ORALS
SESSION:
NanomaterialsSatPM1-R11
| 6th Intl. Symp. on Synthesis and Properties of Nanomaterials for Future Energy Demands |
| Sat Oct, 26 2019 / Room: Coralino | |
| Session Chairs: Marcos de Campos; Yoshio Kobayashi; Session Monitor: TBA |
14:00: [NanomaterialsSatPM105]
The Steinmetz law: Theoretical considerations Marcos
De Campos1 ;
1UFF - Federal Fluminense University, Volta Redonda, Brazil;
Paper Id: 432
[Abstract] According to the Steinmetz hysteresis law, the power losses P vary as function of the induction B with an exponent n, where n typically is 1.6. This results in the formula P= k B^n, where k is a constant. However, the exponent n can be different according to the evaluated material. From theoretical considerations, it is expected an exponent n=2, because the Power losses are given approximately by 4 B H, for the case of square hysteresis. Here, H is the applied field. As B is the product of the permeability times the applied field H, then theoretically is expected P = K B^2.
Reasons for n be lower than 2 are discussed. It is presented a model able to explain exponent n lower than 2. A better understanding of the Steinmetz law is useful for improvements of models able to predict the heating of steel laminations used in electric motors.
SESSION:
NanomaterialsSatPM1-R11
| 6th Intl. Symp. on Synthesis and Properties of Nanomaterials for Future Energy Demands |
| Sat Oct, 26 2019 / Room: Coralino | |
| Session Chairs: Marcos de Campos; Yoshio Kobayashi; Session Monitor: TBA |
14:50: [NanomaterialsSatPM107]
Magnetostatic coupling in nanocrystalline magnetic materials Marcos
De Campos1 ;
1UFF - Federal Fluminense University, Volta Redonda, Brazil;
Paper Id: 433
[Abstract] Magnetic coupling can appear in samples with nanocrystalline structure, when two phases of different characteristics are mixed.
In other, words, the coupling can happen when there are two phases: one magnetically hard and other magnetically soft.
It is discussed the possiblity of occurrence of either, exchange coupling or magnetostatic coupling in nanocrystalline magnetic materials. Exchange coupling requires coherent lattice between the two phases. However, magnetostatic coupling can happen even for incoherent interfaces.
As magnetostatic coupling is more general, and can happen in any situation of lattice coherency or incoherency, many of the observed coupling phenomena are due to magnetostatic interactions and not to exchange coupling.
Criteria for occurrence of magnetostic coupling are discussed. Both phases should be single domain size, in order to happen magnetostatic coupling.
SESSION:
NanomaterialsSatPM2-R11
| 6th Intl. Symp. on Synthesis and Properties of Nanomaterials for Future Energy Demands |
| Sat Oct, 26 2019 / Room: Coralino | |
| Session Chairs: Lucian Pintilie; Tetiana Prikhna; Session Monitor: TBA |
16:20: [NanomaterialsSatPM210]
How to Handle the Exchange Energy Term in Micromagnetic Models Marcos
De Campos1 ;
1UFF - Federal Fluminense University, Volta Redonda, Brazil;
Paper Id: 204
[Abstract] In the modelling of magnetic properties of magnetic materials, four energy terms need to be considered: (i) the Zeeman term, due the applied field, (ii) the term due to the magnetostic energy, (iii) the term due to the magnetocrystalline anisotorpy, and (iv) the term due to exchange energy. These four terms are considered in micromagnetic models.
In the present study, different formulations for the exchange energy terms are compared [1].
The Heisenberg exchange interaction is usually described by a scalar product, which results in a term depending on the cosine function. The approximation of the 1- cosine function by a Taylor series gives a polynomial of order two, since other terms of the Taylor series expansion are neglected.
Replacing a cosine funstion by a polynomial of order two, however, overestimates the exchange energy contribution significantly.
It is shown that existence of antiferromagnetism can reduce the energy of system.
Thus, the exchange energy term needs to consider all other neighbours because they can reduce the energy of the system.
Thus, the exchange energy is more properly described by a Fourier series than by a polynomial of order two.
References:
[1] A.F. da Silva Jr ; M.F. de Campos, M.F. ; A. S. Martins. Domain Wall Structure in Metals: a New Approach to an Old Problem. JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS, v. 442, p. 236-241, 2017.
SESSION:
NanomaterialsSatPM2-R11
| 6th Intl. Symp. on Synthesis and Properties of Nanomaterials for Future Energy Demands |
| Sat Oct, 26 2019 / Room: Coralino | |
| Session Chairs: Lucian Pintilie; Tetiana Prikhna; Session Monitor: TBA |
16:45: [NanomaterialsSatPM211]
Magnetic Materials employed in Electric Vehicles Marcos
De Campos1 ; Jose Adilson
De Castro
1 ;
1UFF - Federal Fluminense University, Volta Redonda, Brazil;
Paper Id: 207
[Abstract] A subject of recent interest nowadays is electric and hybrid cars. Most of the high-efficiency motors use magnets in the rotors because this saves the current used in the magnetization of the soft magnetic material. The IE4 European efficiency specification (Super Premium Efficiency) also request motors with magnets in order to achieve the specifications of the manufacturers. Thus, it is forecasted that the market of magnets for electric motors should increase considerably in the forthcoming years.
The electric vehicles industry put emphasis on the optimization of batteries and on the reduction of the weight of the cars. The increase of efficiency of the motors, however, has been much neglected, especially from the material point-of-view.
The idea presented here in this paper is that both the soft magnetic material and the hard magnetic material need to be optimized at the same time [1]. For example, by using a better soft magnetic material, the losses are reduced, and also, less heat is generated. Thus, a magnet without Dysprosium can be used since optimized electric steels are used. The recent motors designed for electric vehicles can work at very high frequencies. In this case, resistivity of the magnets is an issue. Axial flux machines are in development nowadays. Some of the prototypes of axial flux machines use strontium ferrite magnets. One reason for the choice of ferrites is that the resistivity of ferrites is much lower than in the case of NdFeB or SmCo magnets.
The automotive industry is a mass production industry and requests cheap materials. Thus, there is pressure for avoiding expensive magnets which use Dysprosium or Terbium. Most of the manufacturers of electric motors, however, need magnets with high coercivity which is specified in the motor design. In these motors, irreversible reversal of magnetization of even parts of the grains of the magnets is a big problem, resulting in reduction of motor performance. This motivates the choice of high coercivity NdPrFeB type magnets. SmCoFeCuZr would have excellent performance, but the high cost of cobalt makes its use avoidable.
In this paper, we discuss how to model the losses in soft magnetic materials (electric steels) and also on the magnets. One relevant result of the modeling is that rotors with surface mounted magnets expose the magnet to high fields and strong eddy currents. Thus, buried magnets are a better option. Several types of magnet configurations have been tested as the V type used in the Toyota Prius and Tesla Model 3, the double V used in the GM Chevy Volt and the Delta type used by the Nissan Leaf. Many manufacturers have opted for the V type, but the concept used by BMW i3, the Hybrid Synchronous motors, is a possibility. The motor of the Tesla Model 3 makes use of the Halbach effect, and the benefits of using the Halbach array will be discussed. The Halbach array allows the soft magnetic material (the electrical steel) to be magnetized at the fields near the magnetic saturation.
References:
[1] M. F. de Campos. Magnetic Materials for Motors of Electric Cars. In: Proceedings of 2018 Rare Earth Permanent Magnets and Advanced Magnetic Materials and Their Applications REPM 2018, Beijing, China, August 26-30, 2018. p. A0414-01-A0414-11.
SESSION:
NanomaterialsSatPM2-R11
| 6th Intl. Symp. on Synthesis and Properties of Nanomaterials for Future Energy Demands |
| Sat Oct, 26 2019 / Room: Coralino | |
| Session Chairs: Lucian Pintilie; Tetiana Prikhna; Session Monitor: TBA |
17:10: [NanomaterialsSatPM212]
Recent Trends in the Battery Market and Applications Marcos
De Campos1 ;
1UFF - Federal Fluminense University, Volta Redonda, Brazil;
Paper Id: 209
[Abstract] Batteries are now seen as an essential subject for renewable energies. This is because the wind and sun are intermittent energy sources.
Europe, the United States and other countries are significantly increasing the production of wind energy. Also, solar energy generation needs batteries because, at night, energy production is not possible.
The electric energy produced by the wind and sun can be used for moving electric cars. This avoids petroleum importation which is a relevant issue for many countries. European environmental specifications should increase the market of hybrid and electric cars. The market of hybrid cars with cheap batteries, as the 48V mild hybrid vehicles market, is also expanding.
At the present time, hybrid cars present a better relationship with cost-benefit than full electric cars. This situation can change if the price of batteries continues to reduce [1].
Hybrid trucks have been considered as an alternative for the near future. It is difficult to make a full electric truck due to the high weight of batteries that need transportation with the vehicle.
Several main types of batteries are available. Nowadays, Lithium ion batteries, such as NMC (nickel-manganese-cobalt)are dominant. The cars of Tesla motors use NCA (nickel-cobalt-aluminium). Due to the high cost of cobalt, there is a big pressure for reducing cobalt usage in NMC batteries. This has been achieved by replacing cobalt by nickel.
China developed LiFePO4 batteries, and these batteries have the big advantage of being environmentally friendly. The chinese electric car industry, however, is also moving to NMC batteries.
Other types of batteries, such as Na based or Al based batteries, continue to develop. Progress in batteries is slow due to the need of a long testing period for new products.
Vanadium redox batteries have been considered for trucks. Vanadium demand has increased, generating a peak of price. Application of vanadium in VRB redox batteries, however,is still quite limited. Most of the VRB batteries are prototypes. It is said that 90% of the market of Vanadium is for microalloyed steels, where FeV can easily be replaced by FeNb.
Solid State batteries are in development and some companies are making very optimistic predictions. The feasibility of commercial solid state batteries, however, continues to be a subject of discussion. An important subject of study is the quick charging of batteries.
References:
[1] Bjorn Nykvist, Frances Sprei, Mans Nilsson. Assessing the progress toward lower priced long range battery electric vehicles. Energy Policy Volume 124, January 2019, Pages 144-155
17:35 Break
SESSION:
SISAMThuPM3-R3
C: Processing cont. | Kobe International Symposium on Science of Innovative and Sustainable Alloys and Magnets (5th Intl. Symp. on Science of Intelligent and Sustainable Advanced Materials (SISAM)) |
| Thu Oct, 24 2019 / Room: Dr. Christian Bernard | |
| Session Chairs: Allan Walton; Session Monitor: TBA |
17:50: [SISAMThuPM313]
Effect of grain size on the coercive field of hard and soft magnetic materials Marcos
De Campos1 ; Jose Adilson
De Castro
1 ;
1UFF - Federal Fluminense University, Volta Redonda, Brazil;
Paper Id: 208
[Abstract] Several models for predicting the effect of grain size on the coercive field are presented and discussed.
For small grain size, near the mono domain grain size, a law Hc ~ 1 / D0.5 has been observed [1]. Here, Hc is the coercive field and D is the grain size. For sintered NdFeB and Strontium ferrites, the Hc ~ 1 / D0.5 law has been experimentally confirmed.
For very large grain size, however, a case of soft magnetic materials as electric steels, a Hc ~ 1 / D is observed [2].
The origin of these different behaviors is discussed [3].
We also discuss how to evaluate the effect of grain size on the coercive field by means of a nucleation model.
References:
[1] M. F de Campos. Effect of Grain Size on the Coercivity of Sintered NdFeB Magnets. Materials Science Forum, v. 660, p. 284-289, 2010.\n[2] M. F. de Campos. A General Coercivity Model for Soft Magnetic Materials. Materials Science Forum, v. 727-728, p. 157-162, 2012.\n[3] M. F. de Campos. Coercivity Mechanism in Hard and Soft Sintered Magnetic Materials. Materials Science Forum , v. 802, p. 563-568, 2014.
SESSION:
SISAMFriAM-R3
D: Sustainable resources | Kobe International Symposium on Science of Innovative and Sustainable Alloys and Magnets (5th Intl. Symp. on Science of Intelligent and Sustainable Advanced Materials (SISAM)) |
| Fri Oct, 25 2019 / Room: Dr. Christian Bernard | |
| Session Chairs: George Hadjipanayis; Session Monitor: TBA |
12:35: [SISAMFriAM04]
Current Trends In Recycling, Usage and Market of Rare-Earths Marcos
De Campos1 ; Jose Adilson
De Castro
1 ;
1UFF - Federal Fluminense University, Volta Redonda, Brazil;
Paper Id: 198
[Abstract] Here is presented an overview on the usage and application of rare-earths, and also of the rare-earth market. This overview will focus on recent trends.
The low price of rare-earths have discouraged some mining projects, such as that of Brazilian company CBMM which decided to keep focusing on niobium production. Serra Verde, a Brazilian mining company, however, promised to start production in the next decade of heavy rare-earths as dysprosium.
The Mountain Pass Californian mine returned to produce rare-earths, and now has an annual production of similar size as the Australian mine Lynas. Both Lynas and Mountain Pass focus on light rare-earths. Mountain Pass sends the rare-earth concentrate for further processing in China. Myanmar also had significant production of rare-earths last year, with an amount near that of Lynas and Mountain Pass. The Neodymium oxide prices have decreased 10% since the beginning of 2019.
Both Neodymium and Praseodymium are seen as essential for electric cars. Each electric car uses ~1 -1.5 kg of NdPr-Fe-B type magnets [1]. Giant wind turbines, constructed without gearbox, which avoids maintenance problems, need tons of NdPr-Fe-B magnets.
The Europium price is low at the present time, and has been below the Holmium price. Both Gadolinium and Holmium have been used as alloying elements in rare-earth magnets.
Terbium is in high demand, which is attributed to the application of Tb in Terbium-diffused magnets. Dysprosium also is seen as necessary to increase the temperature of operation of the magnets.
Cerium and Lanthanum are in large oversupply. Application of Cerium as red pigment (Ce2S3) has been proposed. Use of cerium base red pigments would avoid use of cadmium or molybdenum-chromium.
Recycling of fluorescent lightbulbs for recovering Europium and Terbium is possible, but the low price of Europium is a problem for economic feasibility. Now, LED lightbulbs, which use much less are-earths than fluorescent lightbulbs, are dominating the market.
Recycling of Magnets is possible, since there is standardization of commercial magnets. An enormous amount of energy is spent in the magnet production. If only the rare-earth oxide, such as neodymium oxide, is recovered, the energy used in the process is lost. The re-use of magnets is the best option for rare-earth magnet recycling.
References:
[1] MF de Campos. Magnetic Materials for Motors of Electric Cars. In: Proceedings of the 25th International Workshop on Rare Earth Permanent Magnets and Advanced Magnetic Materials and Their Applications REPM 2018, Beijing, China, August 26-30, 2018. p. A0414-01-A0414-11.
13:00 LUNCH
SESSION:
IronThuAM-R8
| Usui International Symposium on Advanced Sustainable Iron and Steel Making (7th Intl. Symp. on Advanced Sustainable Iron and Steel Making) |
| Thu Oct, 24 2019 / Room: Ambrosia B (77/RF) | |
| Session Chairs: Akinori Murao; Lauri Holappa; Session Monitor: TBA |
12:10: [IronThuAM03] Keynote
Hydrogen and Natural Gas: The new alternatives for Siderurgy Marcos
De Campos1 ; Jose Adilson
De Castro
1 ;
1UFF - Federal Fluminense University, Volta Redonda, Brazil;
Paper Id: 334
[Abstract] The use of Hydrogen and natural gas promise a revolution in Syderurgy.
At the present time, the cost of wind and solar energy are decreasing [1] and also, new sources of natural gas have been discovered [2,3].
As a consequence, cheap electric energy can be available in a near future, as well as natural gas. This opens new possibilities for the energy use in Steelmaking [4].
Electric energy can be used for generating hydrogen, for use in reduction processes.
In this talk, the many possibilities for application of hydrogen and natural gas in Syderurgy are discussed.
Direct reduction processes based on shaft furnaces can open new possibilities for mini mill facilities.
A detailed model for the direct reduction of iron oxides in the shaft furnace was developed [5]. This model can be used to simulate the steady state condition of a commercial shaft furnace for pellets and lump ore reductions.
The model is able to predict the productivity and efficiency of the gas shaft furnace.
References:
[1] Chestney, Nina. “Solar, Onshore Wind Costs Set to Fall below New Fossil Fuel Energy: Report.” <i>Business Insider</i>, Reuters, 29 May 2019, www.businessinsider.com/solar-onshore-wind-costs-set-to-fall-below-new-fossil-fuel-energy-report-2019-5. Accessed June 18, 2019.
[2] Petrobras. “Petrobras Clarifies on Natural Gas Discovery in the Sergipe Basin.” <i>Petrobras</i>, 17 June 2019, www.investidorpetrobras.com.br/enu/15008/c-15008-enu.html. Accessed June 18, 2019.
[3] World Oil. “Petrobrás Makes Biggest Gas Discovery in the Sergipe Basin since 2006.” <i>World Oil - Upstream News</i>, 17 June 2019, www.worldoil.com/news/2019/6/17/petrobr%C3%A1s-makes-biggest-gas-discovery-in-the-sergipe-basin-since-2006. Accessed June 18, 2019.
[4] World Steel Association. “Energy Use in the Steel Industry.” <i>World Steel</i>, Apr. 2019, www.worldsteel.org/en/dam/jcr:f07b864c-908e-4229-9f92-669f1c3abf4c/fact_energy_2019.pdf. Accessed June 18, 2019.
[5] Castro, José Adilson de, Rocha, Elisa Pinto, Oliveira, Elizabeth Mendes de, Campos, Marcos Flavio, & Francisco, Alexandre Santos. (2018). Mathematical modeling of the shaft furnace process for producing DRI based on the multiphase theory. REM - International Engineering Journal, 71(1), 81-87. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/remi/v71n1/2448-167X-remi-71-01-0081.pdf. Accessed June 18, 2019.
SESSION:
IronThuPM1-R8
| Usui International Symposium on Advanced Sustainable Iron and Steel Making (7th Intl. Symp. on Advanced Sustainable Iron and Steel Making) |
| Thu Oct, 24 2019 / Room: Ambrosia B (77/RF) | |
| Session Chairs: Jose Adilson de Castro; Basant Kumar Singh; Session Monitor: TBA |
14:00: [IronThuPM105] Keynote
Hydrogen Shaft Furnace Process Using Bio-Self-Reducing Agglomerates Jose Adilson
De Castro1 ; Giulio
Antunes De Medeiros
2 ; Jonni Guiller
Ferreira Madeira
3 ; Elizabeth
Oliveira
4 ;
Marcos
De Campos1 ;
1UFF - Federal Fluminense University, Volta Redonda, Brazil;
2UFF-Programa de Pos Graduação em Engenharia Metalurgica, Volta Redonda, Brazil;
3CEFET-Angra dos Reis, Angra dos Reis, Brazil;
4Center for Technological Education Celso Suckow da Fonseca, Valenca, Brazil;
Paper Id: 206
[Abstract] The reduction of pellets and lump ores in the shaft furnace process is widely used to produce direct reduced iron (DRI). The traditional process of DRI production uses a gas reforming system based on catalytic reactions and demands high amount of fossil source energy from natural gas. A new hydrogen-based process has been proposed. In this study, we propose to combine self-reducing characteristics with hydrogen technology with self-catalytic reactions to avoid the natural gas-based reforming step. We analyzed this new technology using an in-house computational code. The computational analysis is a numerical model based on transport equations of momentum, energy and chemical species for gas and solid phases to reproduce the inner phenomena in the direct reduction of the shaft furnace process for producing DRI. The model is used to investigate promising scenarios of hydrogen-based technology. Four cases were considered using partial replacement of the burden by bio-self-reducing agglomerates combining with hydrogen and oxygen injections on the bustle level. The inner temperature, pressure and phase composition distributions are discussed for the selected scenarios. The simulation results indicated that the efficiency of the process can be improved with the adequate choice of operational parameters and raw materials burden.
References:
[1] Castro, JA, Takano, C., Yagi, J. A theoretical study using the multiphase numerical simulation technique for effective use of H2 as blast furnaces fuel. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, v.6(3), p.258-270, 2017.
SESSION:
IronThuPM1-R8
| Usui International Symposium on Advanced Sustainable Iron and Steel Making (7th Intl. Symp. on Advanced Sustainable Iron and Steel Making) |
| Thu Oct, 24 2019 / Room: Ambrosia B (77/RF) | |
| Session Chairs: Jose Adilson de Castro; Basant Kumar Singh; Session Monitor: TBA |
14:50: [IronThuPM107]
THE BAKING ACID TECHNIQUE ALTERNATIVE TO DECREASE THE PHOSPHORUS CONTENT OF THE IRON ORE Jose Adilson
De Castro1 ; Leonardo
Martins Da Silva
2 ;
Marcos
De Campos1 ; Elizabeth
Oliveira
3 ; Rayla
De Souza Caldas
4 ;
1UFF - Federal Fluminense University, Volta Redonda, Brazil;
2Universidade Federal Fluminense, Volta Redonda, Brazil;
3Center for Technological Education Celso Suckow da Fonseca, Valenca, Brazil;
4UFF-Programa de Pos Graduação em Engenharia Metalurgica, Volta Redonda, Brazil;
Paper Id: 201
[Abstract] Unlike the available mineral resources, the steel-making processes require raw material with lower phosphorous content in order to decrease the costs, energy use and the residue generated within the steel plant. One alternative is to develop pre-treatment of the iron ore concentrates, achieving raw materials with lower phosphorous. Depending on the mineral structure, a heat treatment combined with leaching can be an efficient way to achieve concentrates with low phosphorous (less than 0.01%). A fast and efficient way of applying energy to iron ore particles is the use of microwave energy to heat the particles. Thus, we propose a treatment using microwave heating while admixing low concentration sulfuric acid, followed by quenching during leaching with water as a feasible route for phosphorus removal from iron ore particles. We performed a design of experiment (DOE) to investigate the optimal conditions of heating and leaching which maximize the rate of phosphorous removal. The structure of the iron ore particles after their treatment with microwave energy was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Disclosing results must be presented here: the optimal conditions for heating and leaching, how the structure of the iron ore particles is affected and which is the mechanism to which it corresponds, as well as the equations and the controlling mechanism.
We demonstrated that, under the most favorable combination of heating and leaching conditions proposed in this study, the reduction of the phosphorus content in the iron ore sample could reach 100%.
References:
1) Yong SJ, Jiang T, Yang YB, Li Q, Li GH, Guo YF. Removal of phosphorus from iron ores by chemical leaching. School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha. 2006; 410083.
SESSION:
IronThuPM3-R8
| Usui International Symposium on Advanced Sustainable Iron and Steel Making (7th Intl. Symp. on Advanced Sustainable Iron and Steel Making) |
| Thu Oct, 24 2019 / Room: Ambrosia B (77/RF) | |
| Session Chairs: Marcos de Campos; Sergey Komarov; Session Monitor: TBA |
18:15: [IronThuPM314] Invited
From Tatara furnace to Tamahagane Steel and the Japanese Sword Marcos
De Campos1 ; Jose Adilson
De Castro
1 ;
1UFF - Federal Fluminense University, Volta Redonda, Brazil;
Paper Id: 205
[Abstract] The Tatara furnace was the traditional method for steel production in ancient Japan. Tamahagane steel ("precious metal" in Japanese) obtained from the Tatara furnace was used for the manufacturing of Japanese swords.
These Japanese swords were produced with two types of steel: one with high carbon (kawagane) and another with low carbon (shingane). The high carbon steel was used for the blade region. The ductile low carbon steel was used for the interior part of the sword.
Japanese swords have a curvature, which is produced in the moment of the quenching. One of the interesting aspects of the Japanese sword is that the processing occurs in such a way that compression of residual stress is introduced on the side of the blade [1]. Thus, if a crack appears, it does not open. The Western swords with blades on both sides were much less reliable in combat. As for Western swords, existence of tensile residual stress on the surface of the swords makes them much easier to break.
Other details of the physical metallurgy of the steel employed in Japanese swords are also discussed.
References:
[1] Tatsuo Inoue. Tatara and the Japanese sword: the science and technology. Acta Mech 214, 17-30 (2010)
19:30 Dinner
SESSION:
IronFriPM1-R8
| Usui International Symposium on Advanced Sustainable Iron and Steel Making (7th Intl. Symp. on Advanced Sustainable Iron and Steel Making) |
| Fri Oct, 25 2019 / Room: Ambrosia B (77/RF) | |
| Session Chairs: Henrik Saxen; Hiroshi Nogami; Session Monitor: TBA |
15:15: [IronFriPM108] Invited
Mathematical Modeling of the Shaft Furnace Process for Producing DRI Using Self-Reducing Pellets Jose Adilson
De Castro1 ;
Marcos
De Campos1 ; Elizabeth
Oliveira
2 ; Giulio
Antunes De Medeiros
3 ;
1UFF - Federal Fluminense University, Volta Redonda, Brazil;
2Center for Technological Education Celso Suckow da Fonseca, Valenca, Brazil;
3UFF-Programa de Pos Graduação em Engenharia Metalurgica, Volta Redonda, Brazil;
Paper Id: 200
[Abstract] The shaft furnace process is widely used to produce DRI from pellets and lump ore. One of the largest shortcomings of the process is the need for a reforming gas station for producing reducing gas. This study proposes the enhancement of the efficiency of the process using self-reducing burden with poor reducing gas. A numerical model based on transport equations of momentum, energy and chemical species for gas and solid phases is proposed to simulate the inner phenomena in the direct reduction of the shaft furnace process for producing direct reducing iron (DRI). The model is verified using industrial data of productivity, raw materials and final composition of the DRI product. The model is used to evaluate operational practices using new raw materials and composition of reducing gas in the process. Five cases were considered which correspond to available raw materials and operational conditions on the process. The effects on the gas and solid inner temperature, pressure and phase compositions distributions are quantified. The simulation results indicated that good agreement for overall parameters of the process could be achieved. Afterwards, detailed features of the inner conditions of the process are predicted.
References:
[1] CASTRO JA, NOGAMI H, YAGI J. Numerical analysis of multiple injection of pulverized coal, prereduced iron ore and flux with oxygen enrichment to the blast furnace. ISIJ International, v. 41, n. 1, p. 18-24, 2001.
[2] CASTRO JA, SILVA A.J, SAZAKI Y, YAGI J. A six-phases 3-D model to study simultaneous injection of high rates of pulverized coal and charcoal into the blast furnace with oxygen enrichment. ISIJ International, v. 51, n.7, p. 748-758, 2011.
15:40 Break
