POSTERS

SESSION:SolidStateChemistryPoster	Alario-Franco international Symposium (2nd Intl Symp on Solid State Chemistry for Applications & Sustainable Development)
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	27 Nov - 01 Dec 2022

[SolidStateChemistryPoster1] TRIPLE TEMPERATURE READ-OUT LUMINESCENCE THERMOMETRY at CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURES USING Cr3+-ACTIVATED Mg2SiO4
Zeljka. Antic ¹ ; Milica. Sekulić ¹ ; Mina. Medic ² ; Sanja. Kuzman ² ; Zoran. Ristic ² ; Mikhail G.. Brik ³ ; Miroslav. Dramicanin ² ; ¹Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro; ²University of Belgrade, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro; ³Institute of Physics, University of Tartu,, Tartu 50411, Estonia;
Paper Id: 65 [Abstract]

<p>Silicate-based inorganic phosphors have practical applications in many fields and their luminescent properties have been studied extensively. Among them, forsterite (Mg2SiO4) shows good chemical and physical stability, low dielectric permittivity, low thermal expansion and very good insulation properties. So, Mg2SiO4 finds practical application in different optical devices, tunable lasers, pigments, biomaterials and in electronics [1]. Furthermore, red emission of Cr3+ doped phosphors is commonly used in optical spectroscopy, in-vivo imaging, energy efficiency and luminescence [2,3]. The majority of standard thermometry methods tend to fail under room temperature. Therefore, novel temperature measurement principles are required for this temperature range. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential of Cr3+-doped Mg2SiO4 thermographic phosphor for cryogenic luminescence thermometry and thermometry in physiologically relevant window. Herein, the triple temperature read-out luminescence thermometry at cryogenic temperatures were tested using Cr3+-activated Mg2SiO4 near-infrared thermographic phosphor synthesized by combustion method. X-ray diffraction measurement confirmed orthorhombic crystal structure with the Pbnm (62) space group. Scanning electron microscopy revealed submicron size agglomerates composed of nanoparticles, and the presence of voids. In the forsterite Mg2SiO4 crystal, Cr3+ replaces Mg2+ at octahedral M1 and M2 sites with inversion (Ci) and mirror symmetry (Cs), respectively [4]. The octahedral M1 and M2 sites form the medium-field system resulting in the 2Eg &rarr; 4T2g narrow Cr3+ spin-forbidden emission at low temperatures. At higher temperatures (200&ndash;300 K), there are thermalization between 4T2g and 2Eg levels that leads to a broadband emission through 2Eg + 4T2g &rarr; 4A2g transitions [5]. The usability of this material for the luminescence thermometry was tested by three approaches: i) via temperature induced changes of emission intensity; ii) via temperature dependent luminescence lifetime and iii) via temperature induced changes of emission band position. Among investigated read-outs, the most important figures of merit, absolute and relative sensitivities, and temperature resolutions have been calculated and compared.</p>

[SolidStateChemistryPoster2] Synthesis, Structure and Luminescence Properties of Mn(IV) Doped Li4Ti5O12 Phosphor
Milica. Sekulić ¹ ; Vesna. Djordjevic ² ; Mina. Medic ² ; Zoran. Ristic ² ; Miroslav. Dramicanin ² ; ¹Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro; ²University of Belgrade, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro;
Paper Id: 72 [Abstract]

<p>In this work, one step solid state method was used to obtain Li₄Ti_5-xMn_xO₁₂ (x = 0 - 0.08) powders starting from oxide precursors sintered at 850&deg;C. Tetravalent manganese ion was taken as an optical activator and incorporated in lithium titanate (LTO) material. The material can potentially be used in various applications, such as white light emitting diodes, biolabeling, thermoluminescence, etc. Manganese(IV) efficient red luminescence can be color converter of warm white LEDs, composed of a blue emitting diode combined with a green-yellow emitting phosphors, and in such way improve colour-rendering index. Also, it can be used for thermoluminescence contactless measurements. [1]<br />Being a transition metal with 3d3 electronic configuration Mn(IV) is subject to a significant impact of host lattice. XRD measurements confirmed that the LTO samples crystallise in cubic spinel structure with Fd-3m space group. Three out of four Li ions (in the molecular formula Li₄Ti₅O₁₂) are situated at the tetrahedral 8a site, while the forth Li and Ti(IV) ions randomly occupy the octahedral 16d site with a ratio of 1:5, respectively. Point symmetry of Ti(IV)/Mn(IV) site is -3m (D3d).<br />Kubelka-Munk function, based on measured diffuse reflectance spectra, showed gradual decrease od band gap energy with Mn(IV) concentration increase in the set of synthesized materials. Reflection and excitation spectra showed that samples can be efficiently excited by &lambda;=500 nm. Emission peaks of Mn(IV) centered at 681 and 696&thinsp;nm originate from spin-forbidden ²E_g &rarr; ⁴A_2g electron transitions. Lifetime of the transition was determined in 0.136-0.200 ms range.<br />The sample with the highest Mn(IV) emission intensity was co-doped with different concentrations of Nb(V), used as a sensitizer to improve luminescent properties. [2] It was observed that the intensity was increased up to 10%.</p>

[SolidStateChemistryPoster3] Structure and mechanical properties of 2.5Y0.5RSZ solid solution crystals
M.a.. Borik ¹ ; A.s.. Chislov ¹ ; Alexey. Kulebyakin ¹ ; E.e.. Lomonova ¹ ; F.o.. Milovich ² ; V.a.. Myzina ¹ ; P.a.. Ryabochkina ³ ; N.v.. Sidorova ³ ; N.yu.. Tabachkova ¹ ; ¹Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; ²National University of Science and Technology «MISIS», Moscow, Russian Federation; ³Ogarev Mordovia State University, Saransk, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 126 [Abstract]

Zirconia based materials have a variety of unique physicochemical, electrical and mechanical properties including high strength, hardness, impact toughness, wear resistance, low coefficient of friction, high melting point, chemical inertness, low heat conductivity and biocompatibility. These properties account for the wide range of applications, from wear resistant bearings to medical and surgical instruments. As a rule, the mechanical properties of these materials depend on the composition, namely, on the type and concentration of stabilizing and doping oxides, which are introduced in small concentrations to improve the functional characteristics of the material and to ensure the stability of these characteristics under operating conditions [1-4].<br />The aim of this work is to study the effect of a number of dopants on the structure and mechanical properties of 2.5Y0.5RSZ crystals (where R is Ce, Nd, Er, Yb) depending on the ionic radius of the impurity cation. Partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) crystals were grown by directional melt crystallization in a cold crucible at a 10 mm/h crystallization rate.<br />The phase composition and crystal structure of the material was studied using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The studies showed that the PSZ crystals have two tetragonal phases (t and t’) with different tetragonal distortion degrees. TEM studies showed that the crystals of all compositions are a complex twinned domain structure, which is formed during the transformation from the cubic to the tetragonal phase during the cooling of the crystal.<br />Mechanical characteristics were measured by Vickers indentation technique. The microhardness and fracture toughness for different crystallographic planes have been tested by indentation with different indenter diagonal orientations. Depending on the composition and orientation of the sample, the values of fracture toughness varied from 10 to 15 MPa∙m^1/2.<br />The work was supported by research grants № 18-13-00397 of the Russian Science Foundation.

[SolidStateChemistryPoster4] Electrochemical dealloying of ferromanganese in molten chloride mixtures
Danil. Rozhentsev ¹ ; Nickolay. Tkachev ² ; ¹Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation; ²Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry RAS, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 149 [Abstract]

Dealloying, or chemically etching a material to selectively remove one or more less- noble components from the base metal, appears as an attractive process to generate metal networks for unique materials, which are in demand with modern technologies in biochemistry and medicine, catalysis, electrochemical energetics, etc. [1];[2]. Progress in this area were recently been described in Ref. [3]. The effect of duration time and composition on the microstructure and morphology of ultraporous iron was studied by electrochemical dealloying (selective anodic dissolution) of iron-manganese alloys (Mn wt% = 33; 67) in a molten equimolar mixture of NaCl-KCl and NaCl-KCl-CsCl eutectic. The possibility of electrochemical fabrication of ultraporous iron in the percolation mode at the temperature above the recrystallization annealing of steel was shown. Voltammograms (CV) were measured, and the range of potentials for the selective manganese dissolution in the specified equimolar mixture at a temperature of 700-750 ° C was found. The exposure time at a potential of 0.1 V is about an hour for the formation of a characteristic bi-continuous percolation structure of pores and ligaments. It was found that, during dealloying of ferromanganese with a Mn content of 33 wt%, manganese was etched out almost completely, and the ultraporous iron has much more uniform pore and ligament size. Acknowledgments: The reported study was funded by RFBR, project number 20-33-90224

SESSION:MultiscalePoster	Horstemeyer International Symposium (7th Intl. symp. on Multiscale Material Mechanics & Sustainable Applications)
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	27 Nov - 01 Dec 2022

[MultiscalePoster1] Fracture Properties of Bio-inspired Fibrous Materials with Hierarchical Structure
Seyyed Ahmad. Hosseini ¹ ; Michael. Zaiser ² ; ¹University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nürnberg, Germany; ²Friedrich-Alexander U. Erlangen, Nuremburg, Germany;
Paper Id: 350 [Abstract]

Hierarchical materials consist of microstructural elements which have themselves internal structure, forming a self-similar pattern on multiple scales [1]. Such materials are ubiquitous in biological materials [2] such as collagen [3], bone [4], and wood [2]. We analyse the process of damage accumulation and global failure in hierarchically patterned materials, and compare them with non-hierarchical reference patterns. The nucleation and propagation of crack in uniaxially loaded materials with statistically distributed local failure thresholds is studied using a beam lattice model [1, 5]. We show that hierarchical material failure is characterized by diffuse local damage nucleation that eventually spreads throughout the network. Nonhierarchical materials, on the other hand, fail in a sequence of damage nucleation, crack formation, and stress-driven crack propagation.

SESSION:MoltenPoster	Kipouros International Symposium (8th Intl. Symp. on Sustainable Molten Salt, Ionic & Glass-forming Liquids & Powdered Materials)
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	27 Nov - 01 Dec 2022

[MoltenPoster1] ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY of ZrCl4 and HfCl4 SOLUTIONS in MOLTEN KCl
Alexander. Salyulev ¹ ; Alexei. Potapov ¹ ; ¹Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 40 [Abstract]

<p>KEYWORDS: Molten salt; Mixtures; KCl-ZrCl₄; KCl-HfCl₄; Electrical conductivity. To perfect the technological processes of electrodeposition and electrorefining of zirconium and hafnium, information on the electrical conductivity of ZrCl₄ and HfCl₄ solutions in molten alkali metal chlorides is needed. The electrical conductivity of KCl-MCl₄ (M = Zr or Hf) melts, containing volatile ZrCl₄ and HfCl₄ up to 25&ndash;30 mol. %, was studied in the temperature range of 900-1100 <em>K</em>, at which the vapor pressure above the melt is less than 1 atm. Such melts are of interest for industrial use.<br />It was found that the electrical conductivity increases as the temperature increases and that it decreases as the MCl₄ concentration increases. When interacting with molten KCl, the ZrCl₄ and HfCl₄ molecules ionize with the formation of strong octahedral ZrCl₆^2- and HfCl₆^2- anions [1]. Thus, as the concentration of MCl₄ in molten alkali metal chlorides increases, the concentration of nonmobile MCl₆^2- complexes containing six strongly bound chlorine anions increases. This leads to a decrease in the concentration of electricity carriers. The proportion of K⁺ and, especially, Cl^- - ions decreases and, accordingly, decreases the conductivity of the melts. The specific electrical conductivity (&kappa;, S/cm) isotherms at 1073 K of KCl-ZrCl₄ and KCl-HfCl₄ molten mixtures is exemplified below depending on the concentration of ZrCl₄ or HfCl₄ (mol. %), respectively:<br />k = 2.2394 - 7.7639*10^-2 [ZrCl₄] + 1.3656*10^-3 [ZrCl₄]²,<br />k = 2.2373 - 7.7800*10^-2 [HfCl₄] + 1.2902*10^-3 [HfCl₄]².<br />The relative decrease in electrical conductivity with increasing MCl₄ concentration is more pronounced in the case of HfCl₄, since Hf(IV) forms stronger complex chloride anions than Zr(IV) in molten KCl.<br />It has been established that the values of electrical conductivity of the melts studied in this work are significantly higher (0.89&ndash;1.65 S/cm) than those of the previously studied low-melting mixtures of zirconium tetrachloride with KCl (0.23&ndash;0.33 S/cm) with the high ZrCl₄ content of 65-72 mol. % [2, 3], which are also promising for industrial use.</p>

[MoltenPoster2] ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY of MOLTEN SnCl2 at TEMPERATURES up to 1314 K
Alexei. Potapov ¹ ; Alexander. Salyulev ¹ ; ¹Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 41 [Abstract]

<p>KEYWORDS: Molten SnCl₂; Electrical conductivity maxima.<br />The electrical conductivity of molten SnCl₂ was measured in a wide temperature range (∆<em>T</em> = 763 K) from 551 K to temperature as high as 1314 K that is 391 degrees above the boiling point of the salt. The studied temperature range is extended by 79 degrees towards higher temperatures in comparison with the available data [1] and thereby the presence of the maximum in the electrical conductivity polytherm (2.815 S/cm at 1143 <em>K</em>) is confirmed.<br />Due to the fact that under our experimental conditions the values of vapor pressure above the melts reached several tens of atmospheres, the measurements were carried out in a specially constructed capillary type cell, designed to operate at high pressures. The cell was made of quartz with graphite electrodes [2, 3]. For conductivity measurements an AC bridge with the input frequency of 10 kHz was used.<br />Our data (∆<em>T</em> = 551&ndash;1314 K) are well approximated by the following equation:<br />k = -4.02417 + 1.19270*10^-2<em>T</em> - 5.19936*10^-6T², S/cm; <em>T</em>, K. (1)<br />The &ldquo;dome&rdquo; area of the conductivity polytherm of molten SnCl₂ (our data, ∆T = 968&ndash;1314 K) is approximated more precisely by the following equation: <br />k = -3.92031 + 1.17428*10^-2<em>T</em> - 5.11853*10^-6<em>T</em>², S/cm; <em>T</em>, K. (2) After 1143 K the electrical conductivity decreases as the temperature increases. The fastest rate of reduction of the melt conductivity should be in the vicinity of a critical point of SnCl₂: <em>T</em>_c = 1459 K and <em>P</em>_c = 12 MPa, as the melt becomes more and more gas-like.<br />The reasons for the appearance of maxima on the conductivity polytherms of molten stannous chloride are discussed.</p>

[MoltenPoster3] ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY of MOLTEN (LiCl-KCl)eut. - SrCl2 MIXTURES
Alexander. Salyulev ¹ ; Alexei. Potapov ¹ ; ¹Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 42 [Abstract]

<p>KEYWORDS: Molten salts; Conductivity; LiCl-KCl; SrCl₂.<br />In the course of the pyrochemical reprocessing of spent nitride nuclear fuel (SNF), multicomponent molten mixtures based on the LiCl-KCl eutectic are formed. It is impossible to measure electrical conductivity of all multicomponent mixtures, that is why a common model, which allows calculating the electrical conductivity of complex mixtures according to the electrical conductivity of binary mixtures, should be developed. The present work is a part of works aimed at the development of a model for calculation of the electrical conductivity of complex melts based on LiCl-KCl eutectic, containing components of spent nuclear fuel. In continuation of our previous studies [1, 2] in the present work the electrical conductivity of 13 compositions of (3LiCl-2KCl) - SrCl₂ mixtures was measured at the temperatures of 616-1198 K in the concentration range of 0-100 mol. % with the increment of ~ 10 mol. % of SrCl₂ using capillary quartz cells with platinum electrodes. The AC-bridge method at the input frequency of 75 kHz was used. The liquidus line of the system was plotted based on the conductivity data. <br />The values of electrical conductivity of all melts increase as the temperature increases and they decrease as the concentration of SrCl₂ increases. The specific electrical conductivity (&kappa;, S/cm) of several molten mixtures is exemplified below: <br />&kappa; = -4.6316 + 1.0862*10^-2<em>T</em> - 3.6361*10^-6<em>T</em>² , (625-1150 K) 10 mol.% SrCl₂;<br />&kappa; = -4.4607 + 9.0791*10^-3<em>T</em> - 2.6880*10^-6<em>T</em>² , (773-1151 <em>K</em>) 40 mol.% SrCl₂; <br />&kappa; = -5.3748 + 9.7550*10^-3<em>T</em> - 2.8376*10^-6<em>T</em>² , (983-1158 K) 70 mol.% SrCl₂.<br />The molar conductivity was calculated using previously proposed equations for density of MCl-MeCl₂ (M - alkali metals; Me - divalent metals) systems [3]. The molar conductivity of molten mixtures decreases gradually from (LiCl-KCl)_eut. to pure SrCl₂ with a blurred mild minimum around 70 mol.% of SrCl₂ (1150 K). <br />The results were interpreted in terms of coexistence and mutual influence of the complexes formed by the Li⁺ and Sr²⁺ cations.</p>

[MoltenPoster4] Nanoscale Tungsten Carbides Prepared by Electrochemical Synthesis in Molten Salts
Sergei. Kuleshov ¹ ; ¹Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Kiev, Ukraine;
Paper Id: 76 [Abstract]

<p>In recent years, tungsten carbides are extensively used in engineering applications, such as cutting and mining tools, surface coatings, chemical and electronic industries [1]. Also, tungsten carbides (especially nanoscale) are widely used as a catalytic material [2, 3]. Most modern methods of producing tungsten carbides are hindered by either multi-stage processes or their high energy costs. One of the most attractive methods for producing nanoscale materials is by means high-temperature electrochemical synthesis (HTES). The essence of the method of HTES is the use of electrochemical processes for the decomposition of the carbon and tungsten precursor with further interaction of reduction products and the formation of carbides. This paper is devoted to the production of nanoscale tungsten carbides by the method of HTES. Taking into account specific features of partial and joint electrochemical reduction of carbon and tungsten in different systems, we chose optimum conditions for obtaining highly dispersed tungsten carbides. A high yield of nanopowders of hexagonal &alpha;-WC with nano-dimensional carbon structures could be obtained using the NaCl&ndash;KCl&ndash;Li₂CO₃ (2*10^-3 mol/cm³)&ndash;Na₂W₂O₇ (6*10^-4 mol/cm³) molten salt system with pressure of CO₂ 10 atm. at 750 &deg;C. The current density is 0.2 A/cm². The particles were characterized using XRD, SEM, TEM, Raman spectroscopy, BET and DTG methods. The size of WC and W2C can be less than 8 nm with the specific surface area of the powders 25&ndash;30 m²/g. Based on SEM images, it has been found that the WC nanoparticles are connected together into conglomerates, which are enveloped in a &ldquo;fur coat&rdquo; and which apparently consist of carbon. Four types of particles have been established: curdled, slightly coherent conglomerates, layered particles individual nanofibers and nanorods. These properties allow the use of electrolytic tungsten carbides as a electrocatalyst. The electrocatalytic properties of the synthesis carbides for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in acid solution were investigated by using the electrochemical techniques of cyclic voltammetry. Investigations have shown that it is possible to produce by the HTES nanosized powders of tungsten carbides which can be used as electrode material for the HER in the solution of H₂SO₄.</p>

[MoltenPoster5] Calculation of Ion-induced Dipole Contribution to the Thermodynamics of Molten Alkali Halides
Alexander. Davydov ¹ ; Nickolay. Tkachev ² ; ¹The Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation; ²Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry RAS, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 145 [Abstract]

The interionic forces in molten electrolytes can be classified according to the number of particles entering to the interaction energy. The first group includes the pair interactions: the repulsions at short distances, the London dispersion forces and the Coulomb interactions. The most difficulty is the consideration of the second group, namely, induction interactions, since the charge of a given ion induces dipole moments on neighboring ones, which will not only interact with each other, but also induce dipole moments on other ions. The charge-induced dipole part of the energy can be calculated for molten salts by introducing the dielectric constant to avoid the many-body problem [1]. The difficulty of statistical-thermodynamic calculations is the absence of exact solutions for complicated interaction models (for example, taking into account the induction interactions). From a physical standpoint, the problem of the thermodynamics of molten alkali halides can be usefully considered in terms of thermodynamic perturbation theory [2], which allows extra terms to pair potentials to be taken into consideration based on analytical statistical mechanics models. Therefore, objectives of this report are to propose the model based on the thermodynamic perturbation theory, which provides the possibility of reducing the charge-induced dipole contribution to the relatively simple pair potential, using the reference system of charged hard spheres and to present the results of calculations for this term to the thermodynamics of alkali halide melts. The Helmholtz free energy for the reference system of liquid melts included the standard contribution of the ideal-gas mixture [3], the hard-sphere contribution within the Mansoori-Carnahan-Starling-Leland approximation [4], and the Coulombic contribution within the mean spherical approximation [5]. The perturbation to the free energy due to the charge-induced dipole interactions was taken into account through Gibbs-Bogoliubov approach of the thermodynamic perturbation theory. We will demonstrate, that the fraction of the ion-dipole contribution to the free energy is not more than 10 percent, while its absolute values for alkali halides lies in the range of 30–60 kJ/mol. The discrepancy between the calculated and available experimental enthalpies do not exceed 10 percent for most considered halides. Moreover, the calculated temperature dependences of enthalpy almost completely correspond to the experimental data on its base trend, when the enthalpy of the melts slightly increases with heating. The report will present and analyze the results of modeling the temperature dependences of the free energy, the enthalpy and other thermodynamic characteristics for molten alkali halides. The reported study was funded by RFBR, projects number 19-33-90180 and number 18-03-00606.

[MoltenPoster6] Electrochemical Dealloying of Ag – Zn Alloys in Eutectic Alkali Chlorides Melts
Nina. Kulik ¹ ; Nickolay. Shurov ¹ ; Nickolay. Tkachev ² ; ¹Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciencess, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation; ²Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry RAS, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 148 [Abstract]

KEYWORDS: dealloying, molten salts, Ag-Zn alloys ABSTRACT Electrochemical dealloying as a promising method for producing metals with a highly developed surface is widely studied in aqueous solutions [1, 2]. However, there are very few works devoted to studying it in liquid salt ionic media at elevated temperatures.The possibilities of using anhydrous high-temperature ionic electrolytes for the production of porous metals have not yet been disclosed, and the regularities of dealloуing in such media have not been clarified. The purpose of this work is to establish the features of the selective anodic dissolution of zinc from its alloys with silver in еutectic melts of alkali chlorides.Two homogeneous Ag-Zn alloyswere prepared by fusing the components under a layer of molten salts. The zinc content in the alloys was 67 and 46 mol.%, which corresponded to the ε and β phases of the phase diagram and the investigatedtemperature interval was from 300 up to 500 °С. EutecticsLiCl0.57CsCl0.26KCl0.17and CsCl0.455KCl0.245NaCl0.30was used as electrolytes.Three-electrode cell was designed for the experiments. A glassy carbon crucible served as a reservoir for the melt and, at the same time, as the counter electrode. The reference electrode was a silver wire immersed in the same melt with addition of 3 mol. % AgCl in a micro-perforated alundum tube. Selective anodic dissolution of alloys carried out in potentio- and galvanostatic modes varying the voltage and the current density. Practically full zinc removal was achieved at a current density of about 20 mA/cm2 in the case of the ε phase and 7 mA/cm2 for the β phase in galvanostatic mode. The selectivity of the dealloyng decreased with the increasing current density. Typical homogeneous porous structures obtained on the surface of Zn0.67Ag0.33 alloywith pores and ligaments of approximately the same size lying in the range of 0.5–5 μm. For the Zn0.46Ag0.54, dendritic structures with sizes of silver particles of the order of 0.5–4 and 5–20 μm formed. It was shown that the increase in the process temperature led to the coarsening of the porous structure. Thus, we have shown the possibility of percolation-type electrochemical dealloying and found the best method for the most dezincification of the alloy. The regularities of the influence of the alloy composition, temperature and electrolysis mode on the composition and structure of the resulting product have been established. This work was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Researches (20-03-00267) REFERENCES: [1] J. Weissmüller, K. Sieradzki, MRS Bulletin, 43 (2018) 14-19. [2] J. Zhang, Ch.M. Li, Chem. Soc. Rev., 41(2012)7016–7031.

[MoltenPoster7] SELECTIVE EVAPORATION of MULTICOMPONENT MOLTEN MIXTURES BASED on LiCl-KCl EUTECTIC
Alexander. Salyulev ¹ ; Alexei. Potapov ¹ ; Nikolay. Moskalenko ¹ ; Vladimir. Shishkin ¹ ; ¹Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 234 [Abstract]

Currently, in a number of countries, various options for pyrochemical (using molten salts) technologies are being developed. These technologies would ensure efficient disposal of spent nuclear fuel, reduction of radioactive waste, extraction of uranium, plutonium and electrolyte purification for the repeater usage in reactors [1]. In order to assess the possibility of selective evaporation of various components of salt electrolytes, in this work, experimental distillation of chlorides from their molten mixtures under various conditions was carried out. In all cases, CsCl, BaCl₂, SrCl₂, NdCl₃ (1-2 mol%) dilute solutions, as representatives of alkali, alkaline earth and rare earth metal chlorides solutions in the molten eutectic LiCl - KCl mixture, were subjected to evaporation at the reduced (up to ~ 1 Pa) pressures and temperatures of 753-1033 °C. The compositions of sublimates and molten salts before and after the distillation were analyzed. It was found that in all cases alkali metal chlorides were the main components of vapor condensates, the content of alkali- and rare earth elements or uranium in sublimates was negligible. The distillation rate of salts with continuous evacuation of vapors was many times higher than during evaporation in sealed devices and sealed ampoules [2]. Conclusions about the degree of distillation, the selectivity of evaporation of the components of molten mixtures, and the relative volatility of various chlorides are made. The found dependences can be useful for the development of promising schemes for SNF reprocessing using salt distillation.

[MoltenPoster8] Electrochemical Reduction of Lithium Carbonate in Chloride Melts in Different Gaseous Media
Inessa. Novoselova ¹ ; Sergei. Kuleshov ² ; Anatoliy. Omel'chuk ³ ; ¹V.I. Vernadskii Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine; ²Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Kiev, Ukraine; ³Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences V.I.Vernadsky Institute of General & Inorganic Chemistry, Kyiv-142, Ukraine;
Paper Id: 241 [Abstract]

The peculiarities of the Li₂CO₃ electroreduction in pure carbonate and halide-carbonate melts have been studied by many authors [1-5]. This interest is due to the importance of this process for the production of nano-sized electrolytic carbon with a unique structure and morphology, since the solid-phase carbon deposition was carried out mainly from the salt melts containing lithium carbonate. However, there are wide differences in the obtained results. This is caused by the different research conditions. The authors, as a rule, studied the process at one depolarizer concentration, in a wide temperature, current and potential ranges, on different cathode materials and under the gaseous media of one composition. The purpose of this study was the voltammetric study of this process in a molten equimolar NaCl-KCl mixture in wide ranges of Li₂CO₃ concentrations (1.0-15.0×10^-4 mol·cm^-3) and polarization rates (0.02-0.10 mV·s-1) on platinum and glassy carbon cathodes in different gaseous media (air, in an inert atmosphere of argon and in an atmosphere of CO2) at a temperature of 750 °C.<br />It was found that the electroreduction of Li2CO3 in air occurs through the stage of a preliminary chemical reaction of acid-base type (Li2CO3 ⇄ Li2O + CO2) to form two electrochemically active particles: CO2 and Li_xCO₃^2-x, which are reduced to elemental carbon at potentials of -0.8 and -1.7 V respectively against Pt|O₂/O^2- reference electrode. Both processes are irreversible, and the electroreduction of Li_xCO₃^2-x takes place with diffusion control of the delivery of the depolarizer to the electrode surface. <br />Under of argon or carbon dioxide atmosphere over the melt, the process of lithium carbonate dissociation is suppressed; therefore, the deposition of carbon in this case occurs only from the cationized carbonate complex.<br />X-ray diffraction, SEM and Raman spectroscopy revealed that the cathode product is a high disordered amorphous carbon. Agglomerated particles consist of degraded graphite structures with an approximate crystallite size of 30–40 nm.

[MoltenPoster9] Physico – chemical properties of (MgF2 – CaF2 – (LiF))eut – MgO system as a molten electrolyte for solar thermal Mg electrowinning; thermodynamics, kinetics and diffusion
Michal. Korenko ¹ ; František. Šimko ² ; Carol. Larson ³ ; Dhiya. Krishnan ² ; Jozef. Priščák ² ; Robert. Palumbo ⁴ ; ¹Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Bratislava, Slovakia; ²Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; ³Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, United States; ⁴University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, United States;
Paper Id: 252 [Abstract]

We examined the kinetic and transport processes involved in Mg production from MgO via electrolysis at circa 1250 K with in a eutectic mixture of MgF2-CaF2 , a Mo cathode, and carbon anode. Exchange current densities, transfer coefficients, and diffusion coefficients of the electroactive species were established with a combination of cyclic and linear sweep voltammetry, chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The cathode kinetics are described by a concentration dependent Butler Volmer equation. The exchange current density and cathodic transfer coefficient are 11 ± 4 A-cm-2 and 0.5 ± 0.12 respectively. The kinetics of the anode are described by two Tafel equations: at an overvoltage below 0.4 V, the exchange current density is 0.81 ± 0.2 mA-cm-2 with an anodic transfer coefficient of 0.5±0.1; above 0.4 V overvoltage the values are 0.14 ± 0.05 mA-cm-2 and 0.7±0.2 respectively. The diffusion coefficients of the electroactive species are DMg2+ = 5.2 e -5 ± cm2 s-1 and D_(〖Mg〗_2 ) OF_4^(2-) 7.2 ± 0.2 e-6 cm2-s-1. The ionic conductivity of the electrolyte is circa 2.6 S-cm-1. A 3D finite element model of a simple cell geometry incorporating the these kinetic and transport parameters suggest that 30% of the energy required to drive the electrolysis reaction can be supplied thermally for a current density of 0.5 A-cm-2. Although the work has broad relevance to the vast number of current and developing industrial processes that use or may use molten halide systems, our motivation for doing this work was narrow: the development of a new process for producing Mg from MgO. Phase diagrams (solubility), density, electrical conductivity and viscosity of molten system (MgF2 – CaF2)eut – MgO have been investigated. The phase diagram of (MgF2 – CaF2 – LiF)eut – MgO and (MgF2 – BaF2)eut– MgO and the density of (MgF2 – CaF2 – LiF)eut – MgO have been also investigated. The solubility of MgO was measured by means of thermal analysis, the density by means of a computerized Archimedean method, electrical conductivity by means of a tube–cell (pyrolytic boron nitride) with stationary electrodes and the viscosity of the melt by computerized torsion pendulum method. It was found that the all investigated properties varied linearly with temperature in all investigated mixtures. On the basis of density values, the molar volume of the melts and partial molar volume have been calculated. The coordinates of the eutectic systems has been established as follows: (CaF2 – MgF2)eut – MgO as 0.30 mole % at 972 °C; (CaF2 – MgF2 – LiF)eut – MgO as 0.20 mole % at 941 °C; and (MgF2 – BaF2)eut. – MgO as 0.25 mole % at 883 °C. The density of the molten system of (CaF2 – MgF2)eut – MgO was found to be at 1000 °C: 2.687 g.cm-3 for the system with 0 mole % of MgO; 2.700 g. cm-3 for the system with 0.30 mole % of MgO and 2.728 g.cm-3 for the system with 0.50 mole % of MgO. The density of the molten system of (CaF2 – MgF2 – LiF)eut – MgO was found to be at 1000 °C: 2.875 g cm-3 for the system with 0 mole % of MgO; 2.690 g.cm-3 for the system with 0.20 mole % of MgO and 2.650 g.cm-3 for the system with 0.30 mole % of MgO. The viscosity of basic eutectic mixture of (CaF2 – MgF2)eut at 1000 °C was found to be 7.806 mPa.s.

SESSION:SolutionChemistryPoster	Marcus International Symposium (Intl. symp. on Solution Chemistry Sustainable Development)
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	27 Nov - 01 Dec 2022

[SolutionChemistryPoster1] A non invasive evaluation of the moisturize content in human skin and leaves by surface tensiometry: A Comparative study
Davide. Rossi ¹ ; Renata. Uruci ² ; Tommaso. Rossi ³ ; ¹1-NGO Development Cooperation BAZH.I, Via Borgognone, 13, Maserada Sul Piave, Italy 2-Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Italy, Maserada Sul Piave, Italy; ²Development Cooperation BAZH.I NGO, Maserada Sul Piave, Italy; ³Istituto Tecnico Agrario - ISISS "G.B. Cerletti", Maserada Sul Piave, Italy;
Paper Id: 222 [Abstract]

Surface tensiometry is a non invasive analytic technique capable to determine the surface tension of liquids and the surface free energy of solid substrates [1]. The contact angle (CA: deg) method is commonly used for the determination of the wettability of solid substrates, and in particular for the evaluation of the hydration state of biomaterials such as skin [2] and plant leaves [3]. The hydration analysis of skin consent to determine functionality of the stratum corneum, while the moisturize content of leaves is a parameter capable to classify different plant species in relation to their habitats and evaluate the relationships between wettability and photosynthesis, canopy interception, pathogen infections, and environmental quality [3]. However, the surface tensiometry comparison between different kind biomaterials and their correlations was not deepened studied. On this base, the aim of our work was the determination of the hydration of different species of ex-vivo samples of plant leaves and the correlation with the moisturize level of in-vivo skin of a subject test in order to identify the human skin as a possible reference’s tissue for the evaluation of leaves hydration. The water CA analysis of skin and leaves were performed in the same environmental conditions and time using portable MobilDrop DSA2 tenskinmeter [4]. Our work demonstrated that the variations of water CAs measured on the under edge surface of leaves (CA: 97.7±19.8 deg, 97.15±23.2 deg) were higher than that measured on the upper edge surface (CA: 97.9±5.0 deg, 96.61±7.64 deg). The water CAs measured on skin surface (CA: 73.1±11.1 deg and 75.3±9.6 deg) demonstrated also the differences in the hydration level between the two biomaterials. The correlation analysis between the water CAs measured on skin surface and that performed on more (R2=0.87, R2=0.93) and less (R2=0.54, R2=0.015) hydrated surfaces of leaves opened at the hypothesis to consider the human epidermis as a possible reference biological substrate for the evaluation of different kind of plant species on the base of their moisturize contents. Our investigation could represent a important perspective in the study of the environmental pollution within the sustainable development in agriculture field. This because surface tensiometry is a non invasive, rapid and cheap analytic technique capable to reveal the changes in the wettability of vegetal surfaces in relation to phytosanitary treatments also.

SESSION:EnergyPoster	Mauntz International Symposium (7th Intl. Symp. on Sustainable Energy Production: Fossil; Renewables; Nuclear; Waste handling , processing, & storage for all energy production technologies; Energy conservation)
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	27 Nov - 01 Dec 2022

[EnergyPoster1] BIODIESEL FUEL PRODUCTION FROM NON-FOOD OIL AND FATTY WASTES USING BIOCATALYSIS
Egle. Sendzikiene ¹ ; ¹Vytautas Magnus University Agriculture Academy, Kaunas, Lithuania;
Paper Id: 14 [Abstract]

<p>Production of biodiesel from food crops may cause negative economic, social, and environmental effects, therefore the alternatives are sought to satisfy the raw material demand for biodiesel production [1,2]. The aim of research is to evaluate the possibilities of application of non-food (Camelina sativa) ) oil, fatty wastes of animal origin and butanol for biodiesel production by applying biotechnological methods. The most effective biocatalyst suitable for the biodiesel synthesis from mixture of camelina oil and animal fat by transesterification with butanol was selected. The study involved six lipases as catalyst: Novozyme 435, Lipozyme TL IM, Lipozyme RM IM, F-EC, G &ldquo;AMANO&rdquo; 50. The synthesis of biodiesel was performed under the following conditions: temperature from 30 to 80oC; butanol-to-oil molar ratio from 1 to 7; enzyme content 3-17%; water content 0- 12%; duration 1-24 hours. Biodiesel properties were analysed according to the requirements of standards. Camelina oil is high in unsaturated fatty acids (more than 85 %) [3], iodine value of esters produced from camelina oil equals to 144 I2/100 g and exceeds the maximal value presented in the standard. In contrary, animal fatty waste is characterized by low iodine value (52 g I2/100 g) [4], the content of saturated fatty acids equals to 53 %. In order to meet the quality requirements presented in the standard, mixture camelina oil and animal fat in ratio 1:3 could be used for biodiesel production. For the investigations biocatalyst - lipase Lipozyme TL IM was selected. The optimal conditions for the production of biodiesel fuel were determined: 9 % of the lipase Lipozyme TL IM (of the weight of oil); molar ratio of oil and butanol &ndash; 1:6; temperature &ndash; 40 &deg;C; duration &ndash; 6 hours in the first production stage. The optimal conditions of the second stage are as follows: lipase content &ndash; 5 %; molar ratio of oil and butanol &ndash; 1:8; temperature &ndash; 40 &deg;C; duration of synthesis &ndash; 6 hours. It was determined that butylesters meet the standard requirements, when the additives of antioxidants Ionol BF 200 (1000 ppm) and depressant Chimec 6635 (2000 ppm) are used.</p>

[EnergyPoster2] Oil Well Cementing
Abdollah. Esmaeili ¹ ; Yermek. Aubakirov ¹ ; Fatima. Kanapiyeva ¹ ; ¹Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan;
Paper Id: 20 [Abstract]

The main purpose of a primary cementing job is to provide effective zonal isolation for the life of the well so that oil and gas can be produced safely and economically. Oil Well Cement as the name suggests, is used for the grouting of the oil wells, also known as the cementing of the oil wells. This is done for both, the off-shore and on-shore oil wells. It is manufactured from the clinker of Portland cement and also from cements that have been hydraulically blended. Oil Well Cement can resist high pressure as well as very high temperatures and sets very slowly because it has organic 'retarders' which prevent it from setting too fast. Oil Well Cement has proved to be very beneficial for the petroleum industry due to its characteristics. For it is due to the Oil Well Cement that the oil wells function properly. The various raw materials required for the production of Oil Well Cement are: 1-Limestone 2-Iron Ore 3-Coke 4-Iron Scrap. <br />Cement is also used to seal formations to prevent loss of drilling fluid and for operations ranging from setting kick-off plugs to plugging and abandonment. One of the most famous work-over jobs on an oil well to prevent extra gas and water production and to plug their passages is oil well cementing. The important things which we must consider in an oil well cementing job are: rheological, and physical properties such as density, fluid loss, thickening time, and water cement ratio under high pressure and temperature, effect of accelerators and retarders on cement slurries, compressive strength and permeability of cement plugs, additives for special applications such as elevated temperature and high influx of electrolytes. This paper presents the results of our studies about these subjects in oil well cementing.

[EnergyPoster3] Solar-Pumped Laser using 1㎡ class of Fresnel lens and solar cavity of ABS
Hayato. Koshiji ¹ ; Takumi. Shimoyama ² ; Tomomasa. Ohkubo ³ ; Ei-ichi. Matsunaga ³ ; Yuji. Sato ⁴ ; Thanh-hung. Dinh ⁵ ; Jun-ichi. Yokota ⁶ ; ¹Tokyo University of Technology, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, Japan; ²Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo, Japan; ³Tokyo University of Technology, Hachiouji, Japan; ⁴Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; ⁵National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Kyoto, Japan; ⁶LAFORET ENGINEERRING CORPRATION, Tokyo, Japan;
Paper Id: 27 [Abstract]

The sunlight inexhaustibly falls on the earth. In order to realize sustainable society, it is necessary to utilize its energy effectively. However, energy of the sunlight is difficult to use because of its low coherency. A solar-pumped laser that directly converts sunlight into laser was realized in 1965 [1]. In 2012, the authors succeeded in developing a solar-pumped laser system of 120 W using a large 4 m2 of Fresnel lens as the primary focusing concentrator [2]. However, the primary concentrator was so large that it was difficult to create with high accuracy and transparency. As a result, only 42% of solar light collection efficiency was obtained [3].
In this study, a solar concentrating system using a Fresnel lens and a flat mirror of 1 m2 class was developed. As a result, a solar light collection efficiency of 58.5% was realized. Furthermore, this system is able to track the sun with controlling yaw and pitch angles and it can keep the laser head horizontally.
The sunlight collected by the Fresnel lens is re-focused into the laser medium by the solar cavity. In this study, the solar cavity was manufactured by 3D printer using ABS resin. Using a 3D printer, it is able to accelerate optimization of solar cavity because required time is much shorter than other methods such as milling and drilling metal materials. We realized 2.43W laser output using the solar cavity of ABS resin made by 3D printer. However, we could keep lasing only for 18 seconds. This is probably due to the deformation of the solar cavity made of ABS resin because collected solar power is partially absorbed by it.
In the future, we will manufacture a solar cavity that does not deform due to the heat generated by light collection, aiming for stable lasing.

[EnergyPoster4] Preparation of 1-D Nanowire-Based Composite Photocatalyst Thin Film to Generate Hydrogen by Harvesting Solar Eenergy
Kyo-seon. Kim ¹ ; ¹Kangwon National University, Chuncheon City, South Korea;
Paper Id: 68 [Abstract]

<p>Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting using semiconductor photoelectrodes is one of the most promising and environmentally friendly methods to produce hydrogen from water by utilizing renewable solar energy. Enormous efforts are being devoted to find adequate semiconductor materials for photoelectrodes. Tungsten oxide (WO3) is one of the most attractive semiconductor materials for PEC water splitting due to its energetically favorable valence band position for water oxidation, suitable band gap energy (~ 2.6 eV) to harvest considerable light within the solar spectrum (~ 12%), and appreciable photostability in water (&lt; pH 4) [1]. In this study, we developed a facile, economical flame vapor deposition (FVD) process, in which a newly designed double-wire-feeder was incorporated into the flame reactor to realize constant feed rates of two solid precursors. Vertically-aligned nanowire-based sub-stoichiometric tungsten oxide thin films with controllable thickness were prepared with fast growth rate up to few hundred nanometer per minute, which could be converted to photoactive monoclinic WO3 by postannealing. The growth of branched NTs was realized in a FVD system incorporated with double wire feeders. Heterogeneous doping of nanowire and nanotree structures of WO3 was also achieved by this FVD system [2-5]. The PEC measurements with the prepared composite photocatalyst working electrode were carried out using a three-electrode electrochemical custom-built photocell embedded with a quartz window and equipped with saturated calomel electrode as reference electrode and a platinum mesh as counter electrode [3]. The nanostructured composite thin film prepared by FVD with double-wire-feeder in this study showed the better performances for PEC water splitting than those recently reported in the literature.</p>

[EnergyPoster5] Evaluation of Energy and CO2 Emission of Heat pumps for Electric Vehicles
Hyun Joon. Chung ¹ ; Chung Ho. Lee ² ; Jong Hyun. Park ² ; Yu Min. Choi ² ; Young In. Jung ² ; Chasik. Park ² ; Hoseong. Lee ³ ; ¹Hoseo University, Asan, South Korea; ²Hoseo University, Asan-si, South Korea; ³Korea Automotive Technology Institute, Chonan, South Korea;
Paper Id: 403 [Abstract]

This work presents an energy, exergy, and environmental evaluation of a novel compound PV/T (photovoltaic thermal) waste heat driven ejector-heat pump system for simultaneous data center cooling and waste heat recovery for district heating networks. The system uses PV/T waste heat with an evaporative-condenser as a driving force for an ejector while exploiting the generated electric power to operate the heat pump compressor and pumps. The vapor compression system assessed several environmentally friendly strategies. The study compares eleven lower global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants from different ASHRAE safety groups (R450A, R513A, R515A, R515B, R516A, R152a, R444A, R1234ze(E), R1234yf, R290, and R1243zf) with the hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) R134a. The results prove that the system presents a remarkable overall performance enhancement for all investigated refrigerants in both modes. Regarding the energy analysis, the cooling coefficient of performance (COPC) enhancement ranges from 15% to 54% compared with a traditional R134a heat pump. The most pronounced COPC enhancement is caused by R515B (a 54% COPC enhancement and 49% heating COP enhancement), followed by R515A and R1234ze(E). Concerning the exergy analysis, R515B shows the lowest exergy destruction, with the highest exergy efficiency than all investigated refrigerants.

SESSION:SISAMPoster	Mizutani International Symposium (6th Intl. Symp. on Science of Intelligent & Sustainable Advanced Materials (SISAM))
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	27 Nov - 01 Dec 2022

[SISAMPoster1] Tuning PEDOT: PSS Synthesis for Enhanced Electrical Conductivity
Phimchanok. Sakunpongpitiporn ¹ ; Natlita. Thummarungsan ¹ ; Kornkanok. Rotjanasuworapong ¹ ; Katesara. Phasuksom ¹ ; Anuvat. Sirivat ¹ ; ¹Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand;
Paper Id: 170 [Abstract]

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) is the most interesting CPs; it has the highest electrical conductivity when compared to other CPs [1]. Moreover, it possesses many useful properties such as a low band gap energy, superior electrochemical and thermal stabilities, and high transparency [2]. In this work, PEDOT: PSS nanoparticles in powder form with high electrical conductivity was synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization. In addition, the effects of acid types and EDOT: PSS weight ratio were investigated. For the effect of acid types, at the 0.5 EDOT: 5.5 PSS weight ratio in 0.1 M HClO4 was the best condition to obtain 1.04 x 104 ± 188 Scm-1 due to the multiple dopants (ClO4-, PSS-, SO42-). For the effect of EDOT: PSS weight ratio, at the 0.5 EDOT: 5.5 PSS weight ratio in 0.1 M HClO4 was the proper condition as it provided the high amount of dopant (ClO4-, PSS-, SO42- ) available to interact with PEDOT chain. These results were verified by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, UV-VIS spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectrometry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The particle shapes of PEDOT: PSS synthesized in all conditions were spherical. The particle size of PEDOT: PSS varied from 21.15 ± 2.60 to 33.79 ± 2.27 nm.

SESSION:IronPoster	Poveromo International Symposium (8th Intl. Symp. on Advanced Sustainable Iron & Steel Making)
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	27 Nov - 01 Dec 2022

[IronPoster1] PROMOTING ASSIMILATION of MAGNETITE FINE ORE with LIME STONE at SINTERING PROCESS
Masaru. Matsumura ¹ ; Akira. Morioka ² ; Jun. Okazaki ³ ; ¹, Futtsu, Japan; ²Graduste student at Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; ³NS Technology of Nipponsteel Group, Futtsu, Japan;
Paper Id: 6 [Abstract]

Fe content in hematite ore is gradually decreasing. The usage low grade iron ore in sintering process increase the volume of a bonding agent in order to maintain the yield and the strength of sinter. However the usage of a bonding agent causes more Carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, a magnetite ore has been focused because it can perform magnetic separation and can produce a large amount of oxidization heat. It is because reduction of gangue quantity by magnetic separation makes it possible to produce low slag sintered ore with good reducibility and utilization of oxidizing heat is expected to reduce use of bonding agent. Hence, there are many studies on the oxidation of magnetite. [1][2]. However, despite important reaction as well as oxidation of magnetite, the details of the assimilation of magnetite have not been elucidated. In order to utilize the magnetite ore in the sintering process in the future, it is indispensable to elucidate the mechanism of assimilation of magnetite ore and explore appropriate raw material design. In this report, we introduce the results of a fundamental study on assimilation of magnetite ore and limestone. In this study, a cylindrical tablet hat was modelled and the adhesive layer of a pseudo particle was prepared and heat treated in the air. As a result of observation of this tablet, it was confirmed that the assimilability of magnetite ore varies depending on the particle size of limestone. Magnetite ore blended with fine grain limestone had higher strength of sinter ores than magnetite ore mixed with coarse grain limestone due to its small pore diameter.

[IronPoster2] Environmental Load Reduction by Biomass Char Utilization at Iron Ore Sintering Process
Ryo. Muroi ¹ ; Masaru. Matsumura ² ; ¹Tohoku University, Futtsu-shi, Japan; ², Futtsu, Japan;
Paper Id: 9 [Abstract]

The steel industry occupies for about 14% of CO₂ emissions in Japan, and it is necessary to reduce CO₂ especially, sintering and blast furnace processes occupies the majority for CO₂ emission from steel industry. As blast furnace exhaust gas is used in the downstream process, the target of our study is to reduce CO₂ from the sintering process. Most of CO₂ emitted from the sintering process comes from coke breeze combustion. It is effective to replace coke breeze with low oxidation iron or biomass as bonding agent. Regarding the former, Fujino et al. examined a method for promoting oxidation of metallic iron and ferrous (Fe²⁺) oxide.[1]-[4] In the past, on the other hand, there are few previous studies on the latter. Kawaguchi et al. examined using biomass char sinter pot test[5], and resulted in that shortened sintering time due to the high burning rate of biomass char and maintained product yield by sieving and using large particle char. However, there is no mention of other sintering operating factors or their effects on sinter product quality. Therefore, in this study, in order to explore the effective use of biomass char, we will examine the NOx emission[6] and sinter quality with its combustion characteristics and heat profile in sinter packed bed, and PKS char was used as biomass char, and its combustion characteristics were investigated by particle size. As a result, it was confirmed that the finer the PKS char showed the faster the burning rate and the lower the NOx conversion rate. It is suggested that higher combustion rate caused lower oxygen partial pressure in the combustion film near the char particle. Then lower oxygen partial pressure suppressed oxidation reaction of Nitrogen component in the char.

[IronPoster3] Solidification of Special Steel Billets in Continuous Casting with Different Electromagnetic Stirring
Engang. Wang ¹ ; ¹Northeastern University, Shenyang, China;
Paper Id: 28 [Abstract]

In the continuous casting of steel, the rotary or linear electromagnetic stirring were generally used to improve the internal quality of billets, bloom and slabs by generating horizontal rotary motion inside the casting billet, by promoting heat dissipation and temperature homogenization, thereby increasing the equiaxed grain ratio[1] and refining grain size[2], etc. However, in the final solidifying zone of special steel billets, e.g. the stainless steel, bearing steel and nickel-based steel, the poor fluidity and feeding ability of molten metal could not be improved by the horizontal rotary motion inside the casting billet, so that the centre of special billets usually have some central band defects which are difficult to eliminate in the subsequent rolling process, such as element segregation, porosity, shrinkage cavity, cracks and so on. In this paper, the solidification structure of special steel billets were investigated under a new type of vertical electromagnetic stirring to improve the central quality of continuous casting billets. The results show that the new type of vertical electromagnetic stirring can form a large melt circulation movement up and down in the center of the billet, promote the temperature and composition mixing of the molten steel, and improve the feeding ability of molten steel to the final solidifying zone. So that the central band defects in the special steel billet are greatly improved and eliminated. The mechanism of vertical electromagnetic stirring to promote columnar-to-equiaxed transition and improve the solidification structure is analyzed in this paper. This work was financially supported by NSFC (No. U1760206) and the 111 Project 2.0 of China (No. BP0719037). Correspondent: egwang@mail.neu.edu.cn

[IronPoster4] MASS TRANSFER BETWEEN SOLID AND LIQUID PHASES RELATED TO SUSPENSION PATTERN OF LIGHT OR HEAVY DENSITY OF SOLID PARTICLES IN A MECHANICALLY STIRRED VESSEL
Yoshiei. Kato ¹ ; Md. Azhar. Uddin ¹ ; ¹Okayama University, Okayama, Japan;
Paper Id: 270 [Abstract]

The mass transfer rate between different phases such as solid/liquid and liquid/liquid is important to control the slag/metal reaction in the pyrometallurgy field. The solid/liquid mass transfer rate was changed by the suspension patterns of sedimentary particles [1, 2] and floated ones [3, 4] in an impeller stirring. When the stagnant particles partially suspend into liquid, the mass transfer rate began to enhance rapidly, and it was promoted by the collision of lighter density of particles with the impeller and the irregular dispersion into the liquid phase. The liquid/liquid mass transfer rate was also affected by the collision of lighter density of liquid with the impeller [5, 6]. The liquid/liquid flow characteristics of impeller stirring were investigated by a two-dimensional PIV experiment and a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique [7] and the space-averaged velocity were found to irregularly enhance when the lighter liquid began to collide with the impeller. The particle penetration depth enhanced the solid/liquid mass transfer rate in the particle blowing technique [8]. In this study, based on the above results of cold model experiments and CFD, the relationship between the mass transfer rates between different phases and suspension pattern was adjusted as a whole.

SESSION:ModellingPoster	Trovalusci International Symposium (17th Intl. Symp. on Multiscale & Multiphysics Modelling of 'Complex' Material (MMCM17) )
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	27 Nov - 01 Dec 2022

[ModellingPoster1] Multi-scale modeling of anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells
Dong Hyup. Jeon ¹ ; ¹Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea;
Paper Id: 438 [Abstract]

Three-dimensional comprehensive model of micro-scale transport in positive electrode/electrolyte/negative electrode(PEN) and macro-scale transport in gas channel of anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) is developed in object-oriented computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code Open Field Operation and Manipulation (OpenFOAM) [1]. Figure 1 illustrates the schematic of planar-type anode-supported SOFCs. The numerical procedure consists of calculations of complex phenomena which are fully coupled together with electrochemical reaction kinetics, mass balance, and energy balance, interacting between porous PEN structure and fluid gas channel. CFD was performed in flow channels with calculations of mass balance and continuum micro-scale model were used to predict the electrochemical characteristics in PEN. The distributions of current density and mass fraction are employed to suggest a dependency. To validate our numerical model, we compare the simulated results with experimental data at intermediate temperatures. This study provides detailed information of heat and mass transport phenomena with electro-chemical characteristics for intermediate temperature SOFCs.

SESSION:PhysicsPoster	Virk International Symposium (Intl Symp on Physics, Technology & Interdisciplinary Research for Sustainable Development)
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	27 Nov - 01 Dec 2022

[PhysicsPoster1] Influence of 200 MeV Ag +16 Ions Irradiation On Structural Property And Surface Morphology Of CoFe2O4 Ferrite Prepared Using SHS Route
Rajshree. Jotania ¹ ; Nital. Panchal ² ; ¹Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India; ²M.G. Science college, Ahmedabad, India;
Paper Id: 251 [Abstract]

Swift heavy ion (SHI) irradiation of materials is very powerful tool to modify various properties of the materials and it provides an alternative path to photons for providing electronic excitations in to the materials [1-4]. Cobalt ferrite (CoFe₂O₄) samples were prepared using SHS route and irradiated with 200 MeV Ag⁺¹⁶ ions using the 15 UD pelletron tendem accelerator at IUAC, New Delhi, India. <br />Prepared cobalt ferrite samples were irradiated at difference fluences from 1× 10¹³ to 1×10¹² ions/cm². Pristine as well as irradiated CoFe_₂O₄ samples were characterized using FTIR, XRD and SEM. FTIR spectra of all samples show two bands at 410 cm^-1 and 540 cm^-1. There is no change in peak position but the intensity of peak decreased and broadness increased as ions fluencies increased from 1×10¹² ions/cm² to 1 × 10¹³ ions/cm₂. XRD peaks show that after irradiation (1 × 10¹³ ions/cm2) intensity as well as FWHM of all peaks were increased, which confirmed structural modification. There was significant change in surface morphology after SHI irradiation. Pristine Cobalt ferrite sample shows agglomerated clusters of non-uniform grains of different size, while irradiated sample show relatively better morphology. SEM images analysis supports XRD results

[PhysicsPoster2] Dehydrated Nanoscale Marinade For Meats And Vegetables Used As A Natural Flavor Enhancer
Gulshan. Dhillon ¹ ; Mansi. Chitkara ¹ ; Inderjeet Singh. Sandhu ¹ ; Didar. Singh ¹ ; ¹Chitkara University, Punjab, Patiala, India;
Paper Id: 272 [Abstract]

A novel, fat free dehydrated marinade for meats and vegetables is disclosed which combines best features of a dry rub and marinades as a “two-in-one product”. It consists of puree of raw onion, fresh tomato and fresh garlic; red chilli powder, black pepper powder, lemon juice, lemon zest (outer skin), fresh ripe papaya puree and salt mixed in specific ratios followed by dehydration. The invention for the first time discloses use of ripe papaya as a rich source of enzymes in a marinade and contains ripe papaya as a major ingredient (34%). The ingredients are mixed in specific ratios and processed to prepare the marinade as a free flowing particulate mixture, comparable on nano scale. The marinade can be used directly as a solid powder that is coated on the food or some water can be added to it to instantly make a liquid marinade that is brushed or sprayed on the food.

SESSION:BatteryPoster	Yazami International Symposium (7th Intl. Symp. on Sustainable Secondary Battery Manufacturing & Recycling)
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	27 Nov - 01 Dec 2022

[BatteryPoster1] PILOT TEST for RECOVERING NI, CO from LIB SCRAP
Go-gi. Lee ¹ ; Gil Soo. Han ² ; Jin Kyun. Park ² ; Byong Pill. Lee ² ; Nam Jin. Jae ² ; Hyong Sub. Ueom ² ; Sung Koo. Jo ² ; ¹Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology(RIST), Pohang-si, South Korea; ²Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Pohang-si, South Korea;
Paper Id: 43 [Abstract]

<p>The expansion of the electric vehicle market is expected to lead to the rapid growth of the lithium-ion battery market [1]. Accordingly, the amount of scrap is also expected to increase, so various attempts are being made to recover valuable metals (nickel, cobalt, etc.) from the scrap [2]. The methods include the pyrometallurgical process, hydrometallurgical process, and direct recycling process, and comparison of each process is also being discussed [3]. However, process development, such as mutual complement of the process, continues. We have investigated the continuous pilot testing of a solvent extraction process to recover nickel and cobalt from secondary battery scrap for the production of high purity nickel sulfate and cobalt sulfate for secondary batteries.<br />The solvent extraction process is composed of three different solvent extraction processes, and each solvent extraction process is generally composed of extraction, scrubbing, and stripping step. The continuous process was operated for about 200 hours, and the steady state of the process was confirmed through pH observation and quantitative analysis of components, and stability of the process was secured through continuous operation.</p>

[BatteryPoster2] Effect of proton irradiation on the performance of red phosphorus-based anode material in Li-ion and Na-ion batteries
Aliya. Mukanova ¹ ; Uldana. Kydyrbayeva ² ; Zhumabay. Bakenov ³ ; ¹Institute of Batteries, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan; ²Institute of Battery, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan; ³Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan;
Paper Id: 408 [Abstract]

Red phosphorus (RP) has aroused growing concern as a promising anode material for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity of 2596 mAhg^-1 and appropriately low redox potential of ~0.4 V. However, the poor electronic conductivity of RP and its large volume expansion during lithiation lead to rapid capacity fading after first several cycles [1]. It is known, that threatment of electrodes by irradiation can possitively affect their performances. <br />In this work, the commercial RP powder with an average particle size 20-30 μm was ball milled until the nano- and mesosize 140 nm - 5 μm. In order to improve the capacity retention, the milled RP particles were coated by carbon black. A water-soluble sodium alginate was used as a binder [2]. The anodes were fabricated using the ratio RP:CB:SA (6:3:1). The electrodes were irradiated by 0,5 MeV proton pulsed beam. To analyze the structure and composition of the investigated XRD, Raman spectroscopy and SEM were carried out before and after irradiation. <br />The electrochemical tests of the nontreated and treated electrodes were performed in the coin-type 2032 cell, soaked in a few drops of 1M LiPF₆ in ethyl, diethyl, ethyl methyl carbonates (EC:DEC:EMC 1/1 by vol.) + 5% fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) as electrolyte with the Celgard 2400 separator and Li metal as the opposite and reference electrode. The experimental results and characterization details will be discussed at the conference.

[BatteryPoster3] MXene-Based 3D-Printed Lithium-Ion Batteries
Arailym. Nurpeissova ¹ ; Alisher. Kumarov ¹ ; Zhumabay. Bakenov ² ; ¹Institute of Batteries LLC, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan; ²Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan;
Paper Id: 412 [Abstract]

Insufficient areal energy density from planar micro batteries has inspired a search for three-dimensional micro batteries. The power output of a three-dimensional micro battery is expected to be higher than that of a two-dimensional battery of equal size, as a result of the higher ratio of electrode-surface-area to volume and lower Ohmic losses. Within a battery electrode, the 3D architecture provides large surface area, increasing power by reducing the diffusion path for Li ions. Some proposed 3D architectures used in micro batteries include vertical rods, foams and interdigitated networks [1]. However, even three-dimensional micro batteries are restricted by the shape meaning the need for a new concept. Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, has appeared as a novel class of free form fabrication technologies that have a variety of possibilities for the rapid creation of complex architectures at lower cost than conventional methods. 3D printing enables the controlled creation of functional materials with three-dimensional architectures, representing a promising approach for the fabrication of next-generation electrochemical energy-storage devices and has many unique advantages over conventional manufacturing methods. Moreover, sequential 3D printing of battery electrodes and the solid electrolyte layer meets the need for intimate contact between the electrodes and electrolytes. The exclusive capabilities of the 3D-printing technology enable the design of different shapes and high-surface-area structures, which no other manufacturing method can easily do. Therefore, the use of 3D printing will provide an ideal opportunity to design high-power micro batteries with well-designed arrangements of microelectrodes [2]. This work targets the creation of a 3D printed micro-battery with small dimensions with outstanding electrochemical performance on the base of MXenes combined with high capacity active materials. Ink s were formulated and the rheology were studied with the consequent printing of electrodes. Challenges of electrolyte preparation and incapsulation of full-cell micro-battery will be discussed. KEYWORDS: 3D printing, MXene, micro-battery, energy

[BatteryPoster4] SIZE EFFECTS ON TRANSPORT, THERMODYNAMICS AND ENERGY STORAGE
Balaya. Palani ¹ ; ¹NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE, Singapore, Singapore;
Paper Id: 464 [Abstract]

Nanostructured materials have triggered a great excitement in the area of energy sector due to both fundamental interest and technological impact. [1,2] Size reduction in nanocrystals leads to a variety of unexpected exciting phenomena due to enhanced surface-to-volume ratio and reduced length for the transport of ions and electrons. We will consider some of those anomalous phenomena restricting our discussions to the nano-size effects on (a) transport, (b) thermodynamics and (c) storage behaviour with a few examples to illustrate material challenges for advanced energy storage devices. (a) Mesoscopic electrical conduction occurs due to overlap of space charges at reduced interfacial spacings. Unlike microcrystalline SrTiO3, having both bulk as well as semi-infinite interfacial contributions to the electrical conduction, nanocrystalline SrTiO3 exhibits only interfacial conduction. [3] (b) Size reduction of materials affects thermodynamic properties and hence their energetics due to excess surface contributions causing stabilization of meta-stable phases at nano-size. [4] Increase in cell voltage due to nanosizing or amorphization will be highlighted. [5] (c) In the context of storage behaviour, nanocrystalline materials exhibit high capacity as well as high coulombic efficiency (reversible storage). We will consider a few case studies on lithium storage. [6-8]

[BatteryPoster5] Preparation of Battery-Grade Lithium Composites from Local Spodumene
Adilkhan. Seipiyev ¹ ; Arailym. Nurpeissova ² ; ¹Institute of Batteries LLC, Astana, Kazakhstan; ²Institute of Batteries LLC, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan;
Paper Id: 465 [Abstract]

Nowadays lithium metal is considered as one of the key elements in modern industry. Its usages range from pharmacy to aeronautics including energy storage devices and glass-ceramics. However, since 2005, Lithium-ion Batteries (LiBs) have taken over, as they play a major role in the development of the electronic and green industries [1]. LiBs show the highest growth rate and are expected to take an even bigger part in the lithium industry. The expected growth rate for lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide is respectively 10% and 14.5% until 2025 [2], since they are two of the raw materials used for LiBs. In 2016, lithium carbonate prices were reported to range from 10,000 US$ to 16,000 US$ while lithium hydroxide prices were reported to range from 14,000 US$ to 20,000 US$ [3].<br />The lithium production was, until recently, dominated by the Salt Lake brines, because of their cheaper production cost. The ever-growing demand in lithium compounds led to the regaining of interest for another source, after the lithium price increased. This other source, lithium rich minerals, now account for 50% of the world’s lithium production [4]. Lithium minerals are numerous and include spodumene, eucryptite, petalite, bikitaite, etc. [5].<br />Among those minerals, spodumene LiAlSi2O6 is the most common and the most studied. It offers a theoretical Li2O content of 8 wt %, whereas raw minerals in nature typically offer 1 to 2 wt % Li2O.<br />In Kazakhstan, all known lithium reserves are associated with spodumene and according to U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries made in January 2020, Kazakhstan has approximately 50000 tons of lithium [6]. And according to the Kazakh National Technical University, lithium in the process of operation is usually not separately extracted and all goes into the waste "tailings" of the deposits.<br />In this work preliminary results on the development of the optimal leaching process of lithium composites from Kazakhstani spodumene will be presented. The new process offers a fast throughput, direct leach process for spodumene concentrates to produce battery grade lithium hydroxide and / or lithium carbonate monohydrate products. The process is also environmentally sustainable. The leach process is totally sulfate and acid free and the refining process does not involve any crystallization of unnecessary by-product salts.

[BatteryPoster6] Nitrogen-Doped Non-Graphitic Carbon from Bio-Waste as a High-Performance Anode for a Low-Temperature Lithium-Ion Battery
Nurbolat. Issatayev ¹ ; Gulnur. Kalimuldina ² ; Arailym. Nurpeissova ³ ; Zhumabay. Bakenov ⁴ ; ¹National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan; ²School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan; ³Institute of Batteries LLC, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan; ⁴Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan;
Paper Id: 481 [Abstract]

The markets for portable devices and electric vehicles are constantly expanding, which generates a great need for cutting-edge battery technologies. However, current Li-ion batteries (LIBs) still cannot meet such a huge demand due to charge/discharge rate and service life. Moreover, the sluggish low temperature performance of LIBs restricts their application in mountainous regions and cold climates. The majority of the low-temperature restrictions are caused by features of the graphite anode. To solve this issue, numerous investigations have been conducted to develop composite anode materials. Although low-temperature performance of LIBs has improved, the process for synthesizing these materials is complex and expensive to commercialize. Therefore, we propose low cost biomass derived N-doped carbon as alternative anode material with enhanced low temperature performance of LIBs. The carbonaceous material was prepared by facile annealing date seeds with urea in the inert atmosphere. The as-obtained carbon material was characterized by X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electrochemical characteristics of the prepared anode show 6 times higher and more stable capacity than commercial graphite at -20 °C. The improved properties can be attributed to the porous structure of the prepared N-doped carbon, which shortens the diffusion path and provides excellent anodic properties.

SESSION:OxidativePoster	Yoshikawa International Symposium (2nd Intl. Symp. on Oxidative Stress for Sustainable Development of Human Beings)
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	27 Nov - 01 Dec 2022

[OxidativePoster1] Real-Time Diagnosis of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Fresh Sputum by Electrochemical Tracing; Correlation Between COVID-19 and Viral-Induced ROS in Lung/Respiratory Epithelium
Mohammad. Abdolahad ¹ ; ¹Nano Electronic Center of Excellence, Nano Bio Electronic Devices Lab, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 14395/515, Tehran, Iran, Tehran, Iran;
Paper Id: 224 [Abstract]

COVID-19 is the shocking viral pandemics of this year which affected the health, economy, communications, and all aspects of social activities all over the world. Early diagnosis of this viral disease is very important since it can prevent lots of mortalities and care consumption. The functional similarities between COVID-19 and COVID-2 in inducing acute respiratory syndrome lightened our mind to find a diagnostic mechanism based on early traces of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction as lung cells’ dysfunctions induced by the virus. We designed a simple electrochemical sensor to selectively detect the intensity of ROS in the sputum sample (with a volume of less than 500µl). Comparing the results of the sensor with clinical diagnostics of more than 140 normal and involved cases resulted in a response calibration with accuracy and sensitivity both 97%. Testing the sensor in more than 4 hospitals shed promising lights in ROS based real-time tracing of COVID-19 from the sputum sample.

[OxidativePoster2] A multi-antioxidant complex, Twendee X improves spatial learning ability in vitamin E-deficient mice
Koji. Fukui ¹ ; Fuhua. Yang ² ; Yugo. Kato ¹ ; Yoshiaki. Harakawa ³ ; Toshikazu. Yoshikawa ⁴ ; Haruhiko. Inufusa ⁵ ; ¹Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan; ²Division of Anaerobe Research, Lifu Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu-city, Japan; ³Division of Anti-oxidant Research, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan; ⁴Louis Pasteur Center, Kyoto, Japan; ⁵TIMA, Gifu, Japan;
Paper Id: 440 [Abstract]

Chronic vitamin E deficiency accelerates in vivo oxidation, which is closely related to aging. There is a significant increase in lipid hydroperoxides in the normal aged mouse brain, especially in the hippocampus compared with young controls. Accumulation of oxidative products induces risk of developing age-related disorders [1]. Normally, our bodies maintain a balance of oxidation and reduction, but the balance gradually collapses as we age. To prevent oxidation, we should always consume fresh fruits, vegetables and supplements. The supplement market is growing year by year. One antioxidant mixed supplement is Twendee X, which contains 8 substances [2]. However, the detailed beneficial effects of Twendee X have not yet been elucidated. In this study, vitamin E-deficient mice were given Twendee X and their cognitive function was measured [3]. Vitamin E-deficient mice had significantly reduced learning ability, the learning rate was comparable to normal aged mouse. Treatment with Twendee X significantly improved spatial ability, despite significantly slower swimming speeds than the untreated group. These results demonstrate that Twendee X has a potential as a powerful antioxidant supplement through protection of in vitro oxidation.

SESSION:MineralPoster	7th Intl. Symp. on Sustainable Mineral Processing
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	27 Nov - 01 Dec 2022

[MineralPoster1] INFLUENCE of REPETITIVE HIGH-VOLTAGE NANOSECOND PULSES on TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES of NATURALLY OCCURRING QUARTZ
Igor. Bunin ¹ ; Maria. Ryazantseva ¹ ; Nataliya. Anashkina ¹ ; ¹Research Institute of Comprehensive Exploitation of Mineral Resources Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 120 [Abstract]

Quartz, being one of the most abundant minerals in the earth's crust, is often associated with other minerals, such as feldspar, talc, pyrite, hematite, smithsonite, and apatite. Because of its unique physical and physicochemical properties, quartz is widely used in the manufacture of glass, ceramics, refractory and optical materials. Quartz has natural hydrophilic properties and resists only flotation by anionic surfactants; the hydrophobicity of the mineral can be enhanced by adding multivalent cations (heavy metal ions) to the flotation circuit or by modifying the structural and chemical properties of the quartz surface by pretreatment using energy impacts. In this paper, we studied the changes in the chemical composition (surfactant adsorption centers) and surface softening (formation of surface defects, decrease in microhardness) of naturally occurring quartz as a result of exposure to Repetitive High-Power (High-Voltage) Nanosecond Electromagnetic Pulses (HPEMP) for achieving a controlled change in electrical properties, hydrophilic-hydrophobic surface balance, and flotation activity of mineral. We used the samples of milk white gangue quartz (% wt: SiO2 99.1, Al2O3 0.6, C 0.1, K2O 0.1, Na2O 0.05) and ferruginous quartz from Lebedinsky Mining and Concentrator Project (Russia). Mineral samples were treated with nanosecond HPEMP in air under standard conditions using a high-voltage video pulse generator with a capacitive energy storage. The nanosecond pulse generator operates at a frequency of 100 Hz (pulse repetition rate), the output pulse amplitude is ~25 kV, the duration of the leading edge of the pulse corresponds to the arrester’s time to flashover and varies from pulse to pulse within 2–5 ns, and the pulse duration is the combined arrester’s time to flashover and its extinction time and varies within 4–10 ns. Video pulses of a bipolar shape are generated, pulse energy ~0.1 J, electric field strength in the interelectrode gap (0.5–1)×10(7↑) V/m, time range of the pulsed treatment of the mineral samples t(treat)=10–150 s, i.e. N(imp)=(1–15)×10(3↑) HPEMP. The impact of pulse energy substantially softened the quartz surfaces (Mohs hardness 7) and monotonically lowered microhardness of the mineral as the duration of HPEMP treatment grew (t(treat)=10–150 s). The maximum relative change (drop) in mineral microhardness was recorded at t(treat)=150 s, where 29% (from 1424.6 to 1013.1 MPa). A possible mechanism of quartz surface softening under the influence of high-voltage nanosecond pulses was the disintegration of inorganic matter, due to the formation of microchannels of incomplete electric breakdown as a result of charge carriers (primary electrons) being generated by cascade Auger transitions in the valence zone of the dielectric mineral. As a result of a prolonged (t(treat)=100–150 s) preliminary pulsed treatment of the gangue quartz samples, the flotation activity of the mineral in the presence of sodium oleate (NaC18H33O2) deteriorated by 10 – 11%. Adding liquid glass in combination with a fatty acid collector neutralizes the depressing effect of the preliminary pulsed treatment of t(treat)=100–150 s, and a decrease in the mineral yield into the flotation froth by ~7% was recorded as a result of HPEMP treatment of the mineral in the range t(treat)=30–50 s. HPEMP treatment of ferruginous quartz decreased the flotation activity of the mineral in the presence of an amine (cationic collector, 200 g/t) and starch (depressant, 200 g/t). In this case, the yield of the mineral into the flotation froth decreased by ~6% (from 56.9 to 50.8%) at t(treat)=30 s. Our results indicate it is possible in principle to use the impact of pulse energy to raise the efficiency of the disintegration and flotation separation of rockforming minerals, particularly quartz extraction (purification).

SESSION:AdvancedMaterialsPoster	6th Intl. Symp. on New & Advanced Materials & Technologies for Energy, Environment, Health & Sustainable Development
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	27 Nov - 01 Dec 2022

[AdvancedMaterialsPoster1] Atomic-Scale Influence of Grain Boundaries on Ion Conduction in Solid Electrolytes for Solid-State Batteries
James. Dawson ¹ ; ¹Newcastle University, NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE, United Kingdom;
Paper Id: 13 [Abstract]

Solid electrolytes are generating considerable interest for solid-state batteries to address safety and performance issues. It is clear that a complete understanding of such materials requires greater fundamental knowledge of their underlying ion transport and interfacial properties. In particular, grain boundary effects on ion transport are not fully understood at the atomic scale. This presentation will highlight recent studies in this area, including the influence of grain boundaries on Li-ion transport in the Li-rich anti-perovskite Li3OCl and the different effects of grain boundaries in a sulphide (Na3PS4) solid electrolyte compared to an oxide (Na3PO4) solid electrolyte. A combination of advanced materials modelling techniques has been utilised to gain new insights into these complex materials, which are valuable in developing strategies to optimise their electrolyte properties.

[AdvancedMaterialsPoster2] Hydrogen sensing characteristics of 2-dimensional β phase Ga2O3 based field effect transistor for hydrogen sensor application
Soohwan. Jang ¹ ; Mankyung. Kim ¹ ; Yukyung. Kim ¹ ; Kwang Hyeon. Baik ² ; ¹Dankook University, Yongin-si, South Korea; ²Hongik University, Jochiwon, South Korea;
Paper Id: 60 [Abstract]

<p>There are great interest on hydrogen as an environmentally friendly sustainable energy source and carrier for automotive and fuel cell applications as well as in many industrial processes. Hydrogen gas is colorless, odorless, and extremely reactive with oxygen, and has very low ignition energy. Therefore, hydrogen gas sensing systems are essential in various hydrogen related applications including water splitting, hydrogen storage, and fuel cell vehicle. &beta; phase Ga2O3 (&beta;-Ga2O3) has recently gained a lot of interest for applications in high power devices, solar-blind photodetectors, and gas sensors [1]. The interest stems from its intrinsic material properties, such as wide bandgap nature of 4.9 eV and high breakdown electric field of 8 MV cm&minus;1, leading to making its devices more efficient with small size dimensions for high power device and harsh environmental sensor [1-3]. The wide bandgap nature also enables Ga2O3 based electronic devices to operate at high temperatures due to its low intrinsic carrier concentration. Among the various polymorphs of Ga2O3, &beta;-Ga2O3 is the most stable crystal structure over the whole temperature range up to its high melting temperature of 1700&deg;C [1]. The other polymorphs are metastable and they transform into &beta;-Ga2O3 at temperatures above 750- 900&deg;C [1,2]. In this study, the fabrication of 2 dimensional &beta;-Ga2O3 flake base field effect transistor and its hydrogen sensing characteristics for hydrogen sensor application will be discussed.</p>

[AdvancedMaterialsPoster3] Effects of Applied Voltage During Electrodialysis Using Lithium-Ion Conductor Electrolyte La_0.57Li_0.29TiO₃
Kiyoto. Shin Mura ¹ ; Ryoya. Tokuyoshi ² ; Ryousuke. Hiraka ³ ; Kazuya. Sasaki ⁴ ; ¹, Hirosaki, Japan; ²Department of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan; ³Hirosaki University, HIrosaki, Japan; ⁴Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan;
Paper Id: 66 [Abstract]

<p>The demand for high-purity lithium for lithium-ion batteries will continue to grow rapidly. It is necessary to establish a technology to recover lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries with low cost and environmental impact. Electrodialysis using lithium-ion solid electrolytes is a promising candidate technology. However, the recovery rate and energy efficiency are still small, although it has been reported that lithium can be recovered in high purity [1-3]. In the electrodialysis technology, it is generally predicted that the lithium recovery rate will increase according with the applied voltage according to Ohm's law. However, in electrodialysis using La_0.57Li_0.29TiO₃ (LLTO) as an electrolyte, the increase in lithium recovery rate due to increase applied voltage exceeded this prediction. The purpose of this study is to determine the cause of this phenomenon.<br />An anode (primary solution side) and a cathode (secondary solution side) were formed on both front and back surfaces of LLTO. Reference electrodes were also formed on both surfaces. DC voltage of different magnitude was applied between the anode and the cathode, and the dependence of the applied voltage on the electrolyte resistance was investigated by two-probe AC impedance spectroscopy. The applied voltage dependence on the electrode reaction resistances of the anode and the cathode was investigated by three-probe AC impedance spectroscopy using a reference electrode. Lithium recovery was measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy.<br />The electrolyte resistance of LLTO and the anode electrode reaction resistance were constant at all applied voltages. On the other hand, as the applied voltage increased, the cathode electrode reaction resistance decreased in a quadratic manner. The increase in lithium recovery rate, contrary to Ohm's law, is attributed to this decrease in the cathode reaction resistance.</p>

[AdvancedMaterialsPoster4] Effect of Atmosphere on the Preparation of Self-oxidized Film on Zirconium Plate
Rio. Takemura ¹ ; Shinya. Enomoto ² ; Kazuya. Sasaki ¹ ; Masatoshi. Kondo ³ ; Eiki. Niwa ⁴ ; ¹Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan; ²Department of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan; ³Tokyo Institute of Technology, Institute of Innovative Research, Laboratory for Advanced Nuclear Energy, Meguro, Japan; ⁴Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, Tsu, Japan;
Paper Id: 67 [Abstract]

<p>The development of structural materials for plasma facing components such as divertors in thermonuclear fusion reactors, which are being researched for practical application around 2050, is urgently needed. When metallic zirconium is used for the plasma facing surface and blanket of a divertor for thermonuclear fusion reactor using liquid metal [1][2], zirconium oxide film is coated as a corrosion resistant film and has excellent compatibility with liquid metal during operation. To give the film high fracture resistance, it is necessary to make it densely. The self-oxidation, in which the metal surface is kept under a controlled oxygen atmosphere at high-temperature, is one of the promising method to prepare oxide films.<br />The purpose of this study is to elucidate the effect of atmospheric gas species on the film formation mechanism and microstructure by forming oxide films by self-oxidation in dry oxygen gas or a mixed gas of water vapor and nitrogen.<br />The rate of temperature increase/decrease, holding temperature, and holding time for film forming conditions were 5 &deg;C/h, 500 &deg;C, and 10-100 h, respectively. The atmosphere was controlled by flowing an enough 3% H₂O/97% N₂ or dry O₂. The prepared samples were analyzed by SEM/EDS or XRD analysis.<br />In the oxide film prepared in a dry oxygen atmosphere, only a short crack with a width of about 0.2 &micro;ⅿ was generated in the film in the direction parallel to the interface between the oxide film and the metal. On the other hand, in the case of the mixed gas of water vapor and nitrogen, in addition to short cracks, long cracks with a width of about 0.4 &micro;ⅿ also generated. In the XRD analysis, the diffraction peak of the oxide film prepared in the mixed gas of water vapor and nitrogen was shifted to the lower angle side than that of the oxide film prepared in the dry oxygen atmosphere.<br />When zirconium is oxidized in an atmosphere containing steam vapor, hydrogen is generated in addition to zirconium oxide. Therefore, it was suggested that the elongation of the crystal lattice is due to solidification of hydrogen as interstitial atoms and that the resulting strain is the cause of large cracks.</p>

[AdvancedMaterialsPoster5] Transfer Rate Change by Concentration of Secondary Side Solution in Electrodialysis Using Lithium-Ion-Conductive Solid Electrolyte La_0.57Li_0.29TiO₃
Hiroto. Takahashi ¹ ; Kiyoto. Shin Mura ² ; Ryoya. Tokuyoshi ³ ; Kazuya. Sasaki ¹ ; ¹Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan; ², Hirosaki, Japan; ³Department of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan;
Paper Id: 71 [Abstract]

<p>The demand for lithium is rapidly increasing with the production of lithium-ion batteries. Today&rsquo;s lithium is produced from brine or ore [1]. The challenges of the former are long process time and large environmental burdens. The latter challenge is the high cost for high purity [2-3]. We have investigated lithium recovery by electrodialysis using a lithium ion conductive solid electrolyte La_0.57Li_0.29TiO₃(LLTO). When this recovery is performed in a batch system, the lithium ion concentration of the solution changes as the recovery of lithium proceeds. To increase the energy efficiency of recovery, the effects of various factors should be elucidated and optimized. In this study, we investigated the effect of lithium ion concentration in the secondary solution on lithium recovery rate by electrodialysis using LLTO.<br />An anode (primary side) and a cathode (secondary side) electrodes were prepared on the surface of LLTO using a platinum paste. A reference electrode was also formed on each surface. Electrodialysis was performed by applying a DC voltage of 2.0 V between the anode and the cathode. The electrochemical impedance was measured by a 2-terminal method and a 3-terminal method using a reference electrode. The primary side solution was a 1.0 M aqueous lithium hydroxide solution. The secondary side solution was pure water or an aqueous lithium hydroxide solution having a concentration of 10^-3-1.0 M. The amount of transferred lithium was estimated by Faraday's law using the current value.<br />The lithium transfer rate reached a maximum when the lithium concentration in the secondary solution was 10^-2M. It was confirmed that the electrolyte impedance near the secondary surface of the electrolyte decreased with increasing lithium concentration. Beacause the same impedance was obtained in the OCV state and at 2 V, the decrease in the electrolyte resistance can be attributed to the increase in the pH of the solution.</p>

[AdvancedMaterialsPoster6] EXPLORATORY STUDY OF THE MOLLUSK SHELL LIMNOPERNA FORTUNEI - GOLDEN MUSSEL
Hortênsia. De Oliveira Campos ¹ ; Paulo. Assis ² ; Adriano. Batista ³ ; Hellen Cristine. Prata De Oliveira ¹ ; Jorge. Murta ⁴ ; ¹Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil; ²University of Ouro Preto / REDEMAT, Ouro Preto, Brazil; ³IFMG, Ouro Preto, Brazil; ⁴Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil;
Paper Id: 77 [Abstract]

The <i>Limnoperna fortunei</i> – golden mussel is a mollusk of the bivalve class [1], which in this exploratory study has the complex microarchitecture of its shell as the target of our investigation. The objectives of this research are: to identify the mineral phases present in the shell using X-ray diffraction, to determine the hardness by the ultramicrohardness test and with the scanning electron microscope to visualize the existing layers. The mineral phases: calcite and aragonite were identified. The ultramicrohardness test was carried out on the innermost layer of the shell, the prismatic layer of aragonite, and the results found are consistent with the literature. Visualization of the periostracus, calcite layer, nacreous layer and prismatic layer was performed successfully. The results obtained allowed a better understanding of the analyzed material, which motivated us to deepen and advance in our studies.

[AdvancedMaterialsPoster7] ELEKTROLYZER FOR LEACHING OF GOLD SULFIDE ORES
Tsisana. Gagnidze ¹ ; Zhiul. Kebadze ¹ ; Rusudan. Chagelishvili ¹ ; Ketevan. Ugrelidze ² ; ¹Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Rafael Agladze Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Tbilisi, Georgia; ²R.Agladze Instituteof Inorganik Chemistry and Electrohchemistry, Tbilisi, Georgia;
Paper Id: 80 [Abstract]

<p>An analysis of the scientific literature of recent years shows that in the world practice of gold mining, the main method for extracting gold from ores and concentrates is the cyanide method, which, when applied to refractory sulfide ores, does not give economically feasible indicators and is highly toxic [1]. The electrochemical technology developed by us for leaching gold-bearing sulfide ores allows us to solve the problem of increasing the completeness of the use of natural resources while reducing the environmental load on the environment [2]. To implement this method, we designed and tested an open execution electrochemical reactor, which greatly simplifies its maintenance compared to the existing one [3].The process of opening a sulfide mineral is carried out in the anode space of the reactor and, using the selective complexing agent of noble metals present in the solution, the gold from the mineral passes into the solution in the form of a cation exchange complex, which migrates into the cathode space through a perchlorovinyl diaphragm and is discharged at the cathode with the release of metallic gold. The first two operations take place in the anode space, and the third in the cathodic. A carbon fiber material with a highly developed surface is used as a cathode, increasing the intensification of the cathode process. The anode and cathode spaces are separated by heat-treated perchovinyl fabric, which is a good filtering material that protects the cathode space from the penetration the anode space of even the smallest particles from. The design of the electrochemical reactor allowslead an ongoing process of leaching oreand the release of metallic gold at the cathode. KEYVORDS : Sulfide ores, electrochemical processing, electrochemical reactor</p>

[AdvancedMaterialsPoster8] CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONSHIP and KINETICS MODEL of DRX DURING THERMAL DEFORMATION of STELLITE 6B ALLOY
Yawei. Zhang ¹ ; Shixiao. Zhang ¹ ; Xudong. Lu ² ; ¹Central Iron and Steel Research Institute Group, Beijing, China; ²E-mail, Beijing, China;
Paper Id: 95 [Abstract]

Stellite 6B superalloy is widely used in the harsh industrial environment, because of excellent wear characteristics, hot hardness, good corrosion resistance, and superior mechanical properties [1-8]. Dynamic recrystallization (DRX) is considered as one of the most important microstructural evolution mechanisms, which is beneficial to obtain fine metallurgical structures, eliminate defects and improve mechanical properties of products [9-14].Hot compression tests were performed on Stellite 6B alloy to study high temperature dynamic recrystallization behavior during thermal deformation. The tests were performed in the temperature 1000 °C, 1050 °C, 1100 °C, 1150 °C and 1200 °C and at the strain rates of 0.001 s−1, 0.01 s−1, 0.1 s−1, 1 s −1 and 10 s−1. Stress-strain curves, constitutive relationship, and the DRX model of the Stellite 6B alloy were investigated. The results showed that the dynamic recrystallization was easily beginning, the dynamic recovery process is inhibited, and the softening effect by dynamic recrystallization is more significant.

[AdvancedMaterialsPoster9] CHARACTERIZATION of ASBESTOS in POWDERED-COSMETIC TALC
Krit. Won In ¹ ; Pisutti. Dararutana ² ; ¹Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; ²Retired Army Officer at the Royal Thai Army, Muang District, Thailand;
Paper Id: 101 [Abstract]

KEYWORDS: Asbestos, Powdered-cosmetic talc, SEM-EDS, SR SAXS, SR IR It is well-known that asbestos is a fiber causing lung diseases, such as asbestosis and mesothelioma. Talc is used for commercial applications such as paints, plastics, papers, ceramics, construction materials, and cosmetics. It is found that the cosmetic talc powder is used for preventing diaper rash, as a deodorant. Samples of cosmetic talc powder are selected from the various markets in Thailand. A scanning electron microscope coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDS) is used to characterize the microstructure and elemental composition. The facilities of synchrotron radiation such as small-angle X-ray scattering (SR SAXS) and infrared spectroscopy (SR IR) are also carried out to determine their phase composition and functional groups. It is found that some samples showed like-asbestos structures. Their compositions are mainly contained with silica and magnesium. The various constituents of the composition are in the form of the functional groups along with wavenumber.

[AdvancedMaterialsPoster10] Physical properties of vegetable bars produced on the basis of frozen vegetables and apple pomace in the aspect of their functional properties
Monika. Janowicz ¹ ; Agnieszka. Ciurzyńska ² ; Andrzej. Lenart ² ; Magdalena. Karwacka ³ ; ¹Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; ²Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland; ³Department of Food Engineering and Process Management, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, SGGW, Warsaw, Poland;
Paper Id: 115 [Abstract]

Trends that characterize the food industry today include food waste and overproduction in rich countries, as well as malnutrition and hunger among the population of underdeveloped regions. The largest part of food waste is fresh products, including fruit and vegetables, which are prone to spoilage, which makes them short-lived. At the same time, many sectors of the food industry do not manage full-value waste, whose processing potential is possible to use in terms of structure-building, nutritional and nutritional aspects in newly created, innovative products that fit into the strategy of sustainable development by utilizing raw materials, which are unfortunately wasted [1]. The activities undertaken by scientists in the fight against the problem are aimed at seeking the possibility of using available raw materials to produce easy-to-distribute food with an extended shelf life and developing innovative production techniques whose introduction will result in an improvement in the economic situation in the face of the described trends [2,3]. The purpose of the work was to develop a recipe composition and technology for the production of freeze-dried vegetable products formed in the form of bars. The research used full-fledged industrial output from the production of frozen vegetables, i.e. green and yellow-green string beans, carrots and potatoes, and dried apple pomace. As part of the work, selected properties of raw materials and obtained products were also examined. Presented research are the stage of the project BIOSTRATEG 3/343817/17/NCBR/2018 “Development of healthy food production technologies taking into consideration nutritious food waste management and carbon footprint calculation methodology”. Tests of the properties of finished products have shown that they are characterized by very low water activity, in the range of 0.01 - 0.02 and humidity not exceeding 2%. The obtained freeze-dried vegetable bars were characterized by high porosity at the level of 86.8-89.5% depending on the composition of the vegetable input. The high porosity and low content and activity of the finished products obtained determine their hygroscopicity, which has a significant impact on the need to select optimal storage conditions in terms of the type of packaging due to its barrier, temperature and humidity of the surrounding environment. It was shown that the shrinkage of freeze-dried vegetable products formed in the form of bars resulting from the freeze-drying process was at the level of several percentage points, and its size was dependent on the composition of the processed vegetable feed, in accordance with the developed innovative technology. It was observed that the more the material volume decreased, the higher the density and lower porosity of the finished products.

[AdvancedMaterialsPoster11] Production Of H2 By Photocatalytic Dissociation Of Water On Nanostructured Oxides.
Yassine. Cherif ¹ ; Sihem. Benaissa ² ; Amel. Boudjemaa ³ ; ¹Abou Bakr Belkaid University of Tlemcen, Mansourah, Algeria; ²Laboratory of Catalysis & Synthesis in Organic Chemistry, Abou Bakr Belkaid University of Tlemcen, Mansourah, Algeria; ³Centre for Scientific and Technical Research in Physical Chemical Analysis, Tipaza, Algiers, Algeria;
Paper Id: 166 [Abstract]

Concern about the energy crisis and the environmental contamination resulting from the burning of fossil fuels has motivated scientists to look for sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative energy sources. Photocatalytic dissociation of water for the production of hydrogen under solar irradiation is seen as a promising strategy for solving energy and environmental problems, as hydrogen is a clean and renewable energy source. Hydrogen is associated with fuel cells, an alternative technology to the internal combustion engine, and could replace the conventional hydrocarbon/combustion engine option since the reaction involved produces only water and electrical energy. Since the pioneering results obtained by Fujishima and Honda in 1972[1] on the production of hydrogen by photoelectrochemical dissociation of water using a TiO2 photo-anode and a Pt cathode, much work has been done on the photocatalytic dissociation of water using semiconductors. Among potential semiconductors, TiO2 remains the most suitable photocatalyst in terms of chemical inertness, low cost, non-toxicity, availability and long-term stability against photochemical corrosion. However, the efficiency of TiO2 for photocatalytic dissociation of water is limited due to the high probability of recombination of photo-induced electron holes and its limited photoactivity to UV radiation. In order to overcome these drawbacks, numerous studies have been conducted to improve the photoactivity of TiO2[2][3], including the synthesis of nanostructured TiO2 and the doping of TiO2 by noble metals, in particular by Ag. This research is a continuation of this work and aims to develop photocatalysts based on silver-doped mesoporous oxides and to evaluate them in the production of H2 by dissociation of water under UV and visible light irradiation.

[AdvancedMaterialsPoster12] Carbonaceous materials obtained by polymeric wastes pyrolysis used for wastewater treatment
Cristina. Cazan ¹ ; Luminita. Andronic ² ; ¹TRANSILVANIA UNIVERSITY OF BRASOV, Brasov, Romania; ²Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania;
Paper Id: 197 [Abstract]

Carbonaceous materials are considered as one of the most effective adsorbents for pollutant removal and wastewater treatment. Due to their high surface area and distinct chemical and physical properties of the carbonaceous materials, these are emerging as one of the most effective adsorbents. Carbonaceous materials have a large number of applications, mainly in environmental protection (eg, adsorption of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and CO2 as well as purification of wastewater by removing heavy metal ions or phenols, chemical industry and electrochemistry [1]. These materials can be obtained by the pyrolysis process. Pyrolysis represents a thermal decomposition process conducted in an inert atmosphere. Through this process, a large variety of useful materials can be obtained, ranging from fuels (char, oils, syngas) to functional materials with a wide dimension pallet (micro to nanoscale). As raw materials for pyrolysis, secondary raw materials can be used, such as polymeric wastes, making this process a useful one in converting end life products into new materials. The polymer waste used strictly determines the structural, textural and surface properties of the final carbon adsorbent. Many different raw materials are used for the fabrication of activated carbon, for example, coal, biomass [2, 3, 4]. This article aims to the development of carbonaceous materials by pyrolysis of polymeric wastes (such as plastic wastes, biomass) as functional adsorption media in wastewater treatment for the degradation of organic pollutants and heavy metals.

[AdvancedMaterialsPoster13] High Energy Density Sodium Batteries Based on Earth-Abundant Elements
Gabriela. Wazny ¹ ; Katarzyna. Walczak ¹ ; Wojciech. Zając ¹ ; Janina. Molenda ² ; ¹AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland; ²AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Kraków, Poland;
Paper Id: 203 [Abstract]

Even though they are considered as a symbol of the green revolution, Li-ion batteries are mostly made of components that consist of difficult to obtain, toxic and expensive raw materials. From this point of view, Na-ion batteries, based on available and non-toxic elements, seem to be a better solution for the future [1–3]. The working mechanism of both Li-ion and Na-ion batteries based on intercalation is similar. Since cathode material’s properties have the most significant impact on cell performance, numerous systems are investigated in this role. Among layered oxides, especially Na_xMnO₂-based cathode material (NMO) is under consideration due to its high capacity and low-cost elements [4]. Since NMO has several drawbacks, such as relatively low stability upon cycling, Mg substitution was applied to stabilize its crystal structure. The presented work shows the substitution influence on structural and electrochemical properties. Investigated materials were obtained via a sol-gel method. Their structural properties were then analyzed by X-ray diffractometry, whichconfirmed the single-phase hexagonal structure with P6₃/mmc space group. The morphology of the samples, performed by Scanning Electron Microscopy, showed grains of few micrometers in size. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to investigate the conductivity and revealed that the Mg-substituted sample indicates the conductivity higher by an order of magnitude than NMO. The ionic process's activation energy was 0.19 eV for NMO and 0.33 eV for the Mg-substituted sample. The samples were used to prepare coin cells, which have undergone electrochemical tests. Na/Na⁺/Na_xMg_0.2Mn_0.8O₂ cell retains specific capacity exceeding 100 mAh/g after over 120 cycles at 200 mA/g (1C) current rate with the undistorted crystal structure. The conducted research allowed to obtain cheap and environmentally friendly cathode material for Na-ion batteries. Mg substitution resulted in increasing structural stability upon cycling.

[AdvancedMaterialsPoster14] Preparation of mesoporous carbon material to improve CDI performance
Song Mi. Lee ¹ ; Seon Ho. Lee ² ; Seungjoo. Park ¹ ; Doo-hwan. Jung ¹ ; ¹Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, South Korea; ²Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Daejeon, South Korea;
Paper Id: 530 [Abstract]

Globally, the need for clean water is increasing due to drought and water shortage. Seawater desalination is the desalination of seawater, which accounts for 70% of the earth, and is one of the methods to solve the shortage of water for the supply of drinking water and industrial water. Where fresh water is scarce, such as small islands, tap water is supplied by desalination facilities. Overseas, this work is very important especially for countries around deserts where water is scarce, such as the Middle East, or countries that depend on lakes and groundwater that collect rain without flowing rivers. In addition, in the case of countries that import water, securing stable water resources is a matter directly related to security, so desalination plants are often built even in non-desert areas. Fresh water is used not only for drinking water, but for many purposes.
In this study, in order to improve the performance of the capacitive desalination device, the performance of the electrode was mainly studied. The desalting performance was comparatively analyzed using mesoporous carbon as a CDI electrode.

[AdvancedMaterialsPoster15] Fabrication of CNT carbon composite by wet/dry methods bipolar plate for low temperature fuel cell
Seon Ho. Lee ¹ ; Song Mi. Lee ² ; Seungjoo. Park ² ; Doo-hwan. Jung ² ; ¹Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Daejeon, South Korea; ²Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, South Korea;
Paper Id: 528 [Abstract]

Among many fuel cells, low-temperature fuel cells (PEMFC, DMFC) are attracting much attention for home and mobile power sources due to their attractive advantages such as high power density, low operating temperature, convenient fuel supply, and long life. A bipolar plate, one of the core materials that are composed of stacks by connecting multiple unit cells, provides electrical connection between cells as a support for a fuel cell structure. Due to the characteristic structure, the Department of Energy (DOE) has special requirements for bipolar plates, the most important of which are excellent electrical conductivity and high mechanical strength. Among various carbon materials, CNT refers to a fibrous nano-carbon material with a rolled graphene sheet. It has excellent dimensional stability, mechanical strength, electrical properties, etc. Its importance is emerging as a high-tech material. Therefore, in this study, to improve the properties of the graphite bipolar plate for fuel cells, optimum process conditions were selected using graphite of various particle sizes. Mechanical and electrical and chemical properties were evaluated. when the content of CNT increased, the mechanical properties of CNT and nm-sized CNTs increased by matrix function between μm-sized graphite particles. This study also shows that when the CNT content exceeds 7wt%, overall mechanical properties such as density, hardness, and flexural strength decrease. In addition, as a result of the analysis of the overall mechanical properties, the wet manufacturing process has excellent properties in common compared to the dry manufacturing process.

[AdvancedMaterialsPoster16] A study on the dominant factor affecting the mechanical properties of high-density carbon blocks among oxygen functional groups and beta resin
Seungjoo. Park ¹ ; Seon Ho. Lee ² ; Song Mi. Lee ¹ ; Doo-hwan. Jung ¹ ; ¹Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, South Korea; ²Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Daejeon, South Korea;
Paper Id: 529 [Abstract]

High-density carbon blocks are lighter than metals and have excellent heat and electrical conductivity, and in order to maintain excellent physical properties even in harsh environments, various fields such as semiconductors, automobiles, rockets, nuclear power, EDM, mechanical seals, etc. and a certain importance is emerging. The high-density carbon block can be distinguished into a unidimensional system and a binary system according to the type of raw material. A system is a substance that requires binder materials. In this study, a point where the tendency of mechanical properties changes at a specific molding pressure was found and the cause was identified. First, XPS analysis was performed to determine the oxygen functional group of binderless coke. And the content of beta resin, which mainly affects formability and heat treatment, was analyzed. Then, after observing the tendency of mechanical properties according to the molding pressure, it was revealed what factors had a dominant influence on the mechanical properties for each area. As a result, it was found that the oxygen functional group had a more dominant effect in the region of 200 MPa or less, and the content of beta resin had a more dominant effect in the region above 200 MPa. In addition, it was found that beta-resin prevented the formation of pores in the high-density carbon block at high molding pressure, thereby steadily increasing mechanical properties.

SESSION:covid19Poster	International Symposium on COVID-19/Infectious Diseases & their implications on Sustainable Development
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	27 Nov - 01 Dec 2022

[covid19Poster1] How to Prevent Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2: A Brief Note
Subhasis. Samanta ¹ ; Janmajoy. Banerjee ² ; Ranabir. Chanda ³ ; ¹Binayak Multi-specialty Hospital, Sinthee, Kolkata, West Bengal, India, Kolkata, India; ²Gitanjali College of Pharmacy, Birbhum, West Bengal, Birbhum, India; ³Sana College of Pharmacy, Kodad, India;
Paper Id: 130 [Abstract]

A novel human virus called coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 caused the disease named COVID-19 has become a pandemic disease. It causes severe respiratory tract infections in humans. It is transmitted from human to human within a incubation times between two to ten days. It is spread via droplets, contaminated hands or surfaces. In this presentation we would like to discuss about the methods of prevention against coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2.

SESSION:EducationPoster	3rd Intl. Symp. on Educational Strategies for Achieving a Sustainable Future
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	27 Nov - 01 Dec 2022

[EducationPoster1] Optics and photonics for school children
Dana. Seyringer ¹ ; Claudia. Franceschini ² ; ¹Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences, Dornbirn, Austria; ²Vorarlberg Universiy of Applied Sciences, Dornbirn, Austria;
Paper Id: 32 [Abstract]

Today, optics and photonics is widely regarded as one of the most important key technologies for this century. Many experts even anticipate that the 21st century will be century of photon. Optics and photonics technologies have impact on nearly all areas of our life and cover a wide range of applications in science and industry, e.g. in information and communication technology, in production, medicine, life science engineering as well as in energy and environmental technology.
However even so attractive, the photonics is not well known by majority of the people. In order to motivate especially the young generation for optics and photonics we worked out the lecture related to optical data transmission in the frame of PHORSCH! project and presented it in a classrooms at primary and secondary schools. We prepared many practical activities and experiments to explain how the modern communication through the optical networks works. Combining the hands-on teaching with having a fun while learning about the basic optics concepts we aroused interest of not only the children but also the teachers with a very positive feedback.

SESSION:GeochemistryPoster	Navrotsky International Symposium (Intl. symp. on Geochemistry for Sustainable Development)
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	27 Nov - 01 Dec 2022

[GeochemistryPoster1] Geochemical characteristics of Korean bentonite under the elevated temperature conditions
Tae-jin. Park ¹ ; Donghoon. Seoung ² ; Yongmoon. Lee ³ ; ¹Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Daejeon, South Korea; ²Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea; ³Pusan National University, Pusan, South Korea;
Paper Id: 246 [Abstract]

Spent nuclear fuels will be eventually disposed of. They will be located in the canister, then the canister will be placed in the repository for disposal, surrounded by the buffer. Bentonite, a natural absorbent aluminum phyllosilicate consisting mostly of montmorillonite, is considered as buffer materials in South Korea. The spent nuclear fuels generate decay heat for a very long time. Thus the bentonite will be exposed to the elevated temperature condition, whereas groundwater will wet and saturate the bentonite with time. The bentonite will be exposed to dry, then to wet condition. For the safety of the disposal repository, the bentonite must maintain its required properties to delay groundwater reaching the surface of a canister [1]. Major concern to this include illitization, the transformation of smectite to illite [2,3]. In connection with our research program on Korean bentonite and its performance [4], we discuss geochemical characteristics (e.g., mineralogical changes, dehydration, volume changes, etc.) for Korean bentonite under the elevated temperature (i.e., higher than 100 ℃). The Korean bentonite loses interlayered waters at lower temperature, however holds them better at higher temperature as compared with the well-known MX-80 bentonite.

SESSION:GeomechanicsPoster	2nd Intl Symp on Geomechanics & Applications for Sustainable Development
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	27 Nov - 01 Dec 2022

[GeomechanicsPoster1] TEST 3
Baraa. Noueihed ¹ ; ¹Flogen Technologies, Mont-Royal, Canada;
Paper Id: 26 [Abstract]

Geomechanics involves both the built and natural environment and their interface. It is devoted to the understanding of the mechanical behavior of geomaterials (soil, rock, concrete, bricks and other porous materials) under various environmental conditions involving the interaction with other fields such as heat and fluid flow, chemical reactions and others. The theories and models developed in this context find applications in a many fields of engineering: earth dams, embankments, and natural sites such as slopes and cliffs; conventional and non-conventional energy production, reservoir engineering and mining, and their influence on the geosphere; the built environment, architectural heritage, underground structures such as tunnels; waste disposal, pollution, depollution and environmental protection through good practice; natural hazards such as seismic actions, debris flow and avalanches and others.

SESSION:MathematicsPoster	5th Intl. Symp. on Sustainable Mathematics Applications
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	27 Nov - 01 Dec 2022

[MathematicsPoster1] The 2-dimensional Cerenkov effect with radiative corrections
Miroslav. Pardy ¹ ; ¹Masaryk University, Faculty of science, Brno, Brno, Czech Republic;
Paper Id: 167 [Abstract]

The charged moving particle in a medium when its speed is faster than the speed of light in this medium produces electromagnetic radiation which is called the Cerenkov radiation. We derive the photon power spectrum, including the radiative corrections, generated by charged particle moving within 2D graphene sheet with implanted ions. Graphene with implanted ions, or, also 2D-glasses, are dielectric media, enabling the experimental realization of the Cerenkov radiation. It is not excluded that LEDs with the 2D dielectric sheets will be the crucial components of detectors in experimental particle physics. So, the article represents the starting point of the unification of graphene physics with the physics of elementary particles.

SESSION:MedicinePoster	Intl. Symp. on Technological Innovations in Medicine for Sustainable Development
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	27 Nov - 01 Dec 2022

[MedicinePoster1] Hormone loss silencing GUCY2C at the nexus of obesity and colorectal cancer
Scott. Waldman ¹ ; ¹Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States;
Paper Id: 84 [Abstract]

<p>Obesity is a worldwide health crisis, with &gt;1 billion adults who are overweight (BMI &gt;25 kg/m2), and 500 million who are obese (BMI &gt;30 kg/m2). Annual US medical costs in the U.S. reflecting obesity are in excess of $150 billion, and by 2030 will increase 120%. Obesity reflects excess nutrition, in which calories consumed exceed those expended metabolically, in part due to abnormal satiety responses regulating appetite. Beyond cardiovascular and metabolic consequences producing morbidity and mortality in obesity, there is a linkage between body weight and cancer risk, including colorectal cancer. Obese patients have up to a 60% greater risk of, and ~200% greater death rate from, colorectal cancer. While the epidemiology of this relationship is known, mechanisms linking obesity and colorectal cancer have not been defined. GUCY2C is the receptor for the hormones uroguanylin in small intestine and guanylin in the colorectum. A novel mechanistic paradigm suggests that guanylin loss silencing GUCY2C signaling, and epithelial cell homeostasis, is an essential step initiating colorectal cancer.[1] Further, small intestine secretion of uroguanylin into the circulation forms an intestine-brain axis controlling hypothalamic GUCY2C regulating satiety, body weight, and metabolic balance.[2-4] In the present studies, we reveal that hyperphagia, and the consumption of excess calories, suppresses the expression guanylin and uroguanylin by the colorectum and small intestine, respectively, disrupting GUCY2C paracrine and endocrine signaling axes at the intersection of colorectal cancer and obesity.5 Expression of those hormones, but not GUCY2C, is reduced in across the rostral-caudal axis of the intestine, by diet-induced obesity in mice and humans. Expression of hormones are reversibly suppressed by consumed calories by a mechanism involving endoplasmic reticulum stress. Indeed, transgenic supplementation of guanylin in intestine eliminates tumorigenesis induced by obesity. Additionally, transgenic uroguanylin in brain improves satiety responses in diet-induced obesity. Together, these data suggest a pathophysiological model in which caloric suppression of hormone expression silencing GUCY2C is at the nexus of mechanisms underlying obesity and the risk of colorectal cancer.[5] Beyond this mechanism, these studies offer a therapeutic paradigm which exploits the preservation of GUCY2C expression in hyper-nutrition, in which hormone supplementation restores endocrine and paracrine axes to reconstitute appetite control opposing obesity and intestinal homeostasis preventing transformation.[5]</p>

SESSION:NanomaterialsPoster	7th Intl. Symp. on Synthesis & Properties of Nanomaterials for Future Energy Demands
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	27 Nov - 01 Dec 2022

[NanomaterialsPoster1] Enhancement of Photoelectrochemical Properties of BiVO4 Layer Coated ZnO Nanodendrite Core–Shell Nanocomposites: Electronic Mechanism from Synchrotron based X–ray Spectro-Microscopic Studies
Hsiao-tsu. Wang ¹ ; Hung-wei. Shiu ² ; Jau-wern. Chiou ³ ; Takuji. Ohigashi ⁴ ; Kandasami. Asokan ⁵ ; Nobuhiro. Kosugi ⁴ ; Way-faung. Pong ¹ ; ¹Department of Physics, Tamkang University, Taiwan, New Taipei City, Taiwan; ²National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan; ³Department of Applied Physics, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; ⁴Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Japan; ⁵Inter University Accelerator Centre, New Delhi, India;
Paper Id: 54 [Abstract]

<p>Synchrotron-based X-ray Spectro- and microscopic techniques are used in the present study to understand the origin of enhancement of photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties with nanocomposite BiVO4 (BVO) coated on ZnO nanodendrites, named as BVO/ZnO. This high PEC nanodendrites core-shell BVO/ZnO heterojunction is successfully grown and well-characterized for morphological and structural details [1]. Although the band alignment at BVO/ZnO heterojunction is likely to type I, the charge transport behavior is belonging in type II with the strong charge transfer (CT) with forming the high PEC heterojunction [2]. The strongly CT behavior from the V 3<em>d</em> (at shell-BVO) to Zn 4<em>s</em>/<em>p</em> (core-ZnO) in core-shell BVO/ZnO with the high number of O 2<em>p</em> unpair derived states at the interface is caused by the increasing the oxygen defects at the interface to construct interfacial band gap at 2.6 eV in core-shell BVO/ZnO. The interfacial band gap enhances the PEC performance with an increase in the efficiency of visible light-absorption and electron-hole separation. In addition, the distortion in the interface of core-shell BVO/ZnO with the high interfacial oxygen defects affects the O 2<em>p</em> -V 3<em>d</em> hybridization by decreasing the crystal field energy 10Dq ~2.2 eV, resulting the high electron-hole separation at the interface to improve PEC performance [3]. This study provides the evidence that the high PEC properties in nano-structure core-shell BVO/ZnO heterostructures are developed by the strongly CT, high electron-hole separation, and large visible light-absorption at the interface due to the increase in interfacial oxygen defects in the core-shell interface.<br />These insights from the local electronic and atomic structures in BVO layer coated ZnO nanodentrites may guide the fabrication of semiconductor heterojunctions with optimal compositions and interface that are highly desired to maximize the solar light utilization for PEC water splitting and their applications.</p>

[NanomaterialsPoster2] X-ray Spectroscopic Study of Atomic and Electronic Structures of Energy Materials
Chung-li. Dong ¹ ; ¹Department of Physics, Tamkang University, Tamsui, Taiwan;
Paper Id: 134 [Abstract]

To reduce greenhouse gas emissions in response to globalization and increasingly strict carbon emission policies, green energy technologies must be developed. Improving energy conversion/generation/storage efficiency of energy materials has always been a great challenge. Monitoring the atomic/electronic structures close the interface in many important energy materials, such as nanostructured catalysts, artificially photosynthesizing materials, smart materials, and energy storage devices, is of great importance. Designing such a material with improved performance without understanding its atomic/electronic structures, and their changes under operating conditions, is difficult. Understanding and controlling the interfacial electronic structures of energy materials require in-situ characterizations, of which synchrotron x-ray spectroscopy is the one with many unique features. The last decade has witnessed a golden age of in situ synchrotron x-ray spectroscopy for energy materials. X-ray absorption spectroscopy can be used to determine unoccupied electronic structures while X-ray emission spectroscopy can be utilized to examine occupied electronic structure. The additional use of resonant inelastic X-ray scattering reveals inter-electric d-d excitation or intra-electric charge transfer excitation that reflects the chemical and physical properties of the material. An emerging technique, scanning transmission x-ray microscopy is a spectro-microscopic approach, providing regional x-ray absorption spectroscopy, is also gearing up for energy science. This presentation will report recent studies and perspectives of the application of in situ/operando synchrotron x-ray spectroscopy to energy materials. Tamkang University (TKU) end-stations constructed at the Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) 45A & 27A beamlines for the x-ray spectroscopic investigation of energy materials will be also introduced.

SESSION:NonferrousPoster	8th Intl. Symp. on Sustainable Non-ferrous Smelting & Hydro/Electrochemical Processing
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	27 Nov - 01 Dec 2022

[NonferrousPoster1] Solid Household and Industrial Waste Management Process Based on Vanukov Smelting
Leonid. Tsymbulov ¹ ; Mikhail. Knyazev ² ; ¹Norilsk Nickel JS, Gipronickel Institute JS, Saint Petersburg, Saint Helena; ²Norilsk Nickel JS, Gipronickel Institute JS, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation;
Paper Id: 254 [Abstract]

Gipronickel Institute LLC, forming part of Norilsk Nickel MMC PJSC, has developed and patented the solid household and industrial waste management process based on the extensively used Vanukov furnace smelting technology. The process ensures complete destruction of poisonous and toxic compounds as a result of smelting in the actively stirred melt due to high temperatures exposure, the use of oxygen blast and rapid gas cooling. The following can be processed using this technology: stored unsorted solid domestic waste, newly formed unsorted solid household waste, organic part of sorted solid household waste, industrial waste, including chemical waste, and chemical warfare agents. The report presents a comparative analysis of the suggested method with familiar solid waste management processes, outcomes of new process technology pilot testing, and basic technical solutions for project implementation.

SESSION:PolymersPoster	2nd Intl Symp on Green Chemistry & Polymers & their Application for Sustainable Development
	Room: Foyer
Poster Session	27 Nov - 01 Dec 2022

[PolymersPoster1] Development of Biocompatible and Fluorescent Gelatin Nanoparticles for Cells Labeling
Ying. Pei ¹ ; Ying. Pei ¹ ; ¹Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China;
Paper Id: 152 [Abstract]

Cell imaging carriers with good biocompatibility have aroused wide attention.[1] Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have attracted a great deal of attention due to their excellent properties, which is need to capsulated with non-toxic materials because of its biological toxicity.[2, 3] Gelatin has been widely used as a delivery vehicle on account of its good biocompatibility and biodegradability.[4] In this work, fluorescent gelatin nanoparticles (GNPs) were successfully fabricated by simple-cocervation and UV-crosslinking method with carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) as fluorescence factors. The morphology and size were characterized by TEM and particle size analyzer. The average diameter of the gelatin nanoparticles (GNPs) is estimated at 390±50 nm. Meantime, the CQDs/GNPs have fluorescent properties with maximum emission at 416nm, with a slight 6±1nm blue-shift compared with CQDs. In vitro cytotoxicity test suggested that CQDs/GNPs and FITC/GNPs had not obvious toxic effect on L929 cells compared to that of individual CQDs and FITC. By confocal microscope observation, CQDs/GNPs and FITC/GNPs could bind to L929 cells for labeling. The results showed that gelatin nanoparticles have excellent fluorescence luminescence performance, including gelatin particles could be an ideal carriers for fluorescence factors. This work provided a new pathway for fabricating gelatin-based carriers for cell labeling and imaging.

[PolymersPoster2] Negative Electrostriction of Plasticized Poly(lactic acid) Filled with Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube
Anuvat. Sirivat ¹ ; Natlita. Thummarungsan ¹ ; Katesara. Phasuksom ¹ ; Phimchanok. Sakunpongpitiporn ¹ ; Kornkanok. Rotjanasuworapong ¹ ; ¹Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand;
Paper Id: 169 [Abstract]

Stimuli responsive polymeric materials are materials that can convert external stimuli such as electric field, heat, light, and magnetic field into mechanical work [1]. They have been utilized in various applications, including medical devices, switches, artificial muscle, and shape memory materials [2]. In recent decades, biopolymers are promising materials to replace the petroleum-based polymers in which poly (lactic acid) (PLA) has attracted a great deal of attention. PLA can respond under applied electric field due to the carbonyl group in main chain that can rotate in the presence of electric field [3]. In this work, the PLA composites consisting of MWCNT as a nanofiller and DBP as a plasticizer were prepared by solvent casting. The electromechanical properties were investigated in the terms of the MWCNT concentration and electric field strength. The PLA composites showed good recoverability during the time sweep test. The storage modulus response (∆Gꞌ) increases with increasing MWCNT content from 0 to 0.5%v/v and then decreases and become negative values after the MWCNT content higher than 0.8%v/v. 0.1%v/v MWCNT/PLA/DBP composite provided the highest storage modulus sensitivity of 1.56 at the electric filed strength of 1.5 kV/mm. Moreover, the 0.1%v/v MWCNT/PLA/DBP showed higher bending distances and dielectrophoresis forces at the electric filed strength below 300 V/mm.

[PolymersPoster3] Different Types of Graphene Materials and Their Composites with Polyindole as Methanol Vapor Sensing Materials
Katesara. Phasuksom ¹ ; Phimchanok. Sakunpongpitiporn ¹ ; Natlita. Thummarungsan ¹ ; Kornkanok. Rotjanasuworapong ¹ ; Anuvat. Sirivat ¹ ; ¹Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand;
Paper Id: 171 [Abstract]

Gas sensing materials fabricated from graphene based materials have been shown to provide good sensing properties: high surface area providing low limit of detection; facilitating gas interaction owing to the oxygen species functionalized on their structure promoting energy and gas adsorptions [1]. Different types of graphene materials namely; the commercial graphene (cm-G), the commercial graphene oxide (cm-GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and the synthesized graphene oxide (OIHM-GO), and their composites with polyindole (PIn) were used as methanol sensing materials. The synthesized graphene oxide was synthesized by the optimized improved Hummers method because of its non-toxic method, fast preparation and low cost [2]. Herein, the synthesized GO was called OIHM-GO. The reduced graphene oxide was prepared by two different methods, the thermally mild reduction at 120˚C to yield the in situ T-rGO and the chemically reduction by ascorbic acid to yield the in situ C-rGO, in which the cm-GO was used as a raw material. The different types of graphene materials presented different behavior responses toward methanol. The hydrophilicity of graphene materials related to oxygen content was the key factor for the methanol response. The sensing responses were evaluated from the relative electrical conductivity at room temperature by a custom-built two point probe. The element content of materials was clarified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy in which GO showed a higher oxygen content than rGO, and G, respectively. The functional groups were also confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The morphology was checked by Emission Scanning Electron Microscope.

[PolymersPoster4] Electrically Responsive Materials Based on Agarose Hydrogel for Actuator Application
Kornkanok. Rotjanasuworapong ¹ ; Phimchanok. Sakunpongpitiporn ¹ ; Katesara. Phasuksom ¹ ; Natlita. Thummarungsan ¹ ; Anuvat. Sirivat ¹ ; ¹Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand;
Paper Id: 172 [Abstract]

Among the widely used soft materials, hydrogels have been investigated because of their biocompatibility, water absorption, softness, and flexibility to convert the external stimuli into the mechanical actuation by changing volume through shrinking, swelling or bending [1]. Agarose (AG), a non-ionic linear polysaccharide extracted from red seaweeds, is one of two main components of agar in addition to agaropectin. It has been widely used to study the thermo-reversible gelation. Generally, the gelation mechanism of agarose hydrogel occurs via the hydrogen bonding of helical structure, called physically cross-linked hydrogel [2]. In the present work, the agarose hydrogels (AG HyGels) were fabricated by a solvent casting method. The electromechanical properties, namely the storage modulus (G') and the storage modulus relative response (ΔG'/G'0) under various agarose contents, electric field strengths, and operation temperature were investigated by a rheometer. The electro-induced bending responses, namely the deflection angle and the dielectrophoresis force (Fd) were examined under various agarose contents and electric field strengths by immersing the sample in a silicone oil chamber between two parallel copper electrodes. In the electromechanical properties under applied electric field strength of 800 V/mm, the highest storage modulus (G') and storage modulus relative response (ΔG'/G'0) of 4.48 x 106 Pa and 1.07 were obtained from the AG HyGel_12.0%v/v due to the electrostriction effect [3]. With increasing operating temperature, the intermolecular hydrogen bonding interaction between the agarose chains were disturbed, leading to the decrease in the G' [4]. For the electro-induced bending response, the free ends of the AG HyGels bended toward the positively charged electrode depending on the electric field strength, implying the attractive interaction between the polarizations of the AG HyGel and the electrode [5]. The highest deflection angle of 74° was obtained from the AG HyGel_2.0%v/v due to its initial lower rigidity. Comparing the performances with other bio-based hydrogels, the AG HyGels are possible candidates to use as electro-responsive hydrogels for soft actuator applications.