This study explores the combined effects of lignin nanoparticles and xanthate collectors on the recovery of pyrite and arsenopyrite concentrates. Lignin nanoparticles (LNp) were synthesized, characterized, and assessed as co-collectors with sodium isopropyl xanthate (SIPX) in batch flotation tests. Findings indicate that substituting SIPX with LNp by 25% and 50% yields enhanced pyrite and arsenopyrite concentrates, achieving higher gold grades and recovery, along with reduced lead content in the concentrates. However, higher LNp substitution ratios negatively impacted concentrate quality, reducing gold recovery and raising lead content. This study highlights LNp as a promising, eco-friendly alternative co-collector to improve flotation performance for pyrite and arsenopyrite ores.