ORALS

SESSION: PhysicalThuAM-R10	Vayenas International Symposium on Physical Chemistry and its applications for sustainable development
Thu Oct, 24 2019 / Room: Aphrodite B (100/Gr. F)
Session Chairs: Antonio de Lucas Consuegra; Dimitrios Niakolas; Session Monitor: TBA

11:45: [PhysicalThuAM02] Plenary
Gravity, Relativity and the Bohr Model
Ilan Riess¹ ; ¹Technion Israel Institute of Technology Faculty of Physics, Haifa, Israel;
Paper Id: 31 [Abstract]

The wealth of particles generated in high energy collisions are explained by the standard model. In this model there are sixteen particles which are considered elementary. To that one has to add a seventeen one, the Higgs particle. The force acting between elementary particles is the strong force mediated by gluons, the weak force mediated by the bosons W⁺, W^- and Z⁰ and the electromagnetic interaction, mediated by photons. The gravitational force, though present, is so weak that it is neglected.
About a decade ago Prof. Vayenas [1,2] suggested that the strong force is generated by rapidly moving particles with a velocity, v, very close to that of light, c. This results in a significant increase in the Lorentz factor (1-vv/cc)^-1/2 hence also in the effective mass of the moving particles. The Lorentz factor was introduced into the gravitational force expression. An existing experimental report showed that the proton contains three components and it originally led to the three-quark model of the proton and neutron. Prof. Vayenas suggested, that the proton and neutron are composed of three particles rotating at a high speed very close to c and are interacting through the gravitational force. Solving for the bound states of the rotating particles, in analogy to the Bohr model, led to a LOrentz factor ~10¹⁰ and a rest mass of 0.0437 eV/c² for the rotating particles which, at the time, was of the order of the upper limit for the neutrino and is now known experimentally to be very close to the measured mass of the neutrino. Thus, in this model the strong force does not require the existence of gluons and the quarks are presented as moving neutrinos. The mass of the particles composed of three rotating neutrinos is of the order of 1 GeV/c² or more. An outstanding success of the new theory is a calculation of the pressure inside a proton. in full agreement with an experimental value recently reported.[3] In recent years Prof. Vayenas extended this analysis to other particles generated in high energy collisions. Thus in the new model the list of elementary particles reduces to only electrons and positrons and neutrinos. All the rest are either superfluous (the gluons), are replaced by neutrinos (quarks) or are a combination of neutrinos and electrons. This drastically simplifies the model of matter and our understanding of the universe along the line of thinking of Albert Einstein that was looking for a unification of the forces in nature.

References:
[1] C.G. Vayenas, S.N.-A. Souentie, A. Fokas, Physica A 405 (2014) 360.\n\n[2] C.G. Vayenas, S.N.-A. Souentie, Gravity, Special Relativity and the Strong Force, Springer, 2012.\n[3] C.G. Vayenas, D. Grigoriu and E. Martino, J. Mech. Behav. Mater., (accepted).

SESSION: PhysicalFriAM-R10	Vayenas International Symposium on Physical Chemistry and its applications for sustainable development
Fri Oct, 25 2019 / Room: Aphrodite B (100/Gr. F)
Session Chairs: Ioannis Yentekakis; Philippe Vernoux; Session Monitor: TBA

12:10: [PhysicalFriAM03] Keynote
Novel Method for Determining Series of Elementary Steps in Oxygen Reduction Processes Using Isotope Exchange.
Ilan Riess¹ ; ¹Technion Israel Institute of Technology Faculty of Physics, Haifa, Israel;
Paper Id: 30 [Abstract]

A novel method is discussed for determining series of elementary steps in the reduction process of oxygen on an oxide.[1,2] The method is based on exposure of the oxide, first to ¹⁶O₂, and then to ¹⁸O₂ while monitoring the rate at which ¹⁶O¹⁸O molecules are generated and evaporate into the gas stream, under short time conditions. The parameters to be changed are oxygen partial pressure, P(O₂) (being the same for both isotopes) and acceptor doping level [A] of the oxide. ¹⁸O₂can be applied in the form of a pulse or a step function. The rate of ¹⁶O¹⁸O generation is shown to depend on P(O₂)^m1 [A] ^m2. Another parameter that can be determined is J₀, the rate of the forward reaction in the slow step of the series which depends on P(O₂)^m3 [A] ^m4. The indices {m₁,m₂, m₃, m₄} are, in most cases, typical for a particular series of elementary steps. The series to be identified consist of fast steps ending with a relative slow one. This method is then different from the one based on the time dependence of the concentrations of ¹⁶O₂, ¹⁶O¹⁸O and ¹⁸O₂ in the gas phase.[3,4] The method is quite sensitive and even changing the source for electrons from the valence band to the conduction band changes the value of the exponents {m1,…,m4}. The analysis assumes that the dependence of the concentrations of point defects (oxygen vacancies and electrons) in the outer most layer of the oxide on P(O₂) and [A], is known. The method was applied so far under the conditions that the P(O₂) and [A] dependence is the same as in the deep, neutral bulk. This is shown to be indeed the case under many prevailing conditions.[5] Other P(O₂) and [A] dependence of the concentrations of point defects in the outer most layer of the oxide bulk are also presented.[5] Thus it is possible to determine series of elementary steps on all type of oxides which are undoped or acceptor doped. The method is not limited to oxygen isotope exchange and can readily be extended to other isotopes e.g. ³⁵Cl₂ and ³⁷Cl₂ exchange. Exchange of H₂ and D₂ requires special attention due to the mass effect on the chemistry of hydrogen and we show how to cope with it.[2]

References:
1. I. Riess, Solid State Ionics, 280 (2015) 51.
2. I. Riess, Solid State Ionics, 302 (2017) 7.
3. K. Klier et al. J. Catal. 2 (1963) 479.
4. G.K. Boreskov, Adv. Catal. 15, (1964) 285.
5. I. Riess, Solid State Ionics, 329 (2019) 95.