Constantinos Vayenas

Abstract:

Inspection of the decay product Tables of Hadrons, Mesons and Bosons [1,2] shows that all these composite particles decay eventually to neutrinos, antineutrinos, electrons and positrons. Conversely, these leptons can be used to synthesize all known composite particles by forming, via gravitational confinement, rotating rings of super relativistic neutrinos in the cases of Hadrons and Mesons [2,3] and mixed superrelativistic electron/positron – neutrino rings in the case of bosons [4-7]. As shown recently, [2-7] the masses of these composite particles, i.e. hadrons, mesons and bosons, can be computed within typically 1% from first principles by constructing Bohr-type rotating lepton models using special relativity and gravity as the centripetal force and achieving quantization via the de Broglie wavelength equations [2-7]. These models do not contain adjustable parameters. Recent work has shown that the use of General Relativity (GR) instead of Special Relativity (SR) leads to the same conclusions [8,9]. Also, [10] it was recently shown that the formation of these rotational structures is very strongly catalyzed by positrons or electrons which, via their much larger rest mass than that of neutrinos, accelerate neutrinos to strongly relativistic velocities, thus dramatically increasing their relativistic and gravitational mass and facilitating the formation of the neutrino rotational rings. Bosons forced via electron-neutrino pairs also facilitate hadronization [5,6,7,10]. The main hadronization reaction, i.e. proton formation from three neutrinos and a positron, 3ν_e+e⁺ → p, is extremely exothermic (some 20 times more exothermic than H fusion) and may thus have played a significant role in the Big Bang. It could also, in principle, play a role for future terrestrial power production under controlled conditions. In conclusion, it appears that quarks are polarized relativistic neutrinos, that the Strong Force is relativistic gravity between neutrinos, and that the Weak Force is relativistic gravity between electrons/positrons and neutrinos. It also appears that electrons and positrons have played a key role in the formation of our Universe as we know it today by catalyzing the strongly exothermic hadronization reactions leading to the formation of protons, neutrons and, eventually, atoms.

[1] D. Griffiths, Introduction to Elementary Particles. (2nd ed. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KgaA, Weinheim, 2008).
[2] C. G. Vayenas, S. N.-A. Souentie, Gravity, special relativity and the strong force: A Bohr-Einstein-de Broglie model for the formation of hadrons. (Springer, NY, 2012).
[3] C.G. Vayenas, S. Souentie, A. Fokas, “A Bohr-type model of a composite particle using gravity as the attractive force”. Physica A, 405, 360-379 (2014).
[4] C.G. Vayenas, A.S. Fokas, D. Grigoriou, “On the structure, masses and thermodynamics of the W bosons”. Physica A, 450, 37-48 (2016).
[5] A.S. Fokas, C.G. Vayenas, “On the structure, mass and thermodynamics of the Zo bosons”. Physica A, 464, 231-240 (2016).
[6] A.S. Fokas, C.G. Vayenas, D.P. Grigoriou, “On the mass and thermodynamics of the Higgs boson”. Physica A, 492, 737-746 (2018).
[7] C.G. Vayenas, “Thermodynamics and catalysis of the generation of mass”, Proceedings of the Academy of Athens, 93A, 97-133 (2018).
[8] D. Grigoriou, C.G. Vayenas, “Schwarzschild geodesics and the Strong Force” in Proc. of the 18th Lomonosov conference, in “Particle Physics at the Year of 25th Anniversary of the Lomonosov Conferences”, p. 374, (2019).
[9] A. Fokas, “Ultra-relativistic gravity has properties associated with the strong force”, Eur. Phys. J. C, 79, 271 (2019).
[10] C.G. Vayenas, A.S. Fokas, D. Grigoriou, “Catalysis and autocatalysis of chemical synthesis and of hadronization”. Appl. Catal. B, 203, 582-590 (2017).