ORALS

SESSION: ElectrochemistryTueAM-R2	Amatore International Symposium on Electrochemistry for Sustainable Development
Tue Nov, 6 2018 / Room: Copacabana B (150/1st)
Session Chairs: Tsuyoshi Hoshino; Session Monitor: TBA

11:20: [ElectrochemistryTueAM01] Invited
Electrochemistry for Sustainable Solar Photovoltaics
Meng Tao¹ ; ¹Arizona State University, Tempe, United States;
Paper Id: 171 [Abstract]

Commercial solar photovoltaic technologies such as Si and CdTe are traditionally considered to be in a separate domain from electrochemistry. Their device operation is governed by semiconductor physics and their production involves non-electrochemical processes such as diffusion, screen printing, fractional distillation, etc. However, electrochemistry will likely play an indispensable role in sustaining the commercial solar technologies. This talk will discuss three roadblocks to sustainable solar photovoltaics and how electrochemistry can remove these roadblocks: 1) storage of intermittent solar electricity, 2) scarce Ag used in today's Si solar cells, and 3) high energy input in producing solar Si wafers. An off-grid route is proposed for solar electricity storage based on a closed loop of Zn-ZnO [1], in which Zn rods are produced in a solar electrolyzer from ZnO. The Zn rods are shipped to homes, offices, factories, and electric vehicles to be inserted into mechanically-recharged Zn/air batteries, for electricity on demand. The spent Zn anodes are collected for regeneration of Zn in the solar electrolyzer. This Zn-ZnO loop is advantageous over the H₂-H₂O loop in terms of theoretical performance and technical readiness. Electroplated Al on Si is proposed to replace the screen-printed Ag electrode in Si solar cells [2]. 18% efficiency has been demonstrated in a Si solar cell with an electroplated Al front electrode and a screen-printed Al back electrode, i.e., an Ag-free all-Al Si solar cell. To overcome the high resistivity of the solar Si wafer, direct Al plating on Si without any seed layer is developed through light-induced Al plating. Direct Al plating on Si drastically simplifies the metallization process for Al, resulting in a significantly-lower cost than competing technologies. Finally, electrochemical refining of metallurgical-grade Si for solar-grade Si has been unsuccessful. While metals up to 99.99% purity are readily produced by electrochemistry, solar-grade Si requires a purity of at least 99.9999%. This is coupled with non-electrochemical difficulties in Si purification such as oxidation of the Si anode and crystallinity of the Si cathode. An analysis will be presented on the foundation for ultrapure materials by electrochemistry [3]. The reason for unsuccessful Si electrochemical refining will be discussed through an analogy between electrochemical refining and fractional distillation.

References:
[1] M. Tao, A Zn-ZnO loop for terawatt-scale storage of solar electricity, 43rd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (Portland, OR, 2016), p. 2011
[2] W.-C. Sun, X. Han, and M. Tao, Electroplating of aluminum on silicon in an ionic liquid, ECS Electrochemistry Letters, 4, D5 (2015)
[3] M. Tao, Impurity segregation in electrochemical processes and its application to electrorefining of ultrapure silicon, Electrochimica Acta, 89, 688 (2013)

SESSION: EnergyTuePM2-R9	5th Intl. Symp. on Sustainable Energy Production: Fossil; Renewables; Nuclear; Waste handling , processing, and storage for all energy production technologies; Energy conservation
Tue Nov, 6 2018 / Room: Asian (60/3rd)
Session Chairs: Peter Wasserscheid; Meng Tao; Session Monitor: TBA

16:20: [EnergyTuePM210] Invited
Terawatt Solar Photovoltaics: Roadblocks and Opportunities
Meng Tao¹ ; ¹Arizona State University, Tempe, United States;
Paper Id: 146 [Abstract]

Global power demands are projected to reach 46 terawatts by 2100. Solar photovoltaics has to reach a scale of tens of peak terawatts in order to meet a meaningful portion of the demands. The enormous scale required creates a number of roadblocks for photovoltaic technologies, which are unprecedented in other semiconductor technologies. Some of the roadblocks include scarce raw materials used in today's solar cells, high energy input for silicon solar cells, life-cycle management of solar modules, storage of intermittent solar electricity, and high production/installation costs for solar cells/modules. In this talk an analysis will be presented, as quantitatively as possible, on some of these roadblocks under the best scenarios, i.e. the maximum possible wattage from each of the current commercial cell technologies. It is concluded that without significant technological breakthroughs, the current commercial cell technologies combined would not be able to make a noticeable impact on our energy mix or carbon emissions. Based on this analysis, several strategic R&D directions are identified for a scalable and sustainable solar photovoltaic technology.

References:
[1] M. Tao, Terawatt Solar Photovoltaics: Roadblocks and Opportunities (Springer, London, 2014)