Arsenic contamination of groundwater and soil remains a significant global health concern, affecting millions of people worldwide. The primary source of arsenic exposure is contaminated drinking water, with inorganic arsenic being the most toxic form. Recent research has highlighted the long-term health effects of chronic arsenic exposure, including increased risks of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic disorders such as diabetes. Current trends in arsenic research focus on understanding the mechanisms of toxicity, differential susceptibility, and the development of effective remediation strategies. Epigenetic alterations, omics analyses, and the study of arsenic metabolism have emerged as key areas of investigation. Notably, even low-to-moderate levels of arsenic exposure have been associated with adverse health outcomes, suggesting that current guidelines for maximum permissible limits may need reevaluation. Nano-remediation strategies have gained significant attention as promising solutions for arsenic contamination. These approaches leverage the unique properties of nanomaterials, such as high surface area and reactivity, to effectively remove arsenic from water and soil. Common nano-remediation techniques include the use of iron-based nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and metal oxide nanocomposites. These materials can adsorb, reduce, or oxidize arsenic species, facilitating their removal from contaminated media. Recent advancements in nano-remediation have focused on improving the efficiency, selectivity, and sustainability of these technologies. Researchers are developing novel nanocomposites with enhanced arsenic removal capacity, exploring green synthesis methods for nanoparticles, and investigating the potential of biogenic nanomaterials. Additionally, efforts are being made to address challenges associated with the scalability and environmental impact of nano-remediation techniques. In conclusion, while arsenic toxicity remains a significant public health issue, ongoing research into its sources, health effects, and remediation strategies offers promising avenues for mitigation. Nano-remediation technologies show great potential for effective arsenic removal, though further research is needed to optimize their performance and ensure their safe implementation in real-world settings.