2023-Sustainable Industrial Processing Summit
Navrotsky Intl. Symp. / Geochemistry
| Editors: | F. Kongoli, M. Asta, C. Drouet, S.Hayun, R. Riedel, W. Sun |
| Publisher: | Flogen Star OUTREACH |
| Publication Year: | 2023 |
| Pages: | 142 pages |
| ISBN: | 978-1-989820-88-9 (CD) |
| ISSN: | 2291-1227 (Metals and Materials Processing in a Clean Environment Series) |
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MINERAL MOISSANITE (SiC), AS AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF SI-O-C PATHWAY FOR UNDERSTANDING THE GLOBAL CARBON CYCLING
Larissa Dobrzhinetskaya1; Earl O'Bannon2; Camelia Stan3;1U. OF CALIFORNIA, RIVERSIDE, Riverside, United States; 2LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY, Livermore, United States; 3LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY, Livermore , United States;
Type of Paper: Regular
Id Paper: 402
Topic: 67
Abstract:
Carbon is ubiquitous in the Universe, and on Earth it circulates between the atmosphere, land, ocean, biological organisms and plants, and it is subducted from the shallow continental crust to the very deep mantle. Recently, the geological pathway for incorporating carbon into silicates was summarized by Alexandra Navrotsky [1]; this study combined existing geologic hypotheses and observations on carbon-bearing mineralogical assemblages with experimental work on Si-O-C nanoceramics [1]. Here, we present detailed observations on moissanite (SiC) collected from a Miocene volcanic tuff (Yizre’el Valley, Israel) associated with inter-plate alkaline basalt volcanism [2,3] and from metamorphic rocks of Triassic age in Southern Bulgaria [4]. The samples were studied with optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, synchrotron X‐ray Laue microdiffraction, scanning electron microscopy, focused ion beam, and transmission electron microscopy.
SiC from volcanic tuff of Israel. The crystals belong to 4H and 6H polytypes of hexagonal symmetry, wurtzite structure, with 4H-SiC as the dominant phase. Larger crystals of SiC (0.2-1.8 mm) contain nanometric inclusions of Si, and metal-silicides. Several metal-silicide phases were found: Si58V25Ti12Cr3Fe2, Si41Fe24Ti20Ni7V5Zr3, and Si43Fe40Ni17. Their crystal structure parameters match Si2TiV5 (cubic space group Pm
m), FeSi2Ti (orthorhombic space group Pbam), and FeSi2 (orthorhombic space group Cmca) respectively. Since the silicide inclusions exhibit spherical morphology, this provides evidence of their crystallization from a melt. Our observations suggest that SiC formed because of an interaction of a small volume of reducing fluids (H2O–CH4–H2–C2H6) and crustal materials (SiO2) that were possibly available from the walls of the alkaline basalt reservoir.
SiC from metamorphic rocks (black shell) of Bulgaria. Moissanite crystals ranging from 10–300 μm in size were found within 0.1–1.2 mm isolated clusters, filled with amorphous carbon and nanocrystalline graphite. They belong to 15R (rhombohedral) and 6H (hexagonal) polytypes. One prismatic crystal was found within them which exhibits an unusual concentric polytypical zoning. The core is polytype 15R with an intermediate zone of 6H and the outer rim is 3C-cubic. SiC crystals formed during the cooling of the metamorphic reservoir from 580 °C to ∼400 °C [4]. The SiC crystals associated with amorphous carbon and nanocrystalline graphite are not in equilibrium with the surrounding mineralogical assemblage, which crystallized under a high oxygen fugacity environment. Moissanites from terrestrial rocks show that their carbon has an organic origin, e.g. δ13 C ‰ = -20 to -30 [5]. Therefore, the geologic Si-O-C pathway suggests that any existing geological or organic carbon source that forms a reducing fluid may interact with Si-bearing rocks providing local “isolated” chemical conditions where SiC, Si, metal silicides, and nanographite can form. These refractory minerals do not equilibrate with other mineralogical assemblages that normally crystallize under high oxygen fugacity. Instead, they remain as indicators of the local reducing fluid/melt environments.
Keywords:
Geochemistry; Inorganic Solids; Structural ChemistryReferences:
[1] Navrotsky, A., Percival, J., Dobrzhinetskaya, L., 2020. A geologic Si-O-C pathway to incorporate carbon in silicate. Chapter 12. In “Carbon in Earth’s Interior,” Eds: C.E. Manning, J.-F. Lin,W. Mao, Amer. Geophys. Union Monograph. 384 pp.[2] Dobrzhinetskaya, L., Mukhin, P., Wang, Q., Wirth, R., Zhao, W., Eppelbaum, L., Sokhonchuk, T., 2018. Moissanite (SiC) with metal-silicide and silicon inclusions from tuff of Israel: Raman spectroscopy and electron microscope studies, Lithos,355-368.
[3] Stan, C.V., O’Bannon, E.F., Mukhin, P., Tamura, N., Dobrzhinetskaya, L., 2020. X-ray Laue microdiffraction and Raman spectroscopic investigation of silicon and moissanite from natural rocks. Minerals, 10, 204.
[4] Machev, P., O'Bannon, E.F., Bozhiliv, K.N., Wang, Q., Dobrzhinetskaya, L.F., 2018. Not all moissanites are created equal: New constraints on moissanite from metamorphic rocks of Bulgaria. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 498: 387–396.
[5] Trumbull, R.B., Yang, J.S., Robinson, P.T., Di Pierro, S., Vennemann, T., Wiedenbeck, M., 2009. The carbon isotope composition of natural SiC (moissanite) from the Earth's mantle: new discoveries from ophiolites. Lithos 113, 612–620.