ORALS

SESSION: RecyclingMonAM-R5	Kolomaznik International Symposium (8th Intl. Symp. on Sustainable Materials Recycling Processes & Products)
Mon. 28 Nov. 2022 / Room: Arcadia 2
Session Chairs: Michaela Barinova; Session Monitor: TBA

11:55: [RecyclingMonAM02] OS
Complex Processing of Animal Waste Fats into Valuable Products with Regard to the Economic Aspects
Jiri Pecha¹ ; Lubomir Sanek¹ ; Karel Kolomaznik² ; Veronika Matusu³ ; Vladimir Dostal² ; Jakub Husar³ ; ¹Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Faculty of Applied Informatics, CEBIA-Tech, Zlin, Czech Republic; ²Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Zlin, Czech Republic; ³Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Faculty of Applied Informatics, Zlin, Czech Republic;
Paper Id: 89 [Abstract]

<p>The slaughterhouses generate a large amount of wastes - byproducts. One of them is waste fatty tissue. Fatty tissues from animals are composed of essentially three main components – water, fat and also proteins. These byproducts can be further processed and well utilized for various applications. [1, 2] It is reasonable to find appropriate utilization especially for byproducts which are not suitable or profitable for utilization in food. Waste animal fats rank among raw materials that can be used for biodiesel production and the processed protein can be used as plants biostimulant. Biodiesel, which can be used in diesel engine, is usually produced from animal fat or vegetable oil by transesterification reaction, in the presence of suitable catalyst and reactants – methanol or ethanol. [3] Protein hydrolysates represent significant category of plant biostimulants and organic nitrogen fertilizers based on a mixture of peptides and amino acids that have received increasing attention due to their positive impact on plant metabolism and crop performance. [4, 5] The goal of our work was to suggest complex processing of the animal waste fat into mentioned valuable products. The processing technology included melting of the raw fatty waste whereas water was evaporated and obtained fat was used as a feedstock for transesterification into biodiesel. The reaction conditions were set at: 1.5% w/w of TMAH as a catalyst, reaction temperature at the reaction mixture boiling point, the feedstock to methanol molar ratio of 1:6, respectively, and the reaction time 210 min. Depending on the composition of the input raw material, the processing of the protein fraction of waste fat was also verified. The raw material has been subjected to hydrolysis catalysed by proteolytic enzyme (alcalase). The final biodiesel fulfills the key requirements prescribed by European standard EN 14 214. The production of protein hydrolysate that can be used as organic nitrogen fertilizer or plant biostimulant is a suitable way of processing the protein fraction lost during fat refining, which also contributed to the overall economy of the process. The overall results served as a basis for technical and economy assessment of the waste processing.</p>

References:
<p>[1] H. Sharma, M. Goswami, Int. J. Food Process. Technol. 4 (2013) p. 252. [2] I.H. Franke-Whittle, H. Insam, Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 39 (2013) 139‐151. [3] V.K. Booramurthy, R. Kasimani, D. Subramanian, S. Pandian, Fuel, 260 (2020) p. 116373. [4] G. Colla, S. Nardi, M. Cardarelli, A. Ertani, L. Lucini, R. Canaguier, Y. Rouphael, Sci. Hortic. 196 (2015) 28-38. [5] J. Pecha, T Furst, K. Kolomaznik, V. Friebrova, P. Svoboda, AIChE Journal 58 (2012) 2010-2019.</p>

SESSION: RecyclingMonPM1-R5	Kolomaznik International Symposium (8th Intl. Symp. on Sustainable Materials Recycling Processes & Products)
Mon. 28 Nov. 2022 / Room: Arcadia 2
Session Chairs: Jiri Pecha; Session Monitor: TBA

14:25: [RecyclingMonPM106] OS
Yeasts Hydrolysis for Functional Food Preparation and Waste Valorization
Jiri Pecha¹ ; Jakub Husar² ; Karel Kolomaznik³ ; Veronika Matusu² ; Michaela Barinova³ ; ¹Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Faculty of Applied Informatics, CEBIA-Tech, Zlin, Czech Republic; ²Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Faculty of Applied Informatics, Zlin, Czech Republic; ³Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Zlin, Czech Republic;
Paper Id: 91 [Abstract]

<p>Yeasts, especially Saccharomyces cerevisiae species and similar, are used in food technologies for centuries. Even though they are produced commercially, they present in many cases abundant by-products or even waste. It is estimated that spent brewer’s yeasts account for approximately 2 % of the overall beer production [1]. They are usually used to some extent in animal feed; however, large quantities are disposed [1, 2]. Bakery or brewery yeasts present available source of proteins and functional peptides, minerals, trace elements, vitamins and even rich source of β-glucans, among others [2]. Processing of yeasts is a key factor determining the yield of valuable compounds like proteins, digestibility and nutritive value of the prepared functional food components [2, 3]. Hydrolysis is one of the common and perspective methods of protein fraction isolation from yeasts [2]. In addition, hydrolysed proteins of lower molecular weight are advantageous in food supplements for athletes and in the field of special nutrition [2, 3, 4]. Despite the fact that many technically feasible procedures for yeast processing have been proposed, it is usually the economic viability of the technology that is crucial for its practical application in the industrial scale [2]. The aim of our work was to investigate protein fraction isolation from yeasts via hydrolysis catalysed by lactic acid and assess the possibility of the process scale-up. The key operation is the reaction mixture filtration, which was used to separate the liquid fraction with extracted proteins from the solid residues. The effect of reaction temperature (100 – 140 °C) on the yield of soluble dry matter, protein and on filtration parameters was evaluated. It was shown that it is possible to reach a dry matter yield of more than 80 % and the amino acid composition of the final hydrolysate was determined. In addition, gained results clearly documented the impact of hydrolysis conditions on scale-up of the reaction mixture filtration.</p>

References:
<p>[1] A. Bekatorou, S. Plessas, I. Mantzourani. In V. R. Ravishankar (ed.) Advances in Food Biotechnology (2016), John Wiley & Sons, 395-413. [2] P. Puligundla, C. Mok, S. Park. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 62 (2020) 102350. [3] E. A. Yamada, V. C. Sgarbieri. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53 (2005) 53, 3931-3936. [4] J. J. Boza, D. Moënnoz, J. Vuichoud, A. R. Jarret, D. Gaudard-de-Weck, O. Ballèvre. Eur. J. Nutr. 39 (2000) 237 – 243.</p>

SESSION: RecyclingMonPM2-R5	Kolomaznik International Symposium (8th Intl. Symp. on Sustainable Materials Recycling Processes & Products)
Mon. 28 Nov. 2022 / Room: Arcadia 2
Session Chairs: Carmen Gaidau; Session Monitor: TBA

15:55: [RecyclingMonPM209] OS
Protein By-products Recovery and Reuse for Sustainable Agriculture and Medical Applications
Carmen Gaidau¹ ; Mihaela Niculescu² ; Stanca Maria² ; Cosmin Alexe² ; Marius Becheritu³ ; Roxana Horoias³ ; Jiri Pecha⁴ ; ¹, , ; ²R&D National Institute for Textiles and Leather, Bucharest, Romania; ³SC Probstdorfer Saatzucht Romania SRL, Bucharest, Romania; ⁴Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Faculty of Applied Informatics, CEBIA-Tech, Zlin, Czech Republic;
Paper Id: 121 [Abstract]

The leather industry processes a by-product of the meat industry, being an ecological activity and contributing to the pollution mitigation generated by the food industry [1,2]. However, raw hide and skin processing generates, in addition to a unique product, unmatched by any synthetic material, a large amount of collagen by-products valuable to other industries [3]. The presentation will talk about the experience gained in capitalizing on leather, aquaculture and wool by-products through chemical-enzymatic extraction and refining processes in bioactive proteins for use in agriculture or for the production of biomaterials with cell regeneration properties for wound treatment. In recent years, concerns have been raised over excessive use of pesticides, their toxicity, and the potential to pollute the environment [4]. In this context, the interest for innovation in biostimulants and fertilizers with systemic effects on plant metabolism has increased, as an alternative for pesticide reduction. Collagen and keratin have been extracted, solubilized, refined, and conditioned by the processing of collagen and keratin-based by-products such as: hide fleshings, leather shavings, fish skins or unmarketable wool. For this purpose, chemical and chemical-enzymatic hydrolysis processes allowed new products to be adapted to the nutritional needs of different plant species. Thus, wheat seeds were treated with low amounts of pesticides in admixture with collagen hydrolysates. Greenhouse and field experiments have shown that plants are more resistant to climate change and extreme soil pH. The formulation and experimentation of mixtures of collagen hydrolysates, keratin, and essential oils for foliar fertilization of cereal plants have led to substantial production increases for wheat crops. Another direction of research was that of crosslinked collagen-based products with long-term nitrogen release that have been experimented with promising results for treating seeds and leguminous plants. The elastic properties of fish collagen have been exploited to cover rapeseed pods in order to improve indehiscence and reduce production losses. The collagen extracts with spinnable properties were designed for fabrication of wound healing nanofibers and showed high biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity. Keratin powders with low molecular weights were prepared for gel and cream formulations intended to be used in recalcitrant skin wound healing. Regenerative properties of new protein extracts will be shown as results of testing on standardized cell lines specific to the dermo-epidermal layer and vascular endothelium. The versatility of collagen and keratin extracts was proved and the premises for biomass recovery and reuse in agriculture and medicine open the door for increased circularity of many economic domains.

References:
[1] A.Saiddain, International Leather Maker, 2019, https://internationalleathermaker.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/7289/The_honest_truth_about_leather.html
[2] De Rosa-Giglio P., Fontanella A., Gonzalez-Quijano G., Ioannidis I., Nucci B., Brugnoli F, Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules-Leather, 2018 https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eussd/smgp/pdf/PEFCR_leather.pdf
[3] R. Sole, L. Taddei, C. Franceschi and V. Beghetto, Molecules, 24, 2979, 2019, doi:10.3390/molecules24162979
[4] F. Hüesker, R. Lepenies, Environmental Science & Policy,128, 2022, 185-193

SESSION: RecyclingMonPM2-R5	Kolomaznik International Symposium (8th Intl. Symp. on Sustainable Materials Recycling Processes & Products)
Mon. 28 Nov. 2022 / Room: Arcadia 2
Session Chairs: Carmen Gaidau; Session Monitor: TBA

16:45: [RecyclingMonPM211] OS Keynote
Utilization of Protein By-Products in 3D Bioprinting
Eva Achbergerova¹ ; Lenka Musilova² ; Lenka Vitkova² ; Ales Mracek² ; Jiri Pecha¹ ; ¹Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Faculty of Applied Informatics, CEBIA-Tech, Zlin, Czech Republic; ²Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Zlin, Czech Republic;
Paper Id: 102 [Abstract]

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has been employed in recent years as an attractive method for tissue engineering. [1] Using a 3D bioprinter allows proper distribution and positioning of biomaterials and cells to create desired constructs. [2] One of the major challenges associated with 3D bioprinting is the development of materials that can be used as suitable bioink. Namely, hydrogels formed by biopolymers (collagen, gelatine, hyaluronan, etc.) are of particular interest because of their capability to mimic the cell’s extracellular matrix (ECM). [3] The present work is aimed at the preparation and direct embedding of cells in 3D printed materials. Although native collagen is the major structural component of ECM, this biopolymer is less applicable for hydrogel preparation suitable for microextrusion due to its lower viscosity as well as accessibility to chemical modification. [4,5] Therefore, bovine or rabbit gelatines prepared from industrial collagen by-products (waste) were used in this study. Moreover, gelatines were mixed with hyaluronan and chemically cross-linked by glutaraldehyde to acquire materials with appropriate properties for 3D bioprinting. During the cross-linking, forming hydrogels were mixed with fluorescently stained fibroblasts and printed. Finally, cell distribution within the printed material was investigated using fluorescent imaging. In conclusion, chemically cross-linked hydrogels composed of biopolymers were prepared as a potentially promising bioink with application in 3D printing.

References:
[1] Blaeser, A., Campos, D. F. D., & Fischer, H. Current Opinion in Biomedical Engineering 2 (2017) 58-66
[2] Matai, I., Kaur, G., Seyedsalehi, A., McClinton, A., Laurencin, C. T. Biomaterials 226 (2020) 119536.
[3] Van Vlierberghe, S., Dubruel, P., & Schacht, E. Biomacromolecules, 12 (2011) 1387-1408.
[4] Mazzocchi, A., Devarasetty, M., Huntwork, R., Soker, S., & Skardal, A. Biofabrication, 11(1) (2019) 015003-15014.
[5] Spicer, C. D. Polymer Chemistry 11 (3) (2020) 184-219.