ORALS

SESSION: RecyclingMonAM-R5	Kolomaznik International Symposium (8th Intl. Symp. on Sustainable Materials Recycling Processes & Products)
Mon. 28 Nov. 2022 / Room: Arcadia 2
Session Chairs: Michaela Barinova; Session Monitor: TBA

11:30: [RecyclingMonAM01] OS Plenary
Practical Experience from the Design of Recycling Technology Projects
Karel Kolomaznik¹ ; Juan Carlos Beltran Prieto² ; ¹Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Zlin, Czech Republic; ²Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Faculty of Applied Informatics, ZLIN, Czech Republic;
Paper Id: 98 [Abstract]

The paper deals with selected authors' solutions of recycling technologies for the processing of industrial by-products. The presented technologies specifically include refinery hydrogenation, recycling of wastewater produced by a dairy farm and waste-free processing of solid waste from the leather and food industries [1,2,3]. Proposals of control algorithms based on economic optimization of washing processes are presented [4]. The introduced solutions are briefly supplemented by the theory of transport processes and heterogeneous reaction kinetics, which were involved in projects and industrial implementations [5,6].

References:
[1] K. Kolomaznik, M. Mladek, F. Langmaier, D. Janacova, M. M. Taylor, J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. 95 (2000) 55-63.\n[2] K. Kolomaznik, M. Mladek, F. Langmaier, D. Janacova, D. C. Shelly, M. M. Taylor, J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. 98 (2003) 487-490.\n[3] K. Kolomaznik, V. Vasek, I. Zelinka, M. Mladek, F. Langmaier, D. Rabinovich, J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. 100 ( 2005) 119-123. \n[4] K. Kolomaznik, Z. Prokopova, V. Vasek, D. Bailey, J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. 101 (2006) 309-316. \n[5] K. Kolomaznik, J. Pecha, V. Friebrova, D. Janacova, V. Vasek, Heat Mass Transf. 48 (2012) 1505–1512. \n[6] K. Kolomaznik, T. Furst, M. Uhlirova, Can. J. Chem. Eng. 87 (2009) 60-68.

SESSION: RecyclingMonAM-R5	Kolomaznik International Symposium (8th Intl. Symp. on Sustainable Materials Recycling Processes & Products)
Mon. 28 Nov. 2022 / Room: Arcadia 2
Session Chairs: Michaela Barinova; Session Monitor: TBA

11:55: [RecyclingMonAM02] OS
Complex Processing of Animal Waste Fats into Valuable Products with Regard to the Economic Aspects
Jiri Pecha¹ ; Lubomir Sanek¹ ; Karel Kolomaznik² ; Veronika Matusu³ ; Vladimir Dostal² ; Jakub Husar³ ; ¹Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Faculty of Applied Informatics, CEBIA-Tech, Zlin, Czech Republic; ²Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Zlin, Czech Republic; ³Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Faculty of Applied Informatics, Zlin, Czech Republic;
Paper Id: 89 [Abstract]

<p>The slaughterhouses generate a large amount of wastes - byproducts. One of them is waste fatty tissue. Fatty tissues from animals are composed of essentially three main components – water, fat and also proteins. These byproducts can be further processed and well utilized for various applications. [1, 2] It is reasonable to find appropriate utilization especially for byproducts which are not suitable or profitable for utilization in food. Waste animal fats rank among raw materials that can be used for biodiesel production and the processed protein can be used as plants biostimulant. Biodiesel, which can be used in diesel engine, is usually produced from animal fat or vegetable oil by transesterification reaction, in the presence of suitable catalyst and reactants – methanol or ethanol. [3] Protein hydrolysates represent significant category of plant biostimulants and organic nitrogen fertilizers based on a mixture of peptides and amino acids that have received increasing attention due to their positive impact on plant metabolism and crop performance. [4, 5] The goal of our work was to suggest complex processing of the animal waste fat into mentioned valuable products. The processing technology included melting of the raw fatty waste whereas water was evaporated and obtained fat was used as a feedstock for transesterification into biodiesel. The reaction conditions were set at: 1.5% w/w of TMAH as a catalyst, reaction temperature at the reaction mixture boiling point, the feedstock to methanol molar ratio of 1:6, respectively, and the reaction time 210 min. Depending on the composition of the input raw material, the processing of the protein fraction of waste fat was also verified. The raw material has been subjected to hydrolysis catalysed by proteolytic enzyme (alcalase). The final biodiesel fulfills the key requirements prescribed by European standard EN 14 214. The production of protein hydrolysate that can be used as organic nitrogen fertilizer or plant biostimulant is a suitable way of processing the protein fraction lost during fat refining, which also contributed to the overall economy of the process. The overall results served as a basis for technical and economy assessment of the waste processing.</p>

References:
<p>[1] H. Sharma, M. Goswami, Int. J. Food Process. Technol. 4 (2013) p. 252. [2] I.H. Franke-Whittle, H. Insam, Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 39 (2013) 139‐151. [3] V.K. Booramurthy, R. Kasimani, D. Subramanian, S. Pandian, Fuel, 260 (2020) p. 116373. [4] G. Colla, S. Nardi, M. Cardarelli, A. Ertani, L. Lucini, R. Canaguier, Y. Rouphael, Sci. Hortic. 196 (2015) 28-38. [5] J. Pecha, T Furst, K. Kolomaznik, V. Friebrova, P. Svoboda, AIChE Journal 58 (2012) 2010-2019.</p>

SESSION: RecyclingMonAM-R5	Kolomaznik International Symposium (8th Intl. Symp. on Sustainable Materials Recycling Processes & Products)
Mon. 28 Nov. 2022 / Room: Arcadia 2
Session Chairs: Michaela Barinova; Session Monitor: TBA

12:45: [RecyclingMonAM04] OS
Evaluation Of Parameters Affecting Glycerol Oxidation
Juan Carlos Beltran Prieto¹ ; Karel Kolomaznik² ; ¹Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Faculty of Applied Informatics, ZLIN, Czech Republic; ²Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Zlin, Czech Republic;
Paper Id: 86 [Abstract]

<p>Biodiesel is a renewable fuel produced from vegetable oils such as rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, and soybean oil, as well as used cooking oils and animal fats [1]. Biodiesel production is, in fact, a complex process in which the glycerin that is generated as a byproduct during the production process can be used for both technical and pharmaceutical applications [2]. The availability of raw glycerin has been increasing significantly in recent years, but the demand for the product has largely remained unchanged. This excess supply and limited demand have caused the raw glycerin prices to stay low. As a result, it is important to find new applications and alternatives for the valorization of this byproduct generated from biodiesel industry [3]. Several studies have been reported aiming to transform glycerol into added-value products. However, little research has been performed on glycerol oxidation using Fenton´s oxidation process. In this work, Fenton catalyst was used to perform the oxidation of glycerol under controlled conditions of temperature, H₂O₂ flow rate addition and Fe₂SO₄/H₂O₂ ratio. Samples were taken after the addition of H₂O₂ at different intervals of time and were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Glyceraldehyde was quantified as the main oxidation product (32% conversion and 45% selectivity) after 70% of glycerol conversion using 0.5% H₂O₂ added at a flow rate of 5ml/min with a ratio of FeSO₄/H₂O₂ (mol/mol) between 4 and 0,33. Additional compounds detected were dihydroxyacetone, glyceric acid and glycolic acid.</p>

References:
<p>[1] A. Demirbas S. Karslioglu, Eerg Source Part A. 29 (2007) 133-141. [2] L.J. Konwar, J.P Mikkola, N. Bordoloi, R. Saikia, R. S. Chutia, R. Kataki, Waste Biorefinery, Potential and Perspectives. (2018) 85-125. [3] A. Rodrigues, J.C. Bordado, R. G. dos Santos. Energies, 10 (2017) 1-36</p>

SESSION: RecyclingMonPM1-R5	Kolomaznik International Symposium (8th Intl. Symp. on Sustainable Materials Recycling Processes & Products)
Mon. 28 Nov. 2022 / Room: Arcadia 2
Session Chairs: Jiri Pecha; Session Monitor: TBA

14:00: [RecyclingMonPM105] OS
Automatic Control of Recycling Technologies
Vladimir Vasek¹ ; Karel Kolomaznik² ; Petr Dostálek² ; Dagmar Janacova¹ ; Hana Vaskova³ ; ¹Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Faculty of Applied Informatics, Zlin, Czech Republic; ²Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Zlin, Czech Republic; ³Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Faculty of Applied Informatics, CEBIA-Tech, Zlin, Czech Republic;
Paper Id: 117 [Abstract]

The main task of the production process, where the input material is mainly secondary raw materials, is the production of products with high utility value. Secondary raw materials, often inappropriately called wastes, are characterized by non-standard properties, especially in connection with the composition and consistency, which differ significantly from control procedures, where the starting raw material has standard properties. The design of the optimal control of a recycling technology for the processing of such raw materials must be very flexible with regard to their changing properties and often also the changing quantity of the processed material. Therefore, when designing the management of recycling technologies, we must take into account the specific requirements of the processing technology, which is often not developed or is only recently designed on the basis of various requirements arising in particular from environmental protection. We therefore face two challenges – to solve a new technology and, of course, at the same time to design an automatic control system. Due to considerable concentration of industry, large-capacity units are being built, which are managed by renovated companies that supply most of the world's software. The traffic management system, including computer equipment, is in most cases delivered "turnkey" and the software is often inaccessible to the user, who does not have the opportunity to intervene in the program, change it and possibly supplement it. However, due to the constantly changing properties and composition of the secondary raw material, recycling technologies require the active cooperation of a technologist and an expert in automatic control, who can use modern means of automatic control to solve specific situations, which are often characterized by variable parameters of the controlled object. These means include, for example, intelligent sensors, powerful means of computer technology, intelligent actuators, but also modern methodologies for the design of control algorithms based on adaptive or predictive principles, often supplemented by artificial intelligence methods.<br />Another specific feature is the fact that most recycling technologies fall into the area of small-scale production. This is due both to the nature of specific primary technologies and to economic reasons that often do not allow the central collection of secondary raw materials. Mobile units are being built that can partially solve this economic problem. Examples of control algorithm designs include total chromium recycling from solid and liquid wastes produced in tanning, modeling of an exothermic rector for the preparation of regenerated tanning salt, and design of raw leather soak control based on a distributed parameter model.

References:
[1] V. Vašek, D. Janáčová, K. Kolomazník, P. Doležel, P. Mokrejš Computer Control of Cured Hide Soaking, Proceedings of the 8th WSEAS International Conference on Dynamical Systems and Control, (2012) 183-186 \n[2] J. Dolinay, P. Dostálek, ; V. Vašek Program modules for control applications of microcontrollers, Latest Trends on Systems. Volume II, (2014) 488-491\n[3] D. Janáčová, K. Kolomazník, P. Mokrejš, V. Vašek, O. Líška, A. Blaha. Modelling of raw hide one-stage washing process, International Conference on Environmental Science and Energy Engineering ICESEE, (2015)\n[4] S. Plšek, V. Vašek Fast Response Adaptive Controller , AUTOMATIZÁCIA A RIADENIE V TEÓRII A PRAXI: WORKSHOP, (2016)

SESSION: RecyclingMonPM1-R5	Kolomaznik International Symposium (8th Intl. Symp. on Sustainable Materials Recycling Processes & Products)
Mon. 28 Nov. 2022 / Room: Arcadia 2
Session Chairs: Jiri Pecha; Session Monitor: TBA

14:25: [RecyclingMonPM106] OS
Yeasts Hydrolysis for Functional Food Preparation and Waste Valorization
Jiri Pecha¹ ; Jakub Husar² ; Karel Kolomaznik³ ; Veronika Matusu² ; Michaela Barinova³ ; ¹Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Faculty of Applied Informatics, CEBIA-Tech, Zlin, Czech Republic; ²Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Faculty of Applied Informatics, Zlin, Czech Republic; ³Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Zlin, Czech Republic;
Paper Id: 91 [Abstract]

<p>Yeasts, especially Saccharomyces cerevisiae species and similar, are used in food technologies for centuries. Even though they are produced commercially, they present in many cases abundant by-products or even waste. It is estimated that spent brewer’s yeasts account for approximately 2 % of the overall beer production [1]. They are usually used to some extent in animal feed; however, large quantities are disposed [1, 2]. Bakery or brewery yeasts present available source of proteins and functional peptides, minerals, trace elements, vitamins and even rich source of β-glucans, among others [2]. Processing of yeasts is a key factor determining the yield of valuable compounds like proteins, digestibility and nutritive value of the prepared functional food components [2, 3]. Hydrolysis is one of the common and perspective methods of protein fraction isolation from yeasts [2]. In addition, hydrolysed proteins of lower molecular weight are advantageous in food supplements for athletes and in the field of special nutrition [2, 3, 4]. Despite the fact that many technically feasible procedures for yeast processing have been proposed, it is usually the economic viability of the technology that is crucial for its practical application in the industrial scale [2]. The aim of our work was to investigate protein fraction isolation from yeasts via hydrolysis catalysed by lactic acid and assess the possibility of the process scale-up. The key operation is the reaction mixture filtration, which was used to separate the liquid fraction with extracted proteins from the solid residues. The effect of reaction temperature (100 – 140 °C) on the yield of soluble dry matter, protein and on filtration parameters was evaluated. It was shown that it is possible to reach a dry matter yield of more than 80 % and the amino acid composition of the final hydrolysate was determined. In addition, gained results clearly documented the impact of hydrolysis conditions on scale-up of the reaction mixture filtration.</p>

References:
<p>[1] A. Bekatorou, S. Plessas, I. Mantzourani. In V. R. Ravishankar (ed.) Advances in Food Biotechnology (2016), John Wiley & Sons, 395-413. [2] P. Puligundla, C. Mok, S. Park. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 62 (2020) 102350. [3] E. A. Yamada, V. C. Sgarbieri. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53 (2005) 53, 3931-3936. [4] J. J. Boza, D. Moënnoz, J. Vuichoud, A. R. Jarret, D. Gaudard-de-Weck, O. Ballèvre. Eur. J. Nutr. 39 (2000) 237 – 243.</p>

SESSION: RecyclingMonPM1-R5	Kolomaznik International Symposium (8th Intl. Symp. on Sustainable Materials Recycling Processes & Products)
Mon. 28 Nov. 2022 / Room: Arcadia 2
Session Chairs: Jiri Pecha; Session Monitor: TBA

14:50: [RecyclingMonPM107] OS
Printed Circuit Boards Recycling
Dagmar Janacova¹ ; Karel Kolomaznik² ; Vladimir Vasek¹ ; Rudolf Drga¹ ; Jan Pitel³ ; ¹Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Faculty of Applied Informatics, Zlin, Czech Republic; ²Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Zlin, Czech Republic; ³Technical University of Kosice, FMT, Presov, Slovakia;
Paper Id: 116 [Abstract]

This paper focused on the modeling of ecological treatment of printed circuit boards (PCB). Due to the high increase in the production of electronic waste, which contains a whole range of usable components, it is necessary to recycle it. We have proposed a solution for the separation of conductive paths from plastics, taking into account the legislative approaches,the existing methods of PCB separation, the composition, and the production of PCBs and also the binders used in PCBs. We used the knowledge of process engineering to design a mathematical description of temperature fields in PCBs and the stress. To a great extent, we have devoted ourselves to the simulation experiments of PCB heating and cooling and the determination of temperature fields and the corresponding temperature-dependent cyclic mechanical stresses. The simulation was performed in the Pro / ENGINEER and COMSOL Multiphysics® software environments, because of the possibility of solving multiphysical problems. The outputs from computer simulations are the initial stage for the design of an eco-friendly way of recycling PCBs. In the future, we will focus on the more complicated issue of recycling multilayer PCBs. The development of new criteria for PCB recycling has opened new possibilities for the treatment of the used materials.

References:
[1] F. Božek, R. Urban, Z. Zemánek, Recycling, 202 pp., 2002, ISBN 80-238-9919-8
[2] J. Křenek. Doctoral thesis, 105, FAI UTB, Zlín 2017
[3] D. Janáčová, K. Kolomazník, V. Vašek, P. Mokrejš, 13th WSEAS, ACMOS'11, 2011, ISBN 9781618040046
[4] P. Božek, ICSS 2013, Wroclaw; Poland, 2013
[5] J. Křenek, D. Janáčová, O. Líška, V. Vašek, O. Šuba, CSCC 2017, The Journal MATEC Web of Conferences, Crete Island, 2017
[6] Z. Jančíková, P. Koštial, D. Bakošová, I. Ružiak, K. Frydrýšek, J. Valíček, M. Farkašová, R. Puchký, Journal of Nano Research, 16, 21, 2013
[7] D. Janačová, V. Vašek, J. Pitel’, M. Vítečková, R. Drga, J. Křenek, O. Líška MATEC Web Conf., 210 01004, 2018, eISSN: 2261-236X, https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf