ORALS

SESSION: MoltenTuePM2-R11	Kipouros International Symposium (8th Intl. Symp. on Sustainable Molten Salt, Ionic & Glass-forming Liquids & Powdered Materials)
Tue. 29 Nov. 2022 / Room: Game
Session Chairs: Takanari Ouchi; Session Monitor: TBA

16:45: [MoltenTuePM211] OS Plenary
New Research Lines in the Synthesis of Alloys and Compounds via the FFC-Cambridge Electro-deoxidation Process
Carsten Schwandt¹ ; ¹University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman;
Paper Id: 282 [Abstract]

The FFC-Cambridge process is a generic molten salt electrolytic method that was invented at the Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy of the University of Cambridge almost two decades ago. It makes possible the direct conversion of metal oxides into the corresponding metals through the cathodic polarisation of the oxide in a molten salt electrolyte based on calcium chloride [1]. The process is rather universal in its applicability, and numerous studies on metals, alloys and intermetallics have since been performed at the place of its invention and worldwide [2]. This presentation will first give an introduction into the fundamentals of the FFC-Cambridge process and will then feature some of the more recent and ongoing research lines. Their overarching theme is the harnessing of this process for the synthesis of multinary materials that are difficult to achieve via conventional metallurgical methods. Specific systems of interest include ultra-high-melting-point alloys and carbides [3,4], high-entropy alloys and carbides [5-7], biomedical alloys based on beta-titanium [8,9]. Also touched upon will be the possibility of the combined generation of metals and oxygen from lunar materials [10].

References:
[1] G.Z. Chen, D.J. Fray, T.W. Farthing, Direct electrochemical reduction of titanium dioxide to titanium in molten calcium chloride, Nature, 407, 361–364 (2000)

[2] D.J. Fray, C. Schwandt, Aspects of the application of electrochemistry to the extraction of titanium and its applications, Materials Transactions, 58, 306–312 (2017)

[3] D. Sri Maha Vishnu, J. Sure, H.-K. Kim, C. Schwandt, Facile and scalable electrochemical synthesis of Ta-Nb alloy powders for capacitors, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 167, 022504, 8 pages (2020)

[4] J. Sure, D. Sri Maha Vishnu, S.-H. Choi, H.-K. Kim, C. Schwandt, Facile electrochemical preparation of nano-sized ultra-high-temperature Ta_1-xHf_xC ceramic powders, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 169, 062506, 10 pages (2022)

[5] J. Sure, D. Sri Maha Vishnu, C. Schwandt, Direct electrochemical synthesis of high-entropy alloys from metal oxides, Applied Materials Today, 9, 111–121 (2017)

[6] J. Sure, D. Sri Maha Vishnu, C. Schwandt, Electrochemical conversion of oxide spinels into high-entropy alloy, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 776, 133–141 (2019)

[7] J. Sure, D. Sri Maha Vishnu, H.-K. Kim, C. Schwandt, Facile electrochemical synthesis of nanoscale (TiNbTaZrHf)C high-entropy carbide powder, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 59, 11830–11835 (2020)

[8] D. Sri Maha Vishnu, J. Sure, Y.J. Liu, R.V. Kumar, C. Schwandt, Electrochemical synthesis of porous Ti-Nb alloys for biomedical applications, Materials Science & Engineering C, 96, 466–478 (2019)

[9] D. Sri Maha Vishnu, J. Sure, R.V. Kumar, C. Schwandt, Factors controlling the synthesis of porous Ti-based biomedical alloys by electrochemical, deoxidation in molten salts, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 52, 1590–1602 (2021)

[10] C. Schwandt, J.A. Hamilton, D.J. Fray, I.A. Crawford, The production of oxygen and metal from lunar regolith, Planetary and Space Science, 74, 49–56 (2012)

SESSION: BatteryMonPM1-R9	Yazami International Symposium (7th Intl. Symp. on Sustainable Secondary Battery Manufacturing & Recycling)
Mon. 28 Nov. 2022 / Room: Similan 2
Session Chairs: Carsten Schwandt; Jim Zheng; Session Monitor: TBA

14:00: [BatteryMonPM105] OS Plenary
Synthesis of Lithium Ion Battery Anode Materials from Commodity Reactants via Scalable Processes
Carsten Schwandt¹ ; ¹University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman;
Paper Id: 476 [Abstract]

Secondary Li ion batteries have become an indispensable source of energy for portable appliances and they are presently establishing themselves as the energy source of choice for electric vehicles. While lithium ion batteries have matured and are produced at an industrial scale, they continue to suffer from a range of shortcomings, one of which is the comparatively low energy and power densities of the anode (negative electrode) materials presently in use. This contribution will present routes towards the preparation of new anode materials with higher capacities than the current ones. The strict overriding premise in the experimental approaches has been to exclusively employ earth-abundant commodity reactants and known-to-be-scalable processes. Two such approaches will be highlighted. One is based on the anodic decomposition of graphite in a molten LiCl/SnCl₂ electrolyte, resulting in the formation of Sn-filled nanocarbons [1-4]. The other is based on the cathodic deoxidation of SiO₂/C in a molten CaCl₂ electrolyte, yielding nano-structured SiC [5,6]. The synthesis methods will be described and the products characterised in detail. Advantages and limitations of the approaches will be discussed.

References:
[1] C. Schwandt, A.T. Dimitrov, D.J. Fray, The preparation of nano-structured carbon materials by electrolysis of molten lithium chloride at graphite electrodes, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 647, 150–158 (2010)

[2] C. Schwandt, A.T. Dimitrov, D.J. Fray, High-yield synthesis of multi-walled carbon nanotubes from graphite by molten salt electrolysis, Carbon, 50, 1311–1315 (2012)

[3] R. Das Gupta, C. Schwandt, D.J. Fray, Preparation of tin-filled carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles by molten salt electrolysis, Carbon, 70, 142–148 (2014)

[4] R. Das Gupta, C. Schwandt, D.J. Fray, Molten salt electrolytically produced carbon/tin nanomaterial as the anode in a lithium ion battery, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions E, 4, 22–28 (2017)

[5] D. Sri Maha Vishnu, J. Sure, H.-K. Kim, J.-Y. Kim, R.V. Kumar, C. Schwandt, Direct electrochemical preparation of nanostructured silicon carbide and its nitridation behavior, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 165, D731–D742 (2018)

[6] D. Sri Maha Vishnu, J. Sure, H.-K. Kim, R.V. Kumar, C. Schwandt, Solid state electrochemically synthesised β-SiC nanowires as the anode material in lithium ion batteries, Energy Storage Materials, 26, 234–241 (2020)