ORALS

SESSION: MoltenThuPM1-R1	Angell International Symposium on Molten Salt, Ionic & Glass-forming Liquids: Processing and Sustainability (7th Intl. Symp. on Molten Salt, Ionic & Glass-forming Liquids: Processing and Sustainability).
Thu Oct, 24 2019 / Room: Ambrosia A (77/RF)
Session Chairs: Alois Loidl; Michel Armand; Session Monitor: TBA

14:50: [MoltenThuPM107] Keynote
Reliable estimation of the hydrate vapour pressure of molten reactive halide systems important to electrolysis and metallothermic reduction
Georges Kipouros¹ ; ¹Materials Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada;
Paper Id: 131 [Abstract]

Most of reactive metals and their alloys are produced by fused salt electrolysis or metallothermic reduction in molten salts. The feed material for both of these processes is the anhydrous chloride of the metal under consideration produced by the dehydration of the form of hydrate. A critical step in the production of most reactive metals requires rigorous thermodynamic analysis. Thermodynamic data for most of the reactive metal chloride hydrates have not been measured. Improper dehydration of the metal chloride hydrate may lead to a prohibitive amount of hydroxychloride, oxychloride, and finally oxide. To prevent hydrolysis, a certain pressure of hydrogen chloride must be maintained to supress or reverse hydrolysis. In this investigation, it is demonstrated that by careful application of the phase rule, sigma function, and utilization of prediction and estimation techniques will lead to a reliable technique for the estimation of the hydrate vapour pressure. These techniques will also lead to prediction of the necessary hydrogen chloride presence to avoid hydrolysis. Thermodynamic data, including heat capacities, standard entropies, and enthalpies, are estimated/predicted for all conceivable intermediate hydrate compounds. Estimations are based on published data, as well as trends proven in similar systems. The thermodynamic estimations and predictions have been published for magnesium chloride, neodymium trichloride, dysprosium chloride and is a continuous program for rare earth metal chlorides.

References:
1. G.J. Kipouros and D.R. Sadoway, "The Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Magnesium Production" in Advances in Molten Salt Chemistry, Vol. 6, Edited by G. Mamantov, C.B. Mamantov and J. Braunstein, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 127-209 (1987).
2. R.J. Roy and G.J. Kipouros, "Estimation of Vapour Pressures of Neodymium Trichloride Hydrates", Thermochimica Acta, 178, 169-183 (1991).
3. Judge and G.J. Kipouros, “Prediction of hydrogen chloride pressure to avoid hydrolysis in the dehydration of dysprosium trichloride hexahydrate (DyCl3.6H2O).” Can. Metall. Quart., 52,(3), 303-310 (2013).
4. G.J. Kipouros, “Dehydration of Magnesium Chloride Hexahydrate”, Ralph Lloyd Harris Memorial Symposium, Ed. Cameron L. Harris, Sina Kashani-Nejad and Matthew Kreuh, Materials Science and Technology (MS&T) 2013, 11-23 (Invited, keynote), (2013).

SESSION: SISAMThuPM2-R3 C: Processing	Kobe International Symposium on Science of Innovative and Sustainable Alloys and Magnets (5th Intl. Symp. on Science of Intelligent and Sustainable Advanced Materials (SISAM))
Thu Oct, 24 2019 / Room: Dr. Christian Bernard
Session Chairs: Carlo Burkhardt; Session Monitor: TBA

16:20: [SISAMThuPM210]
Powder Metallurgy: An old technique became a sustainable component of the additive metal manufacturing
Georges Kipouros¹ ; ¹Materials Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada;
Paper Id: 132 [Abstract]

Powder metallurgy has been established in the past sixty years as an old technique, deriving its roots from ancient civilizations, to produce ferrous, copper and zinc products. It was only twenty years ago that it was demonstrated in our laboratory for the first time that it is possible to produce aluminum powder metallurgy parts by using a small addition of magnesium in pure aluminum. It has now become an industry of its own, producing millions of parts used in automotive applications. In this presentation, attempts to extend the powder metallurgy to magnesium metal and its alloys will be discussed. In the last decade, the machine design and its artificial intelligence led to the utilization of 3D metal printing or additive manufacturing. The emphasis has been shifted to the computer aspects of the process although there are still fundamental difficulties on sintering metals.

References:
1. W.D. Judge and G.J. Kipouros, “Aluminum PM Alloys: Structure and Porosity”, in Encyclopedia of Aluminum and Its Alloys (EAIA), Ed. G.E. Totten, M. Tiryakioglu and O. Kessler, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis, pp. 1977-1995, (2018).
2. P. Burke, Y. G. Kipouros, W.D. Judge and G. J. Kipouros, Surprises and Pitfalls on the Development of Magnesium Powder Metallurgy Alloys, in Magnesium and Its Alloys: Technology and Applications, Ed. G.E. Totten, L. Dobrzanski, Taylor & Francis (in print) (2019).
3. P. Burke, G. J. Kipouros, D. Fancelli and V. Laverdiere, “Sintering Fundamentals of Magnesium Powders”, Can. Metall. Q., 48(2), 123-132 (2009).
4. P. Burke and G.J. Kipouros, “Powder Metallurgy of Magnesium: Is it Feasible?”, Magnesium Technology 2010, Ed. Sean R. Agnew, et. al., The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 115-120 (2010).