, Vol 63, 1 (2011) 48 2. Marquis, F.D.S. and L.P.F. Chibante “Improving the Heat Transfer of Nanofluids and Nanolubricants with Carbon Nanotubes” JOM, 12 (2005) 32-44. 3. Functional Composites of Carbon Nanotubes & Applications”, Lee, K-P, Gopalan, A.I. and Marquis, F.D.S. Marquis, Research Signpost (2009), ISBN 978-81-7895-413-4. 4. Marquis, F.D.S. “The Nanotechnology of Carbon Nanotube Nanofluids” in “Functional Composites of Carbon Nanotubes and Applications”, Lee, K-P, Gopalan, A.I. and Marquis, F.D.S. Marquis, ISBN 978-81-7895-413-4, (2009).

SESSION: SolidStateChemistryThuAM-R4	Poeppelmeier International Symposium(3rd Intl Symp on Solid State Chemistry for Applications & Sustainable Development)
Thu. 30 Nov. 2023 / Room: Dreams 4
Session Chairs: Steven De Feyter; Session Monitor: TBA

12:25: [SolidStateChemistryThuAM03] OS
REACTION SYNTHESIS MECHANISMS IN BINARY METALLIC SYSTEMS UNDER INTENSE SHOCK LOADING
Fernand Marquis¹ ; ¹Integrated Materials Technologies and Systems (IMTS), , United States;
Paper Id: 347 [Abstract]

Because the strength, toughness and other key engineering properties of heterogeneous materials are strong dependent on their grain size and density, the quest to achieve simultaneously dense and fine, ultrafine, nano, and nanostructured grain size materials has been one of the most important and difficult challenges in materials science and engineering. In this research we explore novel approaches for producing dense and fine, ultrafine, nano, and nanostructured heterogeneous materials. Typical approaches consist of reaction synthesis, sonochemistry, combustion synthesis, and shock wave synthesis followed by dynamic and static consolidation and densification pre and post reaction synthesis. Typical heterogeneous materials covered in this research consist of tungsten heavy alloys, coated graphite powders, metal silicides, aluminides and multiphase, multi microstructural constituent ceramic armor materials. The synthesized and densified materials are fully characterized by OM. SEM, TEM, STEM, EDX analysis, quantitative image analysis, X-Ray diffraction and mechanical testing. This paper focuses and discusses the mechanisms of reaction synthesis in binary metallic systems and the effect of reaction and processing parameters on the microstructure and densification of typical materials under intense shock loading.

SESSION: AdvancedMaterialsTueAM-R5	7th Intl Symposium on New & Advanced Materials and Technologies for Energy, Environment, Health and Sustainable Development
Tue. 28 Nov. 2023 / Room: Heliconia
Session Chairs: Fernand Marquis; Daniel Kanzler; Session Monitor: TBA

11:35: [AdvancedMaterialsTueAM01] OS Plenary
NEW AND ADVANCED MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES AND THE SUSTAINABILITY FRAMEWORK
Fernand Marquis¹ ; ¹Integrated Materials Technologies and Systems (IMTS), , United States;
Paper Id: 339 [Abstract]

Sustainable development is a comprehensive and complex system of systems requiring multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary science and technology inputs with economic, environmental, and social objectives. In broad terms, sustainable development is achieved when the present needs and challenges are met without placing in jeopardy the ability of future generations to meet their own needs and challenges. The trade space is very wide, and the multitude of trade-offs generate considerable challenges and make it often difficult to achieve an effective balance, most beneficial to all concerned. During the last sixty years the planet’s population has grown exponentially, from 2 to almost 8 billion people, and the technological progress achieved in certain global locations has been tremendous, especially in the industrialized countries. These trends are expected to continue, even at faster rates, and to extend to other global locations. However, all these associated technological activities in the pursuit of better living standards have created a considerable depletion of resources and pollution of land, water, air, and natural resources. Thus, it is imperative that we achieve more with less, implementing considerable energy efficiencies and activating the transition to alternative and renewable energy sources. To reach these goals considerable achievements have been obtained in the development of new and advanced materials such as light weight metallic alloys, metal matrix composites, intermetallic and carbon fiber composites, and hybrid materials systems. Nano, nano-structured and nano-hybrid carbon-based materials systems and nanotechnologies have also been deployed with considerable and transformative impact on energy, environment, and health. This presentation focuses on global perspectives of the impact of certain new and advanced materials and technologies on sustainable development with examples from several of its domains.

SESSION: AdvancedMaterialsTueAM-R5	7th Intl Symposium on New & Advanced Materials and Technologies for Energy, Environment, Health and Sustainable Development
Tue. 28 Nov. 2023 / Room: Heliconia
Session Chairs: Fernand Marquis; Daniel Kanzler; Session Monitor: TBA

12:50: [AdvancedMaterialsTueAM04] OS
EFFECT OF DIETARY AND FEED ADDITIVES BASED ON POLYVALENT NANODISPERSED IRON OXIDES OBTAINED BY ELECTROEROSIVE DISPERSION ON HUMAN HEALTH AND ANIMAL
Tetiana Prikhna¹ ; Mykola Monastyrov¹ ; Valeriy Shatilo² ; Fernand Marquis³ ; ¹V. Bakul Institute NASU, Kiev, Ukraine; ²State Institute, Institute of Gerontology, D.F. Chebotarev NAMS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine; ³Integrated Materials Technologies and Systems (IMTS), , United States;
Paper Id: 416 [Abstract]

Nanodispersed iron oxides obtained using the electroerosion dispersion (EED) technology [1-3] were developed by M. Monastyrov, and used to produce dietary supplement LisoferrinTM and feed additive Nano-Fe+TM. The supplement and additive were certified in Ukraine and Poland.The effects of composition of polyvalent nanodisperse iron oxide, quercetin and vitamin C - LisoferrinTM was studied on 60 women with metabolic syndrome (MS) who were divided equally into the main and control groups. Patients of the main group received dietary supplement LizoferrinTM, patients of the control group received a placebo. Anthropometric indicators, blood plasma glucose fasting and 2h after oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), fasting blood serum lipids, microvascular endothelium function were determined before and 1 month after use of LizoferrinTM or placebo. The use of LizoferrinTM led to a decrease fasting plasma glucose and glucose level 2h after OGTT in patients with prediabetic disorders. Serum concentration of total cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins cholesterol were decreased in individuals with atherogenic dyslipidemia. Along with this, there was an improvement in the functional state of the endothelium of microvessels, which is evidenced by an increase in the maximum volume velocity of skin blood flow as tested with reactive hyperemia. The beneficial effects of polyvalent nanodisperse iron oxide, quercetin and vitamin C on cardiovascular risk factors were demonstrated by the authors for the first time in patients with metabolic syndrome [4] .The efficiency of nanodispersed iron oxide powder solved in glycerin - nano-Fe+TM was studied during agricultural animal growing. The dosage of nano-Fe+TM feed additive was carried out at the rate of 0.1 mg of powder per 1 kg of live weight of animals per day. According to the results of research, the effectiveness of the nano-Fe+TM during the cultivation of various species and technological groups of agricultural animals (suckling piglets, young pigs in the growing period and young sheep in the growing period) has been established. The use of the nano-Fe+TM contributes to an increase in productivity - increases in the live weight of piglets by 11.4%, young pigs by 7.7%, young sheep by 7.3%. The effectiveness of the nano-Fe+TM is confirmed by the data obtained during the research on the average daily increase in the live weight of animals, the difference between young pigs and sheep during the growing period of the experimental and control groups according to this indicator was statistically significant in favor of the animals of the experimental groups (Р < 0.05). For example, the difference in average daily live weight gains between young pigs of the experimental (403 ± 36 g) and control (343 ± 39 g) groups is 60 g (17.5%).The preservation of the animal population of the experimental groups is at the same level as the control group and is 100%. Nano-dispersed iron oxide powder (nano-Fe+TM) is characterized by its effectiveness during the cultivation of young farm animals and was recommended for use on livestock farms in Ukraine by L. Pogorilyy UkrNDIPVT. 

References:
[1] B. Halbedel, T. Prikhna, P. Quiroz, T. Kups, M. Monastyrov, Current Applied Physics, 18(11) (2018) 1410–1414.
[2] M.K. Monastyrov, T.A. Prikhna, A.G. Mamalis, W. Gawalek, P.M. Talanchuk, R.V. Shekera Nanotechnology Perceptions, 4 (2008) 179–187.
[3] M. Monastyrov, T. Prikhna, B. Halbedel, A.G. Mamalis, O. Prysiazhna, Nanotechnology Perceptions. 15(1) (2019) 48–57. N24MO18A
[4] V. Shatilo, I. Antonyuk-Shcheglova, S. Naskalova, O. Bondarenko, M. Monastyrov, T. Prikhna Positive effects of quercetin, iron oxide nanoparticles and ascorbic acid composition in the treatment of women with metabolic syndrome // Ageing and Longevity. 4(1) (2023) 8-15. Retrieved from http://aging-longevity.org.ua/index.php/journal-description/article/view/89

SESSION: AdvancedMaterialsWedAM-R5	7th Intl Symposium on New & Advanced Materials and Technologies for Energy, Environment, Health and Sustainable Development
Wed. 29 Nov. 2023 / Room: Heliconia
Session Chairs: Pierre Collignon; Kasturi Vasudevan; Session Monitor: TBA

12:50: [AdvancedMaterialsWedAM04] OS
EFFECT OF GRAPHITE CONTENT IN THE STRUCTURE AND ON ELECTRODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF ALN-BASED COMPOSITES
Tetiana Serbenyuk¹ ; Tetiana Prikhna² ; Fernand Marquis³ ; Vladimir Sverdun¹ ; Myroslav Karpets⁴ ; Semyon Ponomaryov⁵ ; ¹Institute for Superhard Materials of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine; ²V. Bakul Institute NASU, Kiev, Ukraine; ³Integrated Materials Technologies and Systems (IMTS), , United States; ⁴Institute for Superhard Materials, Kiev, Ukraine; ⁵Institute of Semiconductor Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU), Kyiv, Ukraine;
Paper Id: 415 [Abstract]

The electrodynamic properties of new composite materials based on AlN and made by the free sintering method, with the addition of diamond powders in the amount of 1-5 wt.% were investigated, in the frequency range of 1-10 GHz. As a result of the studies of the structure and phase composition, it was established by  X-ray phase analysis that during the sintering process, the graphitization of diamond powder takes place, and after refining the results obtained by the Rietveld method, show that the content of the graphite phase was 0.8, 1.7, and 3.8 wt.% for the materials in which added diamond powder before sintering in amounts of 1, 3, and 5 wt.%, respectively. The study of electrodynamic characteristics showed an increase in the imaginary and real values of the dielectric constant with an increase in the graphite content. Dielectric losses at 10 GHz increase from 0.05 to 0.08 for composites as the amount of graphite phase increases from 0.8 to 3.8 wt. %. It is shown that at frequencies from 1 to 10 GHz, the real part of the dielectric constant for composite materials of each composition practically does not change, while the imaginary part increases slightly. At the same time, an increase in dielectric losses with increasing content of the graphite phase was noted in the entire measured frequency range. 

SESSION: AdvancedMaterialsWedPM2-R5	7th Intl Symposium on New & Advanced Materials and Technologies for Energy, Environment, Health and Sustainable Development
Wed. 29 Nov. 2023 / Room: Heliconia
Session Chairs: Sanjeev Khanna; Malgorzata Gradzka-Dahlke; Session Monitor: TBA

16:50: [AdvancedMaterialsWedPM211] OS
MULTI SYNTHESES METHODOLGIES OF SUPERCONDUCTING MAX PHASE TI2INN
Tetiana Prikhna¹ ; Michael Eisterer² ; Fernand Marquis³ ; Oxana Kvitniitska⁴ ; Robert Kluge⁴ ; Tetiana Serbenyuk⁵ ; Ran He⁴ ; Bernd Büchner⁴ ; Myroslav Karpets⁶ ; Viktor Moshchil⁶ ; Sebastian Gaß⁴ ; Alexander Borimskiy⁷ ; Xavier Obradors⁸ ; Teresa Puig⁸ ; ¹V. Bakul Institute NASU, Kiev, Ukraine; ²Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria; ³Integrated Materials Technologies and Systems (IMTS), , United States; ⁴Leibniz-Institut für Festkörper- und Werkstoffforschung Dresden e. V., Dresden, Germany; ⁵Institute for Superhard Materials of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine; ⁶Institute for Superhard Materials, Kiev, Ukraine; ⁷V. Bakul Institute for Superhard Materials of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine; ⁸Institut de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona, CSIC, Bellaterra, Spain;
Paper Id: 375 [Abstract]

Ti2InN is the first nitride in the MAX-phase family (into Cr2AlC prototype) for which superconductivity was reported A.D. Bortolozo et al. [1]. It was proposed that the substitution of carbon in Ti2InC for nitrogen increases the superconducting transition temperature from 3.1 K to about 7.3 K due to an increase of the electronic density of states at the Fermi level (EF) from 3.67 for 4.02 states/(eV cell) [1]. The structure of Ti2InN in [1] was characterized only by X-ray. X ray pattern showed peaks of in Ti2InN and the presence of small amount of In. Unfortunately, SEM EDX or TEM studies of the synthesized material were not reported in literature. The Ti2InN samples of the study by Bortolozo et al. [1] In the present study, we prepared samples by different methods. The first two stages of synthesis followed exactly the route described in [1]. The third stage (pressure treatment) was modified. Route1: We repeated the method described in [1] but with 130 bar of nitrogen instead of argon. Route 2: Sintering in Ar in a sealed quartz ampoule. Routes 3, 7 and 8: Spark plasma sintering (SPS) at 38-50 MPa in contact with hBN. Route 4: High pressure-high temperature (HP-HT) sintering under 4 GPa in contact with hBN. Route 5: Repetition of Route 1 after removing air from the furnace more carefully. Using HP-HT, SPS methods and sintering in sealed quartz ampoule in Ar in the third stage (Routes 2, 3, 4, 7 and 8), we succeeded to synthesize Ti2InN samples containing 85.3-94 wt.% of Ti2InN (with lattice parameters a=0.3073(7)-0.3078(8) nm, c=1.4012(4)-1.4030(8) nm, unit cell volume V=114.667´10-3 - 115.114 ´10-3 nm3 ) which demonstrated superconducting behavior with Tc (onset) near 5 K. The samples prepared by SPS and HP-HT methods were highly dense. However, all samples showed a very broad magnetic transition (as susceptibility) not saturating down to 2 K. No macroscopic Meissner phase was established. The magnetization was far too weak to evidence bulk superconductivity of the entire sample (would require around 30 A/m) and hence of Ti2InN. The signal stems either from a minority phase, or from surface superconductivity. According to SEM EDX study, the stoichiometry of the Ti2InN phase of these samples were very close to 211, but in many cases a small excess of nitrogen or the presence of oxygen and even carbon (in one case) were found. We should not exclude that superconductivity in Ti2InN may be very sensitive towards non-stoichiometry (like in the case of oxygen content in YBa2Cu3O7-d , when reduction of oxygen below 6.6-6.5 atoms per one unite cell leads to disappearance of superconductivity) or toward impurities.  A pressure of 130 bar of nitrogen was not enough to suppress the decomposition of Ti2InN at 900 oC (Routes 1 and 5). The material decomposed because of In sublimation and aggregation into drops on the top of the samples (a maximum of 54 wt.% Ti2InN was observed in the materials after 10 h heating). The sample prepared by Route 1 demonstrated the best SC behavior, but the amount of Ti2InN was only 6.5 wt.%. Instead, 9 wt. % TiN, 14.5 wt. % In, 61 wt. % TiO2 and 9 wt. % In2O3 were found. The large amount of oxygen containing phases can be explained by the fact that not all air was removed from the furnace before the high nitrogen pressure was created. In the case of Route 5, when air was removed carefully, the sample decomposed as well and contained besides 54 wt.% of Ti2InN, 25 wt. % TiN, 20 wt.% In, and 1 wt.%TiO2 It seems unlikely that using nitrogen instead of argon would allow to overcome this problem (i.e. that 130 bar Ar pressure can prevent In from sublimation from Ti2InN).  All our samples contain TiN in the form of separate inclusions (with a small amount of oxygen and a very small amount of indium,). The beginning of the SC transition of all our samples was approximately 5K. The SC transition temperature of TiN was reported to be 5.3-6 K. We did not find a clear correlation between the amount of TiN and the magnetization of the materials. However, the grains of TiN phase are still a candidate for the superconducting phase in our materials. A detailed study of the Ti2InN materials structures which demonstrated Tc=7.3 K would be of great interest. Especially in view of the transition temperatures reported for g-Ti3O5 (7.1 K) and TiO (7.4 K) films.

References:
[1] A. D. Bortolozo, G. Serrano, A. Serquis, D. Rodrigues Jr., C. A. M. dos Santos, Z. Fisk, A.J.S. Machado , Solid State Commun. 150 (2010) 1364-1366. doi:10.1016/j.ssc.2010.04.036

SESSION: AdvancedMaterialsWedPM3-R5	7th Intl Symposium on New & Advanced Materials and Technologies for Energy, Environment, Health and Sustainable Development
Wed. 29 Nov. 2023 / Room: Heliconia
Session Chairs: Fernand Marquis; Session Monitor: TBA

17:55: [AdvancedMaterialsWedPM313] OS
MAGNEGIUM DIBORIDE- AND YBCO - BASED MATERIALS FOR APPLICATION IN HYDROGEN BASED TECHNOLOGIES
Tetiana Prikhna¹ ; Michael Eisterer² ; Fernand Marquis³ ; Paul Saass⁴ ; Bernd Büchner⁵ ; Vladimir Sokolovskiy⁶ ; Viktor Moshchil⁷ ; Dirk Lindackers⁵ ; Semyon Ponomarov⁸ ; Xavier Obradors⁹ ; Teresa Puig⁹ ; Alexey Pan¹⁰ ; Frank Werfel¹¹ ; Vladimir Sverdun¹² ; ¹V. Bakul Institute NASU, Kiev, Ukraine; ²Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria; ³Integrated Materials Technologies and Systems (IMTS), , United States; ⁴ScIDre – Scientific Instruments Dresden GmbH, Dresden, Germany; ⁵Leibniz-Institut für Festkörper- und Werkstoffforschung Dresden e. V., Dresden, Germany; ⁶Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; ⁷Institute for Superhard Materials, Kiev, Ukraine; ⁸Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Kiev, Ukraine; ⁹Institut de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona, CSIC, Bellaterra, Spain; ¹⁰Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Wollongong, Australia; ¹¹Adelwitz Technologiezentrum GmbH (ATZ), Torgau, Germany; ¹²Institute for Superhard Materials of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine;
Paper Id: 374 [Abstract]

The increasing demand for the application of hydrogen in different domains of the Global Industry should bring these technologies to the next level of development and contribute with important solutions to significant logistic and energy challenges as well, such as the transportation of gas or liquid hydrogen (LH2). The boiling temperature of LH2 is 20 K, what makes promising application of high temperature superconductors. It has been proposed [1] to construct a centrifugal type LH2-pump (with superconducting bearings, immersed in liquid hydrogen, with an impeller diameter of 32 mm and rotating speed 15 000 rpm.) to fill a 100 l mobile Dewar in about 5 mins. Because of this it is of great importance to understand which comparatively well developed superconducting material can be more stable and efficient in such working conditions. We analyzed the functional superconducting characteristics of MgB2-based bulks without and with additions of Ti, Ti-O and TiC, prepared by hot pressing (30 MPa), spark plasma sintering (50-96 MPa) and under high quasy-hydrostatic pressure (2 GPa) conditions. Their stability in gas hydrogen under 4.2 bar pressure was under the study. The trapped magnetic fields were studied using hollow cylinders of the same geometry prepared from magnesium diboride-based materials and MT-YBCO. The high critical current densities and critical magnetic fields should ensure high trapped fields in all these materials. Indeed all materials demonstrated the required performance; however, flux jumps are a serious issue in MgB2 even in crack free cylinders and impeded higher trapped fields. An inhomogeneous and porous MgB2 structure was found to be less stable against flux jumps. On the other hand, deviations of the material matrices from MgB2 stoichiometry did not impede high Jc and trapped fields. The superconducting properties of all materials investigated in this study occurred to be sufficient for magnets in submersible liquid hydrogen pumps with a required trapped field of about 500-600 mT.

References:
[1] S Kloeppel1 et al. Superconducting bearings for a LHe transfer pump, IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 278 (2017) 012029 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/278/1/012029

SESSION: AdvancedMaterialsFriAM2-R5	7th Intl Symposium on New & Advanced Materials and Technologies for Energy, Environment, Health and Sustainable Development
Fri. 1 Dec. 2023 / Room: Heliconia
Session Chairs: Fernand Marquis; Session Monitor: TBA

11:35: [AdvancedMaterialsFriAM208] OS
SYSTEM FOR DETECTION THE TREATS FROM EXPLOSIONS, FIRES AND TOXIC GASES IN TUNNELS
Nikoloz Chikhradze¹ ; Edgar Mataradze² ; Mikheil Chikhradze³ ; Fernand Marquis⁴ ; Nika Bochorishvili² ; ¹G. Tsulukidze Mining Institute, Tbilisi, Georgia; ²LEPL Grigol Tsulukidze Mining Institute, Tbilisi, Georgia; ³Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, Georgia; ⁴Integrated Materials Technologies and Systems (IMTS), , United States;
Paper Id: 184 [Abstract]

The physical safety of people and the protection of infrastructure from accidents caused by man-made, accidental and terrorist acts are still one of the major challenges for humanity. The most common of the many causes of accidents are industrial and terrorist explosions and fires, often accompanied by toxic gases and uncontrolled sources of radiation. Therefore, fast / rapid identification of such threats, processing the information and timely informing of emergency or other structures are the only way to prevent them, minimize and/or avoid the serious negative consequences. In this regard under high-risks are all kind of critical infrastructure facilities (tunnels, underground structures and confined spaces) and crowded civilian/ social places (transportation hubs, airports, shopping malls, etc.) Georgia (as well as European countries) has adopted the National Security Concept (NSC-GEO (1) .pdf), where in the first place in the list of main threats is "terrorist acts organized by the Russian Federation from the occupied territories of Georgia" and at the  fifth place is " International Terrorism and Transnational Organized Crime. " The situation is further complicated due to the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war in the Black Sea region and its consequences in future. In the civil field, the most dangerous increased threat spaces in terms of technogenic (man-made) and accidental explosions are tunnels, in particular coal mines, nuclear power plants, radiation sources and waste storage areas.   As annual statistics show, many miners around the world die due to methane and coal dust explosions in coal mines. Cases of toxic gas poisoning are frequent. During a single explosion in a Turkish (Soma) mine killed 301 miners. Recently the one of the last such accident occurred on January 31 of this year, 2022 in the Tkibuli (Georgia) coal mine. Besides there are also very serious consequences due to the fires at radiation sources, provoked by emergency or accidents, which leads to dangerous increases in radiation levels and environmental pollution.Protecting facilities (especially tunnels and underground spaces) from accidental and terrorist explosions and fires, taking into account their accompanying toxic gases, and in some cases from increased radiation, still remains as highly topical problem.

References:
[1] M. Chikhradze, E. Mataradze, N. Bochorishvili, N. Chikhradze, Multifunctional device for explosion detection, Conference: EFEE- 8th World Conference on Explosives & Blasting, At: Lyon, France, Volume: Proceedings of 8th World Conference on Explosives & Blasting, editor: R.Famfield et al
[2] 17. M. Chikhradze, E.Mataradze, K.Tavlalashvili, N.Bochorishvili, Sh. Marjanishvili. Development of Device for Identification Explosions and Fires. Proceedings of the Signal Processing Symposium SPS-2015, 10-12 June 2015, Debe, Poland, pp. 293-296
[3] 18. M. Chikhradze, N. Bochorishvili, I. Akhvlediani, E. Mataradze. Analysis of EMP Generated by Explosion in tunnels. Authors: Photonics Applications in Communications, Industry, and High-Energy Physics Experiments, 2010, Vol. 7745
[4] 19. M. Chikhradze, E. Mataradze, Sh. Marjanishvili, N. Bochorishvili, I. Akhvlediani. Study and processing of the signals generated in tunnels. Proceedings of the Signal Processing Symposium. Poland, 3-7 June, 2013