ORALS

SESSION: EnergyWedAM-R9	5th Intl. Symp. on Sustainable Energy Production: Fossil; Renewables; Nuclear; Waste handling , processing, and storage for all energy production technologies; Energy conservation
Wed Nov, 7 2018 / Room: Asian (60/3rd)
Session Chairs: Puzhen Gao; Tshimangadzo Saddam Munonde; Session Monitor: TBA

12:35: [EnergyWedAM04]
Management of Sand Production in Oil and Gas Reservoirs
Abdollah Esmaeili¹ ; ¹Cyprus International University (CIU), Nicosia, Cyprus;
Paper Id: 36 [Abstract]

Sand production is a serious problem in oil and gas reservoirs worldwide. It can drastically affect production rates. The adoption of a sand management strategy is crucial for prolonging economic reservoir development for sand producing reservoirs. Significant gains in production (acceleration) and reserves (IOR) can result from the pursuance of sand management in these fields. Such a strategy requires that the sand production is managed in a safe and controlled manner, where the negative consequences of sand production are manageable and predictable. Sand management has been identified as one of the key issues in field development in most of the world's oil and gas fields. Sand management is not just about selection of sand control systems - it is about maximizing and maintaining production while managing sand at acceptable rates. Successful sand management can only be achieved with a fully integrated, multi-disciplinary team. Facilities' sand management is tasked with the goal of ensuring sustained hydrocarbon production when particulate solids (i.e. sand) are present in well fluids, while minimizing the impact of these produced solids on surface equipment. Particle size and total concentration of formation sand determines their net effect on production and the resulting operability of surface facilities. Conventional sand management control focuses on sand exclusion from the wellbore, either by production limits or completion design. Completions may adversely affect inflow due to skin buildup and both controls impede maximum hydrocarbon production. Alternatively, co-production of fluids and solids, with subsequent sand handling at surface facilities, is an inclusion paradigm that allows sustained hydrocarbon production. Produced solids are removed at the wellhead upstream of the choke using fit-for-purpose equipment. This methodology allows for increased or recovered hydrocarbon production, while their removal upstream of the choke protects facilities operations.

References:
[1] Abass H.H., A.H. Habber, A. Shebatalhamd, "Sand control during drilling, perforation, completion and production", SPE 81492, (2003)
[2] Goodman R. E. (1989) "Introduction to Rock Mechanics", 2nd edn. John Wiley,Chichester
[3] Hall, C.D., Harrisberger,W.H. "Stability of sand arches: A key to sand control". J. Petr. Tech.22, 821-829. (1970)
[4] Haugen, K., Kvernvold, O., Ronold, A., Sandberg, R. (1995). "Sand erosion of wear resistant materials: Erosion in choke valves". Wear 186-187, 179-188.
[5] Van den Hoek, P.J., Hertogh, G.M.M., Kooijman, A.P., de Bree, Ph., Kenter, C.J., Papamichos, E. (2000a). "A new concept of sand production prediction: theory andlaboratory experiments". SPE Drilling & Completion 15, 261-273.
[6] Morita, N. (1994), "Field and laboratory verification of sand-production prediction models", SPE Drilling & Completion 9, 227-235.
[7] Morita, N., Whitfill, D.L., Massie, I., Knudsen, T.W. (1989a). "Realistic sand production prediction: Numerical approach". SPE Production Eng. 4, 15-24.
[8] Risnes, R., Bratli, R.K., Horsrud, P. (1982). "Sand stresses around a wellbore". Soc.Petr. Eng. J. 22, 883-898.
[9] Skjaerstein, A., Tronvoll, J., Santarelli, F.J., Joranson, H. (1997). "Effect of water breakthrough on sand production: experimental and field evidence". SPE38806. In: SPE ATCE, San Antonio, TX, October 5-8.
[10] Han, G., Dusseault, M.B. (2002). "Quantitative analysis of mechanisms for water related sand production". SPE73737. In: SPE International Symposium on Formation Damage Control, Lafayette, LA, February 20-21.
[11] Tronvoll, J., Dusseault, M.B., Sanfilippo, F., Santarelli, F.J. (2001), "The tools of sand management", SPE71673. In: SPE ATCE, New Orleans, LA, September 30-October 3.
[12] Tronvoll, J., Fjaer, E. (1994), "Experimental study of sand production from perforation cavities", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr. 31, 393-410.
[13] Bouhroum, A., & Civan, F., "A Critical Review of Existing Gravel-Pack Design Criteria," Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, Vol. 34, No. 1, 1995, pp. 35-40.
[14] Geilikman, M. B., Dusseault, M. B., & Dullien, F. A. L., "Sand Production as a Viscoplastic Granular Flow," SPE 27343 paper, SPE International Symposium onFormation Damage Control, February 9- 10, 1994, Lafayette, Louisiana, pp. 41-50.
[15] Hayatdavoudi, A., "Formation Sand Liquefaction: A New Mechanism for Explaining Fines Migration and Well Sanding," SPE 52137 paper, SPE Mid-Continent Operations Symposium, March 28-31, 1999, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, pp. 177-180.
[16] Saucier, R. J., "Successful Sand Control Design for High Rate Oil and Water Wells, "J. of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 21, 1969, p. 1193.
[17] Saucier, R. J., "Considerations in Gravel-Pack Design," J. of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 26, 1974, p. 205.
[18] Skjaerstein, A., & Tronvoll, J., "Gravel Packing: A Method of Wellbore Re-enforcement or Sand Filtering?," SPE 37506 paper, SPE Production Operations Symposium, March 9-11, 1997, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, pp. 871-879.
[19] Tiffin, D. L., King, G. E., Larese, G. E., & Britt, R. E., "New Criteria for Gravel and Screen Selection for Sand Control," SPE 39437 paper, SPE Formation Damage Control Conference, February 18-19, 1998, Lafayette, Louisiana, pp. 201-214.
[20] Penberthy, W.L. and Shaughnessy, C.M., "Sand Control", SPE Series on Special Topics, Volume 1, 1992.
[21] Suman, G.O. Jr., Ellis, R.C., and Snyder, R.E., "Sand Control Handbook", Second Edition, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas, 1991.
[22] Sparlin, D.D., "Sand and Gravel - A Study of Their Permeabilities", SPE Paper 4772, SPE Symposium on Formation Damage Control, New Orleans, Louisiana, February 7-8,1974.
[23] Ledlow, L.B., "High-Pressure Packing With Water: An Alternative Approach to Conventional Gravel Packing", SPE Paper 26543, SPE 68th Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, Texas, October 3-6,1993.
[24] Wong, G.K., Fors, R.R., Casassa, J.S., and Hite, R.H., "Design, Execution, and Evaluation of Fracture and Pack (F&P) Treatments in Unconsolidated Sand Formations in the Gulf of Mexico", SPE 26563, 68th Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, TX, 3 - 6 October, 1993.

SESSION: EnergyWedPM1-R9	5th Intl. Symp. on Sustainable Energy Production: Fossil; Renewables; Nuclear; Waste handling , processing, and storage for all energy production technologies; Energy conservation
Wed Nov, 7 2018 / Room: Asian (60/3rd)
Session Chairs: Abdollah Esmaeili; Session Monitor: TBA

14:00: [EnergyWedPM105]
Sand Production in an Oil Well and Its Prediction Methods
Abdollah Esmaeili¹ ; ¹Cyprus International University (CIU), Nicosia, Cyprus;
Paper Id: 35 [Abstract]

In formations where the sand is porous, permeable, and well cemented together, large volumes of hydrocarbons which can flow easily through the sand and into production wells are produced through perforations into the well. These produced fluids may carry entrained sand, particularly when the subsurface formation is an unconsolidated formation. Produced sand is undesirable for many reasons. When it reaches the surface, sand can damage equipment such as valves, pipelines, pumps and separators and must be removed from the produced fluids at the surface. Further, the produced sand may partially or completely clog the well, lead to substantially poor performance in wells, ultimately inhibit production, and thereby making an expensive work-over necessary. In addition, the sand flowing from the subsurface formation may leave a cavity, which may result in caving of the formation and collapse of the casing. Sand production in oil and gas wells can occur if fluid flow exceeds a certain threshold, governed by factors such as consistency of the reservoir rock, stress state, and the type of completion used around the well. The amount of solids can be less than a few grams per cubic meter of reservoir fluid, posing only minor problems, or a substantial amount over a short period of time, resulting in erosion and in some cases filling and blocking of the wellbore. Although major improvements have been achieved in the past decade, sanding tools are still unable to predict the sand mass and the rate of sanding for all field problems in a reliable form. This paper provides a review of selected approaches and methods that have been developed for sanding prediction. Most of these methods are based on the continuum assumption, while a few have recently been developed based on discrete element model. Some methods are only capable of assessing the conditions that lead to the onset of sanding, while others are capable of making volumetric predictions. Some methods use analytical formulae, particularly those for estimating the onset of sanding, while others use numerical methods, particularly in calculating sanding rate.

References:
[1] Abass H.H., A.H. Habber, A. Shebatalhamd, "Sand control during drilling, perforation, completion and production", SPE 81492, (2003)
[2] Goodman R. E. (1989) "Introduction to Rock Mechanics", 2nd edn. John Wiley,Chichester
[3] Hall, C.D., Harrisberger,W.H. "Stability of sand arches: A key to sand control". J. Petr. Tech.22, 821-829. (1970)
[4] Haugen, K., Kvernvold, O., Ronold, A., Sandberg, R. (1995). "Sand erosion of wear resistant materials: Erosion in choke valves". Wear 186-187, 179-188.
[5] Van den Hoek, P.J., Hertogh, G.M.M., Kooijman, A.P., de Bree, Ph., Kenter, C.J., Papamichos, E. (2000a). "A new concept of sand production prediction: theory andlaboratory experiments". SPE Drilling & Completion 15, 261-273.
[6] Morita, N. (1994), "Field and laboratory verification of sand-production prediction models", SPE Drilling & Completion 9, 227-235.
[7] Morita, N., Whitfill, D.L., Massie, I., Knudsen, T.W. (1989a). "Realistic sand production prediction: Numerical approach". SPE Production Eng. 4, 15-24.
[8] Risnes, R., Bratli, R.K., Horsrud, P. (1982). "Sand stresses around a wellbore". Soc.Petr. Eng. J. 22, 883-898.
[9] Skjaerstein, A., Tronvoll, J., Santarelli, F.J., Jaeranson, H. (1997). "Effect of water breakthrough on sand production: experimental and field evidence". SPE38806. In: SPE ATCE, San Antonio, TX, October 5-8.
[10] Han, G., Dusseault, M.B. (2002). "Quantitative analysis of mechanisms for water related sand production". SPE73737. In: SPE International Symposium on Formation Damage Control, Lafayette, LA, February 20-21.
[11] Tronvoll, J., Dusseault, M.B., Sanfilippo, F., Santarelli, F.J. (2001), "The tools of sand management", SPE71673. In: SPE ATCE, New Orleans, LA, September 30-October 3.
[12] Tronvoll, J., Fjaer, E. (1994), "Experimental study of sand production from perforation cavities", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr. 31, 393-410.
[13] Bouhroum, A., & Civan, F., "A Critical Review of Existing Gravel-Pack Design Criteria," Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, Vol. 34, No. 1, 1995, pp. 35-40.
[14] Geilikman, M. B., Dusseault, M. B., & Dullien, F. A. L., "Sand Production as a Viscoplastic Granular Flow," SPE 27343 paper, SPE International Symposium onFormation Damage Control, February 9- 10, 1994, Lafayette, Louisiana, pp. 41-50.
[15] Hayatdavoudi, A., "Formation Sand Liquefaction: A New Mechanism for Explaining Fines Migration and Well Sanding," SPE 52137 paper, SPE Mid-Continent Operations Symposium, March 28-31, 1999, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, pp. 177-180.
[16] Saucier, R. J., "Successful Sand Control Design for High Rate Oil and Water Wells, "J. of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 21, 1969, p. 1193.
[17] Saucier, R. J., "Considerations in Gravel-Pack Design," J. of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 26, 1974, p. 205.
[18] Skjaerstein, A., & Tronvoll, J., "Gravel Packing: A Method of Wellbore Re-enforcement or Sand Filtering?," SPE 37506 paper, SPE Production Operations Symposium, March 9-11, 1997, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, pp. 871-879.
[19] Tiffin, D. L., King, G. E., Larese, G. E., & Britt, R. E., "New Criteria for Gravel and Screen Selection for Sand Control," SPE 39437 paper, SPE Formation Damage Control Conference, February 18-19, 1998, Lafayette, Louisiana, pp. 201-214.
[20] Penberthy, W.L. and Shaughnessy, C.M., "Sand Control", SPE Series on Special Topics, Volume 1, 1992.
[21] Suman, G.O. Jr., Ellis, R.C., and Snyder, R.E., "Sand Control Handbook", Second Edition, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas, 1991.
[22] Sparlin, D.D., "Sand and Gravel - A Study of Their Permeabilities", SPE Paper 4772, SPE Symposium on Formation Damage Control, New Orleans, Louisiana, February 7-8,1974.
[23] Ledlow, L.B., "High-Pressure Packing With Water: An Alternative Approach to Conventional Gravel Packing", SPE Paper 26543, SPE 68th Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, Texas, October 3-6,1993.
[24] Wong, G.K., Fors, R.R., Casassa, J.S., and Hite, R.H., "Design, Execution, and Evaluation of Fracture and Pack (F&P) Treatments in Unconsolidated Sand Formations in the Gulf of Mexico", SPE 26563, 68th Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, TX, 3 - 6 October, 1993.

SESSION: EnergyWedPM1-R9	5th Intl. Symp. on Sustainable Energy Production: Fossil; Renewables; Nuclear; Waste handling , processing, and storage for all energy production technologies; Energy conservation
Wed Nov, 7 2018 / Room: Asian (60/3rd)
Session Chairs: Abdollah Esmaeili; Session Monitor: TBA

14:25: [EnergyWedPM106]
Local Thermal Effect on Vapor Extraction (VAPEX) Process for Heavy Oil Enhanced Recovery
Abdollah Esmaeili¹ ; ¹Cyprus International University (CIU), Nicosia, Cyprus;
Paper Id: 37 [Abstract]

Heavy oil has a high viscosity, so production form heavy oil reservoir is very difficult. One of the methods which are used to increase recovery factor from this reservoirs is miscible injection. Among miscible injection methods is vapor extraction method via injection the vapor of hydrocarbon solvent which is a suitable constitute for thermal methods in reservoir where heat loss is high. The vapor extraction (VAPEX) process, a solvent-based enhanced oil recovery process has been found promising for some heavy oil reservoirs. Viscosity of heavy oil will be decreased by injection the vapor of hydrocarbon solvent into it. This phenomenon is the base of vapor extraction (VAPEX) method. One of the disadvantages of VAPEX process which has been reported by most of previous researchers is its low production rate. In this paper, effect of temperature on increasing recovery and production rate of this process has been investigated. Obtained results show that by increasing temperature, oil recovery and production rate by this process will be increased.

References:
[1] Das, S. K. and R. M. Butler, (1998). "Mechanism of the Vapor Extraction Process for the Heavy Oil and Bitumen", Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Vol.2 PP 43-59.
[2] Azin, R., Kharrat, R., Ghotbi, C., Vossoughi, S. (2005). "Applicability of the VAPEX Process to Iranian Heavy Oil Reservoirs", SPE 92720
[3] Laherr, J. H.,(1996). "Upstream Potential of the Middle East in the World Context", SPE
[4] Karmakar, K. and Maini, B. B.,(2003) "Applicability of the Vapor Extraction Process to Problematic Viscous Oil Reservoirs.", SPE 84034
[5] Butler, R.M., Mokrys, I. J. (1989). "Solvent Analog Model of Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage", AOSTRA Journal of research, Vol. 5, P. 17
[6] Das, S. K. and R. M. Butler, (1998). "Mechanism of the Vapor Extraction Process for the Heavy Oil and Bitumen", Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Vol.2 PP 43-59.
[7] Karmaker, K., Maini, B.B. (2003). "Experimental Investigation of Oil Drainage Rates in the VAPEX Process for Heavy Oil and Bitumen Reservoirs", SPE 84199.
[8] Redford, D. A. "the Use of Solvents and Gases with Steam in the Recovery of Bitumen from Oil Sands", J. Cdn. Pet. Tech., 1982
[9] Harding, T. G., Farouq Ali, S M., and Flock, D. L., "Steam Performance in the Presence of Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen", J. Cdn. Pet. Tech., Vol. 30, 1983
[10] Nasr, T. N., Prowse, D. R. and Fraunfeld, T. W. J., "the Use of Flue Gas With Steam in Bitumen Recovery from Oil Sands", J. Cdn. Pet. Tech.,Vol. 62, 1987
[11] Bagci, S. and Gumrah, F., "Steam-Gas Drive Laboratory Tests for Heavy-Oil Recovery", In Situ (1998) 22, No. 3, 263
[12] Butler, R. M. and Mokrys, I. J.(1991) "A New Process (VAPEX) for Recovering Heavy Oils Using Hot Water and Hydrocarbons Vapor", JCPT, Vol.30, No.1.
[13] Butler, R. M. and Mokrys, I. J., "In-Situ Upgrading of Heavy Oils and Bitumen by Propane Deasphalting: the Vapex Process", SPE 25452, 1993.
[14] Ted W. J. F., Kissel G. and Zhou s., "PVT and Viscosity Measurements for Lloydminister-Aberfeldy and Cold Lake Blended Oil Systems", SPE 79018, 2002.
[15] Salama, D. A., Kantzas, (2005). "Experimental Observation Miscible Displacement of Heavy Oils with Hydrocarbons Solvents", SPE 97854
[16] Azin, R., Kharrat, R., Ghotbi, C., Vossoughi, S. (2005). "Applicability of the VAPEX Process to Iranian Heavy Oil Reservois", SPE 92720
[17] Salama, D. Kantzas A., (2005). "Monitoring of Diffusion of Heavy Oils with Hydrocarbon Solvents in the Presence of Sand", SPE 97855
[18]] Luo, P. (2005). "Effects of Asphaltene and Solvent Concentration on Heavy-Oil Viscosity", SPE 97778
[19] Goite, J.G., Mamora, D. D., Ferguson, M. A. (2001). "Experimental Study of Morichal Heavy Oil Recovery Using Combined Steam and Propane Injection", SPE 69566.
[20] Mamora, D. D., Rivero, J. A., Venturini, G. J., "Experimental and Simulation Studies of Steam-Propane Injection for the Hamaca and Duri Fields", SPE 84201, (2003).
[21] Zhao L. "Steam Alternating Solvent Process", SPE 86957, 2004.
[22] Palmgren C., "High Temperature Naphtha to Replace Steam in the SAGD Process", SPE 30294, 1995.